At present, when talking about the spirit of literary enlightenment at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, the research circle has always followed the trilogy similar to that of Liang Qichao and Chen Duxiu, that is, the process of China's modern consciousness awakening is divided into three steps: from the superficial to the profound, from the scientific and technological consciousness at the object level to the political consciousness at the system level and then to the ethical consciousness at the cultural level. This generalization of historical laws is naturally scientific, but the problem is that the existing history of literature is mainly limited to this awakening process as the cultural background of the transformation from modern literature to modern literature, which is basically expounded in the category of social thought and rarely linked to the evolution of literary spirit and aesthetic consciousness itself. This is a pity. The author thinks that the change of China people's mental outlook in modern times from the evolution of literary consciousness is closer to the historical truth and more subtle and profound than the direct investigation of their ideological views. On the one hand, thoughts and opinions are the direct expression of people's rational thinking, with a strong logical color; Literary creation, on the other hand, comes from life and shows the true state of people's thoughts and feelings more from the perceptual level, so it is closer to the truth of history and has complex and subtle characteristics. On the other hand, the ideas handed down are mostly confined to the intellectual class, mainly an elite consciousness, which is still quite different from the general psychological situation of Chinese people; Literary creation is very different. It not only reflects the author's subjective consciousness, but also is accepted by readers. At the same time, literary creation, as a living image system, its ideological content and political inclination do not completely correspond to the writer's main idea, and the personalized characteristics of literary creation also determine that it may not necessarily be in tune with the mainstream of political or cultural thoughts of the times. Therefore, the ideological trend of enlightenment society, culture and enlightenment literature did not produce and develop simultaneously. The ideological trend of modern enlightenment culture originated from the Westernization Movement, while the ideological trend of enlightenment literature rose after the 20th century, and its connotation and value are irreplaceable. This paper attempts to examine in detail how the ideological trend of enlightenment in the late Qing Dynasty went from shallow to deep from the perspective of literary creation, and how it reflected and connected the three steps of China's consciousness awakening at the turn of modern times.

From saving the country by science to pursuing civilization.

The scientific consciousness of saving the nation, characterized by "learning from foreigners", occupied the center of China culture in the whole Westernization Movement, but the literary creation at that time did not consciously reflect this awakening process. It was not until the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century that this theme really attracted the attention of writers and thinkers. The root cause is probably related to people's ideology itself during the Westernization Movement. At that time, people focused on the development of objects, while novels/literature were still a "trail" and an empty thing in people's consciousness. With the awakening of political consciousness in the late Qing Dynasty, the enlighteners finally linked "enlightening people's wisdom" with novels, and political novels were naturally the mainstream of enlightenment creation. At the same time, novels reflecting the theme of "saving the country through science" appeared. Although it came late, it also became an integral part of the enlightenment thought of novels in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. "Saving the country through science and technology" and "saving the country through industry" may have become history as a whole set of social engineering or political schemes, but as part of the enlightenment trend of thought or as some "fragments of civilization", they will not leave early in the development of literature and will continue. As mentioned above, the time difference and "logical difference" between the ideological trend of enlightenment culture and enlightenment literature are formed by history and are not transferred by human will.

First, a group of intellectuals translated and introduced many western science fiction novels, such as Biography of Fifteen Chivalrous Men translated by Liang Qichao, A Journey to the Moon by Lu Xun and Travels in the Center of the Earth by Zhou Guisheng. Then domestic novelists began to create their own science fiction novels. When writers reflect the awakening of scientific consciousness and the idea of saving the country by science in the form of novels, there is a common narrative mode, that is, they always vividly describe China's use of scientific inventions to make the country rich and powerful, thus defeating the world powers and finally making China people stand tall in the world. The Moon Tribe, written by a fisherman by the wild river, used a lot of space to make up some scientific inventions, interspersed in a love story of joys and sorrows, which not only showed the great power of scientific inventions, but also expressed that science is the ideal of progress. Compared with the previous work, the new era of the owner of Bihe Pavilion is more in line with the sci-fi model. This work is about the imaginary China after a hundred years. At that time, due to China's advanced weapons, it finally defeated Belarus, forcing the latter to make peace actively and signed a treaty that made China people proud. The theme of the novel's hope for saving the country and strengthening the people through science and technology is extremely clear: "The origin of power is uncertain, and it depends entirely on people." Huang Zhenqiu, the hero of Levin's The World of Electricity, is a "king of electricity". He made many inventions with electric energy, which led China to rule the world. Not only conquered Europe, but also colonized the seabed. Lu's "Revealing the Secret of Xinzi" wrote that after China conquered Europe, it occupied the moon and Jupiter, making them the material basis of China. Bao's "Flying Machine of Ducks" wrote that some people can fly in the air with the wings of ducks, and his "new artificial man" fantasizes about the method of artificial man. These novels strongly exaggerate and advocate the incomparable power of science and technology in order to pin on the strong desire of a generation of literati to save the country scientifically. This bizarre plot and romantic fantasy can express the depression in the chest, but it also shows progressive thoughts and patriotic feelings. However, the prescription of "saving the country by science" can only be an organic part of the whole national salvation plan. If we regard it as a panacea for all diseases, I am afraid it can only be regarded as a comfort. Nevertheless, in the history of modern cultural development, the understanding and evaluation of the value of these works is still too low, because the ideological circle has always been too political complex and too weak in rational spirit. When emphasizing the primary significance of saving the country by politics and revolution, it also ignores the weight of saving the country by science to some extent. Moreover, this sci-fi narrative method can sometimes involve the construction of civilization after the completion of the task of saving the country, and the field of vision tends to be broadened.

