Edison was a famous American scientist and inventor. Because he has many inventions 1000, such as electric light, phonograph, film and storage battery, people call him "the king of inventions" and "the magician".

Edison's greatest achievement was the invention of the electric light. However, among his inventions, nothing shocked the society at that time more than the phonograph. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/877, the phonograph invented by Edison caused a sensation throughout new york, and reporters from various newspapers flocked to report this unusual news. Once this invention came out, it aroused the rapid and huge fanaticism of the society for several months at that time. The railway specially opened a special car to visit. Many people began to disbelieve the invention and suspected that he had hidden something in it to deceive people. A bishop of a church recited a series of special terms in the Bible at the highest speed on the radio. When these terms are repeated word by word from the machine, people believe that this thing is really true, and they all marvel at it.

However, Edison's famous invention idea was promoted by happy accidents.

Once, Edison improved the telegraph with symbols printed on paper tape in a quiet laboratory alone. At this time, a monotonous voice in the telegram attracted him. When trying to eliminate this sound, Edison accidentally discovered that it was the sound made by the paper tape under the pressure of the small shaft. When the pressure on the small axis changes, the pitch changes. This gave him the idea of recording and recovering sound by moving channels with different depths on the carrier.

Coincidentally, when Edison tried the telephone again, he found that the diaphragm in the microphone vibrated with the sound. He found a needle, stood on the diaphragm, gently pressed the upper end with his hand, and then spoke to the diaphragm. Experiments show that the higher the sound, the faster the vibration; When the sound is low, the vibration slows down. This discovery strengthened his determination to invent the phonograph.

A few days later, Edison drew a sketch and immediately began to work with his assistant. The main part of the phonograph is a metal cylinder, the edge of which is engraved with spiral grooves. It is pressed on a long shaft with a crank at one end. When the crank is shaken, the cylinder will rotate accordingly. In addition, there are two small metal tubes. One end of the metal tube is equipped with a membrane plate, and the center of the membrane plate has a blunt needle tip. After numerous transformations, the world's first phonograph was born. Edison recalled: "I said a word loudly and the machine played my voice back." I have never been so surprised in my life. "

Edison changed the phonograph again and again at the beginning of his invention. Ten years later, he removed the phonograph from the dust on the shelf. In order to continue to improve it, he applied for more than 100 invention patents on the phonograph alone. He is deaf, and it is amazing that he can invent such a machine that can make sound. When we see today's phonograph, don't forget that it is permeated with Edison's countless painstaking efforts. In fact, for more than a century, the great wave of civilization and invention caused by the phonograph has far-reaching influence. The phonograph, tape recorder, tape recorder and laser audio-visual machine came out one after another. Are they all Edison's great inventions?

Edison (1847- 193 1)

ThomasAlvaEdison is a world-famous American electrician and inventor. In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, construction and chemical industry. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. My father is descended from Dutch, and my mother is a primary school teacher, descended from Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business and his family moved to Grady Otterborg in the northern suburb of Huron, Michigan. Shortly after moving here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever and was ill for a long time. It is believed that this disease is the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of 8, but after only three months of study, he was dismissed as an "imbecile" by the teacher and kicked out of school. Since then, his mother has been his "mentor". Because of his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading. He not only reads widely, but also reads all kinds of books. At the age of eight, he read the works of Shakespeare and Dickens, the most important playwrights in the English Renaissance, and many important historical books. By the age of nine, he could quickly read difficult books, such as Parker's philosophy of nature and experiment. 10 years old, he loved chemistry. At the age of 1 1, he experimented with his first telegram. In order to make money to buy chemicals and equipment, he began to work. At the age of 12, he got a job selling newspapers on the train, commuting between Port Huron and Detroit, Michigan. While selling newspapers, he also deals in fruits and vegetables. Whenever he is free, he goes to the library to read books. He bought an old printing press and began to publish his own weekly newspaper, The Herald. The first issue of this weekly is printed on the train. With the money he earned, he set up a chemistry laboratory on the baggage car. Unfortunately, once a chemical caught fire, he and his equipment were thrown out of the car. Another time, when Edison tried to board a freight train, a conductor grabbed him by the ear and helped him get on the train. This action led to Edison's lifelong deafness.

1862 In August, Edison rescued a dying boy on the train track with fearless heroism. The child's father is grateful for this, but he is willing to teach him telegraph technology because he has no money to reward him. Since then, Edison has forged an indissoluble bond with this mysterious new electric world and embarked on a scientific journey.

1863, Edison worked as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, the main railway line. From 1864 to 1867, I worked as a telegraph operator in all parts of the central and western regions and lived a life similar to wandering. Footprints include Stratford, Adrian, fort wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville and Huron.

1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent. This is a device for automatically recording votes. Edison thought that this device could speed up the work of Congress and would be very popular. However, a member of Congress told him that they had no intention to speed up the agenda, and sometimes voting was slow because of political needs. From then on, Edison decided never to make any inventions that people didn't need.

