Hunan was called "Xiaoxiang" in ancient times. It is located in the south of central China. This beautiful land has had a far-reaching impact on the modern history of China. It gave birth to Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Cai E, Tan Sitong, Zeng Guofan and other historical figures, which made people full of respect for it. In Hunan, there are Dongting Lake where Fan Zhongyan left the eternal quatrain, "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later", Yuelu Academy which inherits the ancient humanistic tradition, orange island who was "independent in cold and autumn" and "disappointed in Liao Kuo" in Mao Zedong's youth, Zhangjiajie with beautiful scenery, a quaint Xiangxi town, and in 2000. You can see many beautiful scenery when you travel to Hunan, but perhaps the most important thing is to feel the ubiquitous Hunan rhyme carefully.
====================
A textual research on the origin of Hunan people
"The last article in history-fragments recorded at that time.
Reflections on Hunan Nationalities in Qin and Han Dynasties
Ancient Jingchu was called barbarian. "Poetry" says: "Man is good at doing things" and "Stupid, man is good at doing things, and great powers are enemies" [2]. So today, the Central Plains people in Hunan don't even know. There are so-called "worshipping mountains" and "Cangwu" in Shangshu. [3] Their places are all in Hunan today. But at that time, the knowledge of Central Plains people about these places was covered by people in Qin and Han Dynasties such as Penglai and abbot. In the thirteenth year of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Huan Gong and Luo Zi defeated Chu Shi, and they made up for it by killing him. [4] Luo was born in Xiangyin and Pingjiang counties today. In the 11th year of Wengong, Zi Chu fell. [5] Mi, the land of Yueyang and Linxiang today. Naturally, the northeast border of Hunan began in the historical period. The invasion of Hunan by Xia Dynasty forces began at the beginning of the Warring States Period. Wu Qi lost the king of Chu, and there were barbarians and Yue in the south, taking the land of Dongting and Cangwu, so the two major basins of Xiang and Zi in eastern Hunan entered Chu. Later, it was attached to the Yuanshui and Lishui river basins in the west, which was called "witch". [6] Hunan all entered Chu. At that time, the ethnic groups in Hunan, except the indigenous barbarians, were immediately the Jingchu ethnic group in Hubei. Qu Yuan, Guan Zhifu, and the royal family of Chu, however, lingered between Yuan and Li, standing proudly beside the river. Everyone knows Chu, and Hunan is famous. Hunan people in Qin and Han dynasties are descendants of Jingchu people who moved in at this time.
In the twenty-ninth year of Qin Dynasty, the general was sent to attack Chu in vain, and the barbarians were taken slightly, that is, the land in Chu, and the witch was located in the middle of Guizhou. Destroying Chu, that is, the land where Wuqi merged Dongting and Cangwu, is located in Changsha County. [7] Changsha and Guizhou are naturally medium-sized places in the south, and Zhongyuan Capital serves Baiyue to Zhennan. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang's death, his husband and wife, Jia Jia, took a little land from Lvliang. [8] In the sixth year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, soldiers and sinners from the counties of Jiang, Huai, Ba and Shu were sent to Pingnan Vietnam, and [9] all revealed Sanxiang. Therefore, there are not only Jingchu people visiting Hunan, but also people from the Central Plains, who were born and raised by the garrison. But in the Western Han Dynasty, there were four counties in Hunan: Changsha, Lingling, Guiyang and Wuling. Changsha is located in the northeast of the counties, closest to the Central Plains, and Xinmang is easy to say that it is a county. [10] As the name implies, the land is quite fierce. Lingling, which flows on the water in Hunan, used to be the main road leading to South Vietnam, but Hanwu called it "Chu County", which is opposite to [1 1] in Jiaozhi County and Southwest Yi County. Changsha, Lingling, Xiangshui basin, so we can know Wuling and Guiyang, and we can know Yuanshui and Lishui basins. Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, said, "There is Changsha in the northwest, and its semi-barbarians are also kings." [12] That is to say, in terms of political relations, Hunan was never completely classified as a cold pavilion at that time. At first, the Central Plains people moved to Hunan in large numbers, and Hunan was developed by the Central Plains people, which led to a new stove. At that time, the Central Plains was in chaos, and the countryside was overgrown with weeds. People have no livelihood. There must be people from Nanyang and Xiangyang counties who fled to Dongting, Yuan and Hunan in the south, and the road was blue, in order to open up this desolate and uninhabited mountain forest. Therefore, the hukou of the Western Han Dynasty flourished in the early Yuan Dynasty, and the hukou of the Eastern Han Dynasty flourished in Yonghe. According to the state, Yonghe households were not added in the early Yuan Dynasty; In Changsha and other four counties, the number of households has increased fourfold and the number of mouths has increased fivefold in 140 years. [13] This is caused by unnatural breeding, and foreign settlers have covered it. The book of the former Han dynasty was not interested in the barbarians in Wuling and Changsha, but the book of the later Han dynasty was interested in rebellion, which proved that the sudden increase of Han nationality in Hunan caused such a conflict. [ 14]
The three countries are competing for the male, and Jingzhou is among them. From the division brigade, people from east, west, north and south are excellent. Wherever dysprosium went, rural houses were destroyed. Hunan is a period of cultural progress and cultural retrogression.