As one of the earliest works expressing the consciousness of scientific and technological enlightenment, Liu E's Travels of Lao Can is a representative of this kind of theme. Lao Can is an intellectual image with a clear sense of enlightenment and a strong sense of awakening the world and saving the country. In the shipwreck crisis, the compass he tried to give to shipowners can be regarded as the major policy of national reform, while the gauge symbolizes the rule of scientific methods and technology, which can make the national ships adjust their strategies in time in stormy waves and ensure the correct direction. Obviously, the road he took was an enlightenment project with "strengthening the country through science" as the core, and the narrator was very confident about it. However, unlike Lao Can's successful experience in treating Huang, his efforts to save the crisis were not only rejected, but also investigated. This detail reflects that every small step of enlightenment at that time was very difficult, and the pseudo-enlighteners, the broad masses of lower-level officials and the ignorant people formed a stubborn barrier. At that time, the conservatives who opposed the enlightenment of science and technology were both ridiculous and eloquent: "The way to build a country is to emphasize propriety rather than power; The fundamental picture lies in people's minds, not in skills ",and he thinks that" seeking skills today and learning from foreign countries ",and in the long run," the endless enthusiasm of China people will not stop ". (2) Zheng once recalled this situation, saying, "Today's self-righteous people highly advocate not talking about Westernization. If there are western scholars, they will be accused of teaching sinners and scholars are scum. " (3) Liu E himself suffered greatly, which can not but affect his novel narrative. The ideological realm of the whole novel is almost identical with the analysis and evaluation of all social strata at that time by the first two fictional stories ("Governing the Yellow River" and "Saving the Ship"). On the one hand, it criticized and exposed the corruption of the upper class in the Qing Dynasty and the dark phenomenon of society, but on the other hand, it held a negative position and pessimistic attitude towards the revolutionary situation at that time, such as comparing the Boxer Rebellion to "harming horses" and treating the revolutionary party as "dragons", which were all selfish and immoral. From the perspective of the whole work, although it is limited by the thinking mode of "learning from China and using the West" and the reformist political thought, it has affected the "progress of the times", but the social and cultural status quo and national psychological state it reveals are true and profound, which has surpassed the simple scientific and technological consciousness and risen to a broad level of civilization and culture, and its influence is probably greater than that of some radical revolutionary works. This also indicates that the enlightenment consciousness of novel creation in the same period is equally strong at the political and cultural levels. Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "In our country, when we talk about romance, we are fascinated by strange people, and we are unique in science fiction, just like a scale angle." The knowledge gap is the real end. Therefore, if we want to avoid the disadvantages of today's translation field and guide the Chinese people forward, we must start with science fiction. (4) If we think of the slogan "Science and technology are the primary productive forces" today, Lu Xun emphasized that science fiction rather than political fiction is a literary style of "guiding China people forward", which was not only targeted at that time, but also forward-looking.