At the beginning of June 1869, he came to new york to look for a job. While he was waiting for a summons in the broker's office, a telegram broke down. Edison was the only person there who could repair the telegraph, so he got a better job than he expected. On June+10, 65438, he and Pop established "Pop-Edison Company", which specializes in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented "Edison Universal Printing Machine". He dedicated this printing machine to the manager of a big company on Wall Street. He wanted to charge 5000 dollars, but he didn't have the courage to say it. So he asked the manager to give a price, and the manager gave 40 thousand yuan.

Edison used the money to build a factory in Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, which specializes in manufacturing all kinds of motors. He worked all night. He trained many capable assistants, and at the same time, he happened to meet diligent Mary, his first bride in the future. In Newark, he invented wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872 to 1875, Edison invented the two-pole and four-pole telegraph successively, and helped others to make the world's first English typewriter.

1in the spring of 876, Edison moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey again. He built the first "invention factory" here, which "marked the beginning of collective research". 1877, Edison improved the telephone invented by Bell and put it into practical use. He also invented the phonograph, one of his favorite projects. Telephone and telegraph "are a revolution to expand human sensory functions"; The phonograph is one of the three great inventions that have changed people's lives. "From the imagination of the invention, this is his extremely significant invention achievement." At this time, people called him "the magician of Monroe Park".

When Edison invented the phonograph, after numerous failures, he finally made a breakthrough in the study of electric lights. 1879, 10 year1October 22nd, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to prolong the life of the filament, he tried more than 6,000 kinds of fiber materials and found a new luminous body-Japanese bamboo filament, which can last for more than 1000 hours and achieve the purpose of durability. To some extent, this invention is the pinnacle of Edison's life. Then, he created a power supply system, which made the distant lights distribute electricity from the central power station, which was a great technical achievement.

His first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. When testing the electric lamp, he observed what he called the Edison effect: in a lighted bulb, charge travels from the hot filament through space to the cold plate. Edison applied for a patent for this discovery in 1884, but did not study it further. Scientists nearby developed the electronic industry, especially radio and television, by using the Edison effect.

Edison tried to do for his eyes what the phonograph did for his ears, and the movie camera was born here. Using a piece of celluloid film newly invented by George Heasman, he took a series of photos and projected them on the curtain quickly and continuously, creating the illusion of movement. He experimented with movies for the first time in the laboratories of 1889 and 189 1. 1903, his company produced the first feature film great train robbery. Edison did a lot of work for the establishment and standardization of the film industry.

After Edison moved his laboratory to West Orange in 1887, he founded many commercial companies, manufactured products and popularized his various inventions. These companies later merged into Edison General Electric Company, which was later called General Electric Company. Since then, his interests have turned to fluorescence, ore mashers, magnetic separation of iron, storage batteries and railway signaling devices.

During World War I, he developed a torpedo device, a flamethrower and an underwater periscope.

1929 10 2 1 On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention of electric light, people held a grand celebration for Edison, and famous scientists such as Einstein of Germany and Madame Curie of France congratulated him one after another. Unfortunately, at this celebration, Edison suddenly fainted because of excessive excitement during his defense. Since then, his health has gone from bad to worse 193 1 year1October 18 The scientist who made great contributions to mankind died of illness at the age of 84.

Edison's cultural level is extremely low, but his contribution to mankind is so great. What is the secret here? In addition to curiosity, he also has an instinct to experiment by himself, that is, he has unlimited energy and courage to work hard beyond ordinary people. When someone called Edison a "genius", he explained: "Genius is 2% inspiration and 98% sweat." He organized many people of different professions in the "invention factory", including more than 65,438+000 scientists, engineers, technicians and workers. Many of Edison's great inventions were achieved by collective strength. His achievements are mainly attributed to his diligence, creativity and collective strength. In addition, his wife also played a very important role.

Chronology invented by Edison;

18681June 1 1 invented the "voting counter" and obtained the first patent in his life.

1869 10 co-founded "Pop-Edison Company" with friends.

1870, he invented the universal printing press, granted the patent right and obtained $40,000. Set up their own manufacturing plant in new york.

1872-1876 invented the electric animation telegraph, the automatic recording telegraph and the double four telegraph, and manufactured the waxed paper carbon resistor.

1875 invented the acoustic analysis resonator.

1876, a laboratory-the first industrial research laboratory-was established in Menlo Park, New Jersey. This is the creation of the modern concept of "research group". Invent carbon rod microphone. Apply for a patent for automatic telegraph.

1877, the telephone invented by Bell was improved and put into practical use in Monroe Park, and three patents were obtained: puncture pen, pneumatic stylus and ordinary stylus. On August 20th, he invented the phonograph, which proved to be Edison's favorite project.