Immigrants accepted by Hunan during the Six Dynasties
In the last years of Emperor Jinhui, there was chaos in the middle of Shu, and many people such as Liang and Yi fled the canyon. In history, tens of thousands of Bashu people, such as Lu Ban and Jian Shuo, lived between Jingxiang. Kewang, the Lord is jealous So every time these people are violated by the old people, they are resentful. In the first month of the fifth year of Emperor Huai Yongjia, he * * * pushed his leader. According to Changsha's counterattack, he attacked Xiangzhou counties and went to Guangzhou to transfer to the Acropolis. Funan defeated the division of Guangzhou, and went down to zero and Guangxi counties; Jingzhou was broken in the north and invaded Wuchang, Ancheng, Zhaoling, Hengyang, Changsha and Yidu. Being too defensive about internal history is harmed by internal history. At that time, it owned the whole Xiangzhou and half Jingzhou. The following year, it was the first year of Emperor Hao's Literatures, and the imperial edict began to recruit Gong Dun, the general of the South, and Tao Kan, the secretariat of Jingzhou. After dozens of wars, Tao Kan's troops were defeated in Shicheng and Linzhou, and they were outnumbered. In August of the third year of lite, the pawn was broken by Tao Kan. Qi Jie led Wang Zhen to surrender, and he fled to nowhere. From the beginning to Sri Lanka, it took five years before and after, and the chaos began to level off. [ 15]
Although more than 10,000 Jialiang and Liu Yi suffered from kindness, "the dead recovered more than half at once" [16], in the next 150 years, they fell to the place where Liu Song Taihe and Hui Yuan started, and many of their descendants were still in Hunan. Wang Sengqian is the secretariat of Xiangzhou, and the refugees in Jiangbaxia on the edge of Yiyang, Luo Xiang and Xiangxi set up Xiangyin County [17]. This immigrant comes from the west.
Since the disaster in Yongjia, the Central Plains fell to Hujie and stayed in Li Nan to cross the river basin, with millions of people. This is the first time that the Chinese nation has moved southward in the history of ethnic migration. However, the areas that accept this kind of migration are as good as Jingyan. In Jingzhou's words, Xiangyang is twice as strong as Nanjun; In terms of Nanjun, there are many people in Hubei today and few people in Hunan today. This can be seen from the outline of the number of overseas Chinese counties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties. According to the Records of Counties in Song Dynasty and Geography in Jin Dynasty, Overseas Chinese County is in Hunan today, including a county in the south of Yiyang and a half county in the south of Hedong.
(A) South Yiyang County "Golden Branch": "Moody established Yiyang County, and Yiyang lived in Nanjun." He also said, "Andi has three counties: South Yiyang, East Yiyang and East Changning." According to "Song Zhi": "Southern Yiyang Prefecture, Yiyang refugees and overseas Chinese at the end of Jin Dynasty." There is no Yiyang county, but South Yiyang is Yiyang. "History of the Qing Dynasty": Yiyang County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is in the territory of this Anxiang and Lizhou, so it is governed in the southwest of this Anxiang. There are three candidates for counties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty: Pingyang, originally a county, is located in the south of Shanxi Province where overseas Chinese live in Jiangzuo, and the province at the end of Jin Dynasty is a county. Yue Jue Xi and Yue Ping belong to Yiyang. In today's southern Henan, they stand with overseas Chinese in the county. It is the land of Anxiang and Lizhou today. At that time, people in Shanxi and Henan were transplanted locally. Yiyang county had thousands of households, nine families and 741 posts in Song Dynasty.
(B) South Hedong County's "Golden Branch": "Jiangzuo is still at the border of Yuling County, Wuling County, Han Dynasty, and established Hedong County with Hedong people living in the south." Song Zhi: "Nanhe Dongfu, Emperor Xiankang of Jincheng, in the third year, recruited Yu Liang, a general of the West, and set up overseas Chinese households in Zhangzhou." According to the unified records of the Qing Dynasty, Han Yiling County is now a part of Hubei Public Security County and Songzi County, Hunan Huarong County and Anxiang County. South Hedong County was abolished in the Sui Dynasty, so it was ruled in Songzi County today. Fan County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Early Song Dynasty: Anyi and Wenxi, originally belonging to Hedong County, are in the western part of Shanxi Province. Yong 'an and Linfen were originally Pingyang County, in the western part of Shanxi Province. It is called Hongnong, which was originally a county. In today's western border of Henan Province, Jiangzuo County is an overseas Chinese county, and then the province is a county. The above is our state. Yue Qiaocheng, originally Qiaocheng County, is in the northern part of Anhui Province. Yue Songzi's ancestral home is Anfeng County in the southeast of Henan Province. All of the above are from Yuzhou. Yue Guangqi, according to Song Zhi. Jin Zhi tried to avoid the taboo of Sui Dynasty and changed it. This is Pengcheng, in the northwest of Jiangsu today. The above belongs to Xuzhou.
Some of these eight counties have overseas Chinese in present-day Hubei Province, and some have overseas Chinese in present-day Hunan Province, which cannot be verified. Generally speaking, people from Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu and northern Anhui once lived in Huarong, Anxiang and Lizhou today. In the south county of Hedong, there were 2,427 households in the Song Dynasty, 10487 people. This immigrant is also a northerner.
The situation in Hunan during the Sui and Tang Dynasties was very dark. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, no historical biography has ever described Hunan as "quite chaotic". However, from the founding of the Sui Dynasty to the Tang Kaiyuan, I have never heard of a "pretty chaotic" one in the middle of 30 or 40 years. After Kaiyuan, [18] was taken for granted, although it was once or twice. It was not until the end of the Tang dynasty that there was a record of the rise of the group. [19] Is it true that during the heyday of Sui and Tang Dynasties, all barbarians in Hunan were naturalized as Wang Min? According to evolutionary history, this is insurmountable, and suppression is also necessary. To put it mildly, the Sui and Tang Dynasties empire was only an era of political and military development, and the development of the southern territory made extraordinary progress, so it was not envied by barbarians.
The origin of Hunan people today-descendants
Review of the collation and statistics.
First, based on the clan records of five local chronicles.
There is no clan record in Tongzhi, Hunan. There are five kinds of clan records in the local chronicles of Hunan's states, prefectures and counties: one is Daoguang's Baoqing Zhou Zhi; Second, Guangxu "Shaoyang County Records"; Third, Guangxu's "Wugangfu Local Records"; 4, Guangxu "Xiangyin County Atlas"; On the 5th, Guangxu published Jingzhou local chronicles. Shaoyang and Wugang are counties under the jurisdiction of Baoqing Prefecture, so in fact these clans yearn for Baoqing Prefecture, Jingzhou Prefecture and Xiangyin County.
Baoqing mansion is connected with Henger mansion in the east, Chenzhou in Yuan Jing in the west, Guilin mansion in Guangxi in the south and Changsha mansion in the north. Covering several wholly-owned river basins, a small part flows on the river. Zhaoling, Douliang and Fuyi counties were located in the Han Dynasty. Songfu and Ming and Qing counties: Shaoyang, Xinhua, Xinning and Chengbu; Zhouyi: Wugang. Shaoyang belongs to Guo County, which was abandoned in the Republic of China and named after the county. Wugang county, Yiri, Wugang area. In seventeen years, Baoqing was renamed Shaoyang. Jingzhou Gantong, Hou Tonghui, Zuo Suining, You Guijinping. Covering a small part of the Yuanhe River. The state was established in the Song Dynasty and ruled by Jingzhou Zhili State in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Republic of China, the abandoned state was called Jingxian County. Xiangyin County is the entrance of Xiangjiang River into Dongting. Changsha in the south, Yueyang in the north, Pingjiang on the left, Yuanjiang and Yiyang on the right. Luo county was here in Qin dynasty, and the local accent was built in Liu and Song dynasties. Turn to Changsha in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Together, the three places have seven counties, which is less than one tenth of the 75 counties in the province. In terms of geographical width and narrowness, these counties cover a wide area, accounting for about one-sixth of the province's area. However, some of these seven counties are in the middle of the province (Shaoyang and Xinhua), some are in the southwest of the province (Wugang, Xinning, Chengbu and Jing), and some are in the northeast of the province (Xiangyin), which is the third of the five. So although there are only seven counties, the situation is the representative of most * * * communications in the province.
Daoguang's "Baoqing Fuzhi" was written by Deng Xinhua Xianhe, [20] which began in March of the 25th year of Daoguang and was written in June of the 24th year to 29th year of Daoguang. When you are good at talking, you are called a famous writer. Zhijin had no genealogy before, so it was founded as twelve genealogies. Volume 1 shows rank, volume 2 shows honor, volume 3, volume 4 and volume 5 show shaoyang, volume 6, volume 7 and volume 8 show Xinhua. Volume 9, Volume 10 shows Wugang, Volume 11 shows Xinning, and Volume 12 shows Chengbu. Unprecedented and difficult to prepare; Therefore, many clans are listed, and the lineage is unknown. Shaoyang County Records, compiled by Yao Bingkui, a local citizen, began in the thirty-second year of Guangxu and was written in the following year. Clans recorded in official history expressed their wishes, but they were revised after supplement to be more accurate. The Records of Wugang County compiled by Zhang Dechang of Yi nationality was written in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu. There are fewer clans listed in Genealogy than more than 30 clans listed in Fuzhi, and the two books are too small. Didn't the person who wrote this record see the official record? Cut off all the fallacies listed in the official records and prevent them from arising? You can know what you can't get. Jingzhou Local Records was compiled by Shuiren Jin in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu. Xiang Yin County Records written by Guo Songtao, a villager. Guo's word narration fairy has accumulated knowledge and ability. When he returned to his hometown, he always made it up by himself. This book was written during the Tongzhi period, but it was taken away by the warlord Li. From a few years of death to six years of Guangxu, it can only be published privately. However, his books are well collected and researched in detail, although Bao Qingzhi still didn't catch them. The local chronicles of Xiangyin County were first compiled in Chunyou, Southern Song Dynasty, and continued in Chenghua and Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. They all lost their books today. There are also Kang Xizhi, Gan Longzhi and Dao Guangzhi, all of whom have no genealogy and created this record.
Today, if the two items listed in the "Clan Table of Baoqing" are counted together with other clans, there are 142 clans in Shaoyang County (22 of them are listed as ranks and guards); Xinhua county has 130 clans (4 of them are knights); There are eighty-five clans in Wugang Prefecture (eight of them are knights); Sixteen in Xinning County (no honours); There are 20 ethnic groups in the west of Chengbu County (6 are Jue Xun). Shaoyang County added 23 ethnic groups according to local chronicles, and got 165 ethnic groups. There are 420 families in five counties and cities. Also, the forty-eight Wugang families are listed in the "Records of Xiangxian in Wugang Prefecture". Jingzhou Local Records and Clan Records * * * lists 51 families in Jingzhou. The Records of Xiangyin * * * lists 233 ethnic groups in Xiangyin; There are also people of the same origin who belong to several ethnic groups, and they are still there today, and there are also those mentioned in the column of * * * in the small note of Xiangyin 230. For the sake of unity, they are not counted today.
There are about 700 ethnic groups in this province, prefecture and county. How many of them are indigenous and how many are immigrants? This is the beginning of this article.
Miao Man lived in Hunan in ancient times, but it was not the old country of Han family. There are no aborigines except Miao and barbarians; All Han people are not immigrants. However, because the migration has been going on for a long time, future generations may not remember where their ancestors came from, but they are called aborigines. Those whose surnames are listed in the genealogy are called "living in a county", and now they are recognized as aborigines, so the distribution of aborigines and immigrants in these seven counties is as follows.