Edison only attended primary school for three months in his life, and his knowledge came from his mother's teaching and self-study. His success should be attributed to his mother's understanding and patient teaching since childhood, which made Edison, who was originally considered an imbecile, become a world-famous "king of invention" when he grew up. Edison was curious about many things since he was a child, and he liked to try it himself until he understood the truth. When he grew up, he devoted himself to research and invention according to his interest in this field. He established a laboratory in New Jersey, and invented the electric light, telegraph, phonograph, film machine, magnetic mineral analyzer, crusher and so on for more than 2000 kinds of things in his life. Edison's strong research spirit made him make great contributions to the improvement of human lifestyle. "Waste, the biggest waste is wasting time." Edison often said to his assistant. "Life is short, so we should try to do more with less time." One day, Edison was working in the laboratory. He handed his assistant an empty glass bulb without a lampholder and said, "Measure the capacity of the bulb." He bowed his head to work again. After a long time, he asked, "What's the capacity?" He didn't hear the answer, turned to see the assistant measuring the circumference and inclination of the light bulb with a soft ruler, and poured the measured figures on the table for calculation. He said, "Time, time, why does it take so much time?" Edison came over, picked up the empty light bulb, filled it with water, handed it to his assistant, and said, "Pour the water into the measuring cup and tell me its capacity at once." The assistant read out the numbers at once. Edison said, "How easy it is to measure. It is both accurate and time-saving. Why didn't you think of that? " ? Still counting. Isn't that a waste of time? "The assistant's face turned red. Edison murmured, "Life is too short, too short. Save time and do more! " Edison was a poor worker before he became famous. Once, his old friend met him in the street and said with concern, "look, this coat on you is very worn." You should get a new one. " "Need it to be? Nobody knows me in new york. " Edison answered indifferently. A few years later, Edison became a great inventor. One day, Edison met that friend again in the street of new york. "Oh," exclaimed my friend, "why are you still wearing this old coat? This time, I have to change a new one anyway! " "Need it to be? Everyone here already knows me. " Edison still answered casually.

1. Small color projection needle

A magnetic needle is a compass. Compass is one of the four great inventions in China. In the present physics teaching, a small magnetic needle can be used to judge the direction of the magnetic field. However, it is very inconvenient to use magnetic needles sold in the market or investigated and dialed by higher authorities. When the teacher is doing the demonstration experiment of magnetic field direction, the students can't see clearly below, so the teacher has to take the instruments down and show them to the students one by one, which is very time-consuming. What shall we do? After trying their best, the students finally made a simple color projection magnetic needle, which can be used as a compass and projected on the projector, so that the whole class can see the direction of the magnetic field, which provides great convenience for teaching experiments. 、

Simple projection needle has simple structure and common materials. It is made of card pins, pins, plexiglass strips and transparent projection film materials. The manufacturing method is: put two steel needles on the two steel needles respectively, and pay attention to the balance of the two steel needles. Then cut the transparent film into sharp long pieces, stick it on the steel needle with 502, one at each end, pay attention to symmetry, and then paint it red and green respectively. In this way, the upper part of the magnetic needle is completed. Saw the plexiglass strip into a block, then grind it into a round base of the magnetic needle, and iron it in the middle of the round plexiglass. Please note that the pin should be perpendicular to the base. The inner groove of the small snap button is used as the bearing support hole for rotation. Put the bearing on the needle tip, so that the magnetic needle will rotate on the needle tip. The last one is to wipe the S pole of the bar magnet from the middle part of the magnetic needle to the green side, and magnetize the small magnetic needle, that is, the N pole. So that the small magnetic needle is magnetized.

Put the self-made small magnetic needle on the projector, and you can see the direction of each point of the magnetic field at a glance from the curtain.

2. Why can clothes keep people warm?

First of all, you should ask yourself: Can clothes really keep people warm?

You know, it's not leather that keeps people warm. On the contrary, people keep fur coats warm. Right? You know a fur coat is not a stove. "What?" You will ask. "Is that man a stove?" Yes, man is a stove! We already know the food we eat-this is chopping wood, which burns in our bodies. At this time, we didn't see any sparks. We say it is burning only because we feel that there is heat in our body.

This heat needs to be protected. In order to prevent the heat in the house from spreading to the street, we built thick walls, installed double windows in winter, and wrapped blankets on the doors. We wear clothes for the same reason. Instead of letting our body's heat radiate to the indoor air or the street, we keep our clothes warm, which keeps our heat around our bodies. Of course, our clothes also give off heat, but it is much slower than our bodies.

3.[ Scientific Papers] Energy-saving street lamps

The Chinese nation has a fine tradition of thrift, and the people of China have maintained this good style since ancient times. This feature is also reflected in productive labor and daily life. We should always try our best to do everything well in the most economical way. It is because of this good idea that we know how to save energy. The energy problem is of extraordinary significance to a populous country like China. With the development of economy and the large-scale exploitation of resources, the problem of energy shortage has become more prominent, which has greatly affected the modernization of China. Up to now, our country still advocates thrift. In the major construction of Olympic venues, the state put forward the slogan of "running the Olympic Games frugally" according to the actual needs. On the 55th anniversary of the National Day this year, the slogan "Save the National Day" was put forward one after another. Our country is proceeding from the overall situation and achieving the diligent style from the aspect of energy conservation. Saving energy can reduce expenses, promote economic growth and protect the natural environment, which is also a prerequisite for taking the road of "sustainable development" and for our future generations.