1878 Edison claimed to have solved the problem of electric lighting. The Royal Society held a phonograph exhibition. Improve the phonograph, design microphone, loudspeaker, aerial speaker, sound engine, tuning engine, microcalorimeter, taste tester, etc. On February 65438+9, 2009, he obtained a patent for the phonograph. In July, Professor Parker from the University of Pennsylvania and I went to Wyoming to observe the total solar eclipse and measured the temperature around the sun with the thermometer he invented. In August, I returned to Monroe Park and resumed my scientific research and experiments. Britain approved Edison's patent application for "recorder". Visit William Wallace in Connecticut in September. Began to study the invention of electric light. 654381October 5th filed a patent application for platinum wire "electric lamp".

1879 ——1880 invented the high-resistance incandescent lamp after many hardships. An improved generator. Design new current distribution method, circuit arrangement and calculation method. Invent the electric lamp holder and switch. The method of magnetic separation of ore was invented.

1879 On August 30th, Edison and Bell demonstrated their telephone installation in the town hall of Saratoga Creek. Edison's telephone number was obvious in Bibel. 101October 2 1 day, invented a high-resistance incandescent lamp, which was continuously lit for 40 hours. 1 65438+1October1applied for the patent of carbon filament lamp. 65438+February 2 1 new york Express reported Edison's incandescent lamp. 65438+On February 25th, 2008, 3000 tourists from new york watched a public electric light show in Menlo Park.

1880 research helicopter. Obtain a patent for the invention of electric light. Making magnetic ore sieve. 654381October 28th, the patent of "power transmission and distribution system" was put forward. /kloc-in February of 0/8, Scripps published the article "Edison's electric light" and officially published the invention of electric light. In May, the first "Columbia" ship illuminated by electric lights made a successful trial.

New york Edison Electric Lighting Company was established in February 65438.

188 1 The headquarters of Fifth Avenue in New York was established. Set up an incandescent lamp factory in new york. Set up manufacturers of generators, underground wires and electric lamp parts. Test the tram in Monroe Park.

1882 invented the present three-wire distribution system. Patent application 14 1. The first central factory was established on September 4th. 65438+At the end of February, more than 50 small power stations/kloc-0 were established in all parts of the United States.

1885 filed a patent for wireless telegraph on May 23rd.

1887 ——1890 improved the cylindrical phonograph and obtained more than 80 patents on the phonograph. Engaged in manufacturing and selling record players, records, tape recorders, etc.

1888, invented the phonograph.

1889 participated in the Paris centennial exposition. A variety of electrified railways were invented. Complete the movie machine.

1890 ——1899 Design large-scale stone crusher and grinder. I personally directed the large-scale development of iron ore by new methods in Ogden Mine.

189 1 year, he invented "Edison concentrator" and started his own mining career. Obtained the patent of "mobile film projector". On May 20th, the first successful movie mirror was shown to the public at Edison Laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey.

1893, the world's first film "studio" was built in the courtyard of Edison's laboratory.

1894 April 14 The first movable film projector cinema in new york opened.

1896 On April 23rd, the film was released for the first time in Koster-Bayer Concert Hall in new york, which was warmly welcomed by the public.

1902 vehicle power test with new battery, with a journey of 5,000 miles, which can be driven on one charge 100 miles, which was successful.

1903 Edison's company produced the first feature film great train robbery.

1909 has been used for ten years, and the research of battery has finally succeeded. Send a fax or telegram. Obtained the design patents of raw material machine, fine grinding machine and long kiln.

1910-1914 Complete the disc phonograph without damaging the records and diamond records. Complete the sound film machine.

"CD recording" was invented in 19 10.

19 12 invented "talking movies". Developed into a phonograph.

1914-1915 invented a comprehensive manufacturing method of carbonic acid, which combined a phonograph and a teleprompter as a teleprompter, allowing one party's phone to automatically record the other party's speech. Homemade benzene, indigo oil, etc.

1915-1918 completed 39 inventions, among which the most famous are torpedo mechanical devices, flamethrowers and underwater periscope.

1927 completed a long record.

1928 successfully extracted rubber from weeds.

The invention of electric light

The lamp is a great invention for human beings to conquer the night. 19th century ago, people used oil lamps and candles for lighting, which broke through the night, but still failed to completely liberate mankind from the restriction of the night. Only with the birth of the generator can we light up the world with all kinds of electric lights, turn night into day, expand the scope of human activities, win more time and create wealth for society.

It was the American inventor Edison who really invented the electric light to make it shine. He is the child of a railway worker. He dropped out of school before finishing primary school and made a living by selling newspapers on the train. Edison is an extremely diligent man. He likes to do all kinds of experiments and make many exquisite machines. He is particularly interested in electrical appliances. Ever since Faraday invented the electric motor, Edison was determined to make electric lights and bring light to mankind.

Edison made a detailed test plan after carefully summarizing the previous failure experience in manufacturing electric lamps, and conducted experiments in two aspects: one was to classify and test more than 600 different heat-resistant materials of/kloc-0; The second is to improve the vacuum pumping equipment to make the bulb have a high vacuum degree. He also studied the new generator and circuit shunt system.

Edison tