Before we learn, we must first understand what traffic is and what traffic generally includes.
Transportation refers to all kinds of transportation and post and telecommunications. Generally speaking, traffic includes: traffic forms, vehicles, traffic facilities, traffic conditions, communication conditions and the main process of development. Then, we can know what our research study mainly includes. The main research contents of our research study are: traffic forms, vehicles, traffic facilities, traffic conditions, traffic conditions and the main development process.
Li Bai, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty in China, once wrote a work about ancient transportation, which is the Difficult Road to Shu written by Li Bai in the early years of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Our research begins with the difficult road of Shu.
Enjoy "Shu Dao Nan" first:
Hey, hey, it's dangerous! The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky! Until the two rulers of this area forced their way through in the foggy age! Forty-eight thousand years have passed. Don't talk to Qin Sai. And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, which can cross Emei Mountain. It was once broken by an earthquake, and some brave people lost it, only completing the stone steps leading to heaven. On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. Such a height is difficult for a yellow crane, poor monkey, they only have claws to use. The Green Mud Mountain is made up of many circles. For every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned. We don't know whether this road to the west will never end. The road ahead is getting darker and darker. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The males fly past the females around the forests. Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky, and it turns pale when you smell it. The highest cliff is less than a foot from heaven, and the withered pine trees hang low on the cliff surface. One thousand waterfalls rushed forward one after another, sending out the thunder of rotating stones in ten thousand valleys. This is the risk. Why do people who live at a safe distance come here? . Although the pass of the watchtower is strong and steep, one person guards it and ten thousand people can't beat it. What if he is not loyal, but a wolf to his companions? . There are hungry tigers in the daytime, and there are poisonous reptiles at night. Their teeth and fangs are ready to kill people like hemp. Although the Silk City is beautiful, I'd rather go home soon. The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky, and it is difficult to squint at the west.
This poem is generally described according to the clues from ancient times to the present, from Qin to Shu, and it grasps the characteristics of mountains and rivers everywhere to express the difficulties of Shu Road. When we are still reminiscing about the poetic beauty brought by Li Bai, we will be a little scared. In Li Bai's work, the description of Shu Dao seems to have exaggerated elements, which adds some color of literary re-creation to Shu Dao in the article. Then, we have to ask: "Is Shu Dao really that difficult?"
The answer is yes. This is because since ancient times, Qin and Shu have been blocked by mountains and mountains. From Qin to Shu, Taibai Peak bears the brunt, and only birds flying high can fly low. Taibai Peak, southwest of Xianyang and Qin Dou, is the first peak in Guanzhong. This was an insurmountable obstacle at that time. It's more dangerous to clear away evil spirits. The ancients said, "The precipice is Wan Ren, with rainy and cloudy mountains."
So, how can we spend such a dangerous and bad weather road? Let's take a look at the sentence in the article. "Once, it was broken by an earthquake, and some brave people lost it, just completing the stone steps of their ladder to heaven." What can we find from this sentence? "Ladder" is obviously a traffic facility in ancient China, at least in the Tang Dynasty, it was used by pedestrians to cross the road. Let's look at another sentence, "Although the steeple is firm and severe, and one person guards it, ten thousand people can't force it." This sentence is written about Jiange, a fortress in the middle of Shu. We need to know this: There is a 30-mile-long plank road between Dajianshan and Xiaojian Mountain. The peaks are like swords, the mountains stand tall and the cliffs are like doors, forming a natural fortress. Because of its dangerous terrain, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack, and there are many people who are kings here in history. There is also a transportation facility here: the plank road. The plank road is an ancient traffic facility. It is a narrow road formed by drilling holes in the cliff to support stakes and paving boards. The plank road, a kind of transportation facility, is produced in special terrain and special environment. The appearance of plank road just shows the danger of Shu road. This is the same as what Li Bai said in his article. At that time, the traffic conditions in the Tang Dynasty, especially the border crossings and fortresses, were not very good. At that time, there was also a poem about the danger of Shu Dao.
Lu ci fu pen yi
It's hard to get on the green mud, and the road is cold in the clouds.
How to go to Badong, 36 days outside the plate?
Therefore, Li Bai said, "Shu Dao is difficult to pass, and it is difficult to go to the sky."
As long as we read it carefully, it is not difficult to find the word "Hou" in the title of the above poem. So, what is "Hou"? Is it an ancient transportation facility?
We said, "Yes". Among them, "post" is the post office. In ancient times, a post station was a place where people who delivered government documents or articles changed horses, rested and stayed. Let's take a closer look at the following poem.
Du Mu's Three Poems of Crossing the Qing Palace (I)
Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn.
As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
This poem is mainly in the last two sentences. "Outside the palace, an emissary rode a post horse, speeding, and raised a world of mortals behind him; In the palace, the princess smiled. At first glance, these two shots seem unrelated to each other, but they both contain suspense carefully arranged by the poet. Why did "Qianmen" open? Why did "One Ride" come? The poet deliberately didn't rush to say it until the reader couldn't help but know it, and then revealed the mystery implicitly and euphemistically: "No one knows that it is litchi. "The word' litchi' tells the whole story." "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty * Biography of Yang Guifei" records: "My concubine loves litchi, and she will be born with it. Therefore, she has traveled thousands of miles by car, and her taste has not changed, that is, she will go to the capital. "Therefore, there is a special delivery team to send litchi to Yang Guifei. And it was sent to Beijing by official mail. It is not difficult for us to eat litchi today. However, in the Tang Dynasty, if you wanted to eat litchi and it was fresh, you had to transport it day and night. In order to be quick, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered to use the official post road for transportation, and it arrived in a few days. The transportation here is naturally: horses. Facilities include: post station and post road.
We are familiar with Shanhaiguan. This is a checkpoint. Checkpoints are warning places for ancient traffic hazards or border entry and exit places. For example: yangguan. Let's watch Send Yuan Er Shi An Xi together.
Send Yuan Er Shi An Xi? Wang Wei
The rain in the early morning moistened the dust of the land, the inn of the inn, the branches and leaves of the inn, and a new leaf
Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their loved ones when they go out to Yang Guan in the west.
Yang Guan is mentioned in this poem. Yangguan, located in the southwest of Dunhuang County, Gansu Province, is the main road leading to the western regions in ancient times. At the same time, Yangguan is also an important checkpoint on the Silk Road. The Silk Road can be said to be the most developed trade road in ancient China, extending from Chang 'an to Rome and Wan Li. On the Silk Road, the main means of transportation are camels and cars.
Now, we might as well sort out the above research:
Mode of transportation: land transportation.
Main means of transportation: (manpower), horses, cars, camels, etc.
Transportation facilities: ladder, plank road, post station, post road, checkpoint (Silk Road).
Traffic overview: Long distance, difficult and undeveloped (residential dirt road, mountain road, stone road).
Above we studied the land transportation and made a simple summary. Then, since there is land transportation, there is water transportation. Let's take a look at the ancient waterway transportation in China.
Let's enjoy "Send Secretary Chao Jian to Japan" first.
Wang Wei sent secretary Zhao Jian to Japan.
There is a lot of water there, you know the sea in the east.
Where is Kyushu? If Wan Li is empty.
Looking at Japan from the country, returning to the sails but believing in the wind.
The aojiang is dark and the fish's eyes are red.
Outside the village tree, in the owner's island.
If you leave a foreign country, you will be able to communicate with each other.
This is a farewell poem. The author wrote it in Tianbao 12th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty when Chao Heng (then Japanese ambassador to China) returned to Japan to bid farewell. Let's think about it first. If Chao Heng wants to return to Japan, he must go by sea. At that time, although there were water transportation forms and large ships and other means of transportation, it was still very risky to take the water. Why? Let's see how Wang Wei writes in his poems. At the beginning of the poem, I wrote: "The vast sea is almost endless. How do you know how the sea is turned over?" Sigh. Three or four sentences to the effect of "outside China, where is the farthest place? I'm afraid it will be Japan thousands of miles away. It' s almost as difficult as going to heaven now. " The next four sentences are about imaginary friends crossing the sea. Under the scientific level and technical conditions at that time, crossing the sea to Japan was an extremely risky and uncertain thing. Usually, the scenes of the sea are written in a positive way, such as the impermanence of climate, sinister waves and so on. In order to express the anxiety and suspense of the sailors. For example, Lin Kuan's Return People to Japan.
Send people back to Japan? Lin Kuan
Look at the west coast, hope to destroy it with one heart!
The earth is the same as the new moon, and the heavenly religion hinders communication.
Waves generate electricity at night and whales roar and thunder during the day.
Ginseng path outside the door, how many flowers does it take?
The third part of it is impressive and exciting, which should be said to be a very accurate sentence. However, no matter how elaborate and sensational the language is, it is impossible to tell all the countless difficulties and obstacles that will be encountered in maritime navigation in a short poem. Therefore, Wang Wei adopted another unique technique: avoiding reality and being empty, and seeking infinity from the finite. "Only look at the country, return to sail but believe in the wind", which means to bring it as soon as you start, so that readers can think, associate, supplement and enrich themselves.
/kloc-in the 6th century, the Italian explorer Kyle Poirot arrived in China by water transportation. At that time, Kyle Polo landed on our land from Chongwu Port in Quanzhou. In waterway transportation, the main tools are ships and the main facilities are ports. Combining the above two poems, we can feel that water transportation existed at that time, but it was not particularly perfect. But by the Ming Dynasty, our water transportation was more mature. But we can't get rid of the main shortcomings such as long time, great danger and difficulty in long-distance navigation.
After reading these two poems, we can sort out the situation of ancient waterway transportation.
Mode of transportation: surface transportation.
Main means of transportation: boat.
Transportation facilities: port
Traffic profile: there are risks and dangers. Before the Ming Dynasty, the development was imperfect and immature, and the sailing time was long and arduous.
Let's review the definition of traffic again. Transportation refers to all kinds of transportation and post and telecommunications. So transportation is one aspect. Posts and telecommunications are another aspect. Now let's study the ancient communication. Enjoy a group of poems first.
Farewell to friends in Huai Shang
Yangtze River Yangtze River Chun Lv, Xiaoyao De is dancing around the river to kill people.
The breeze blows gently, the flute whimpers and dyes the pavilion at dusk. You are going to Xiaoxiang, and I am going to the west Qinling.
say goodbye to
Willow green hangs down to the ground, and flowers are long and sultry.
Willow branches are broken and flowers are flying. Will pedestrians come back?
These poems are farewell poems of China in ancient times. The feelings in farewell poems are mostly bleak, and some sad emotions will be revealed in the poems. Why is this happening? This is related to the ancient traffic and communication in China. From the above, we know that both land and water transportation have the characteristics of long time. This will bring difficulties to information communication between people. In severe cases, there will be information isolation. In this way, it was difficult for people in ancient China, especially their relatives, to exchange letters and information. Therefore, people will have "when will people go back?" Thoughts and feelings. This is also the reason why there were a lot of farewell feelings in ancient China.
By exploring ancient poems and synthesizing other documents, we made a simple schematic diagram of the development of ancient traffic in China.