At night in the city, there are dense and neat street lamps on both sides of the road, which looks like a dragon flying. Although this is a beautiful scenery, many times the lights of these street lamps are wasted because the road is empty for a large part of the time, especially in areas with underdeveloped economy and transportation. The huge waste of power resources has brought negative effects on the economy of these areas, which is not beneficial, but harmful. Then, is there an automatic control device that is convenient for pedestrians and vehicles to pass at night and saves energy?

Saving energy is actually to reduce energy loss as much as possible. On remote roads, the traffic flow is very small, and turning on street lamps for a long time, whether there are cars, no cars, pedestrians or no pedestrians, will cause great waste of energy. You shouldn't turn on all the road lights even if a car passes by. You should only turn on the street lights within the effective range of the vehicle, otherwise it will cause great losses! So do pedestrians walking on the road. Only turn on the street lamps within the corresponding range for pedestrians to meet the lighting needs. This problem can be compared with the common voice switch now. As long as someone walks in the stairwell and makes a sound, the light will light up when the vibration generated by the sound is transmitted to the voice control switch, and the light will only light up within the pedestrian's walking range and will not light up for a long time. From this, we can know that when vehicles and pedestrians pass on the expressway, don't they exert pressure on the pavement? If there is an inductor that can automatically control the switch under the pressure and control the lights on and off within the corresponding range, the purpose of energy saving will be achieved.

Then this sensor can not be controlled by air vibration generated by sound, but by road vibration generated by the impact and pressure of vehicles and pedestrians on the road. These two kinds of vibrations are different, otherwise it is a mistake, which may be the barking of animals. The noise outside the road will turn on the lights, and it will also fail to achieve the purpose of energy saving. If the noise from vehicles and pedestrians is very small, the lights will not light up? That's useless. It doesn't work at all. The driving of cars and the walking of pedestrians will naturally produce impact and pressure on the ground, which will make the road surface vibrate, so that the road surface vibration can be used to control the opening and closing of street lamps. If there is such a device, it can be installed in the light box of a street lamp, and each device is connected to the road surface with a metal bar. When the road surface is impacted and vibrated by pressure, the corresponding street lamps will light up, and the lights will light up where there are vehicles or pedestrians, and the vibration will stop, and the lights will automatically go out within a certain time limit. This device uses vibration and pressure to control street lamps, which can play a very good role in energy saving. Of course, in order to reduce the number of installed devices, such a device can control multiple street lamps, and multiple devices are connected in parallel in a circuit, that is, one device is installed at intervals, and then these devices are connected to the corresponding street lamps through wires. We might as well name it "vibration sensor" first. Let's take a look at the working principle of the "vibration sensor": First, the metal bar is used to sense whether the road surface vibrates. When a car or pedestrian passes a certain road section and exerts pressure on the road surface to generate vibration, the metal bar transmits the vibration to the "vibration sensor", which is stimulated by the vibration and commands several street lamps it controls to turn on the switch. Vehicles and pedestrians continue to pass the next road section, and the "vibration sensor" of the next road section is also stimulated by vibration, which also lights up the corresponding street lamps, and so on. At the same time, the "vibration sensor" on the road section after vehicles and pedestrians passed by turned off the switch because it did not continue to receive the vibration information transmitted to it by the metal strip, so that the corresponding street lamps did not continue to emit light. But this kind of "vibration sensor" requires high sensitivity and can also identify the vibration source. For example, under special circumstances, lightning weather or high-decibel noise generated by factories will make the air vibrate violently, and it will also be transmitted to the "vibration sensor" through metal bars. The "vibration sensor" mistakenly thinks that the vibration comes from the road surface, which makes the street lamp shine. Therefore, we need to use science and technology to study and develop a novel. Huh? Don't say that. Apricot ζ ao is out of danger? Visit? Blow molding? So the sheath is charming? Hey? Scratches? Blow?

Well, as long as this "vibration sensor" is installed on the road with street lights, it doesn't need a lot of manpower to control the power supply, and all the work will be automatically controlled by the machine. We can imagine that there are cars or pedestrians passing by on the road, and the scene of street lamps flashing and going out for the second time is dazzling and overwhelming. Isn't evening a unique and beautiful scenery? At the same time of convenient transportation, the biggest advantage is that it saves energy greatly.

This kind of "vibration sensor" is designed to save energy. I hope this device can be applied to practice and play a great role. While developing the economy, we must not ignore the importance of energy conservation, save energy and take the road of sustainable development, which has become the common sense of mankind.

I helped you choose three compositions. I wonder if it will help you.