Note: The clans listed in the local chronicles of Wugang area are inconsistent with the Table of Wugang in Baoqing. Therefore, another item will be listed, but not included in the statistics. The following table aims to imitate this.
There are 9 aborigines, accounting for 1% of the total. There are 580 immigrants who know their origins but don't know their origins, accounting for 82% of the total. 1 15 people with unknown ancestry are indigenous, accounting for 17% of the total. Although it is unknown how many of these hundreds of ethnic groups are indigenous, if we infer from the known population ratio, there are only three or five ethnic groups, and the total number is at most 23%.
Among the nine aborigines, Baoqing Prefecture has six families. One is from Shaoyang, now living in Xixiang, Shaoyang, and the other is Huang from Moxi, Shaoyang, now living in Moxi, Shaoyang. Neither of these surnames is really indigenous. Moreover, Li's lineage is only five generations, and the fourth generation is a scholar of the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, and it is suspected that he is also an immigrant of the Song Dynasty. Huang's lineage is thirteen generations, and the eleventh generation is Kangxi's martial arts. Suspicion was also a migration in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. Third, in Xinhua Stone Circle, it is called Fu's, which means: "The lineage is not listed. Fu's and Su's in Meishan mentioned in the History of Song Dynasty are also the oldest people covering Xinhua clan. " According to Fu's surname, it was not Xinhua City at the beginning, but there were many people in various counties in Hunan. Especially in Yan is a huge clan, [2 1] but it is rare in other provinces, or it is indigenous. The Fu mentioned in the History of Song Dynasty is the chief of Meishan people, a Xinhua gang and barbarians, not a Han nationality. The fourth one is called Wang Mu, one city at a time. My surname is Li. In the Yuan Dynasty, I moved to Dingyuan, Haozhou, and adopted Ming Taizu's son. My surname is Zhu. Announced the position of Li, changed his surname to Mu, and added water to it, surnamed Mu. After receiving the knighthood, he moved to the city. Li is the most common surname in the world, and I don't know if it is true or not. In addition, Shi Lan and Shi Yang, Duke of Guo Liang and Duke of England in the city, although they don't explicitly say that they live in the world, Shi Lan is the most popular name among Miao families, starting from Fujian and Zhejiang in the east and Yunnan and Guizhou in the west. Yang is also the most popular name of Southwest Cave, and Lan Changjian and Yang Zaisi, founded by two clans, are cave owners, so these two clans are both barbarians born and bred, and so are those who took China nationality in Chinese. These two ethnic groups in Jingzhou are descendants of barbarian leader Dong Xi. Yang Zai's heirs, also known as Yang Zai's heirs, said in the table: "Today, Yang Zai's heirs are most in Guizhou and Chu, and there are people who live in the Sixth Regiment of Jing. Yang's surname Hull has a long lawsuit, and they are all descendants, especially the Han people who come and go, Hui, Suining and Jing 'er ancient towns." After the barbarian chief Yang Zaisi, he was either a caveman or a Han Chinese, so we can see that the difference between this so-called barbarian and this so-called Han Chinese doesn't care about ethnic differences, but whether it has been sinicized. When you say Yao family, you get Yao Ming. "Zhi" says: "Xiage Village in Zhongdong still has its pockets." Yao Ming, the barbarian chieftain after Yang was subjected to the soil, was once a "rebel" on the avenue for three years, but he was flat for several months. [22] Xiangyin family, commonly known as Jiao family. "Table" said: "My real name is Joan, and I live in Xiangyin. He came from Jinling to take charge of Fujian Wei at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, he enlisted in Yunnan and died in Dongting. Children and grandchildren live in Changsha. Joan spread eight to Jun, and Jiajing moved here. " Is it the so-called cloud traveler that Joan started before? It started with Joan? From Joan's eighth grandson? The meaning of the words is quite puzzling. If it is not true, the aborigines can know it. In this way, among the nine indigenous families listed in the table, it can be believed that they are real indigenous people, but there are five. Coupled with the long-term migration of the four major clans, the lineage is unknown, leading to the mistake of "living on earth."
Among the immigrants, there are 5 17 ethnic groups whose lineages can be verified. What is the origin of this 5 17 clan? In other words, why did the ancestors of Hunan 5 17 people come to live in Hunan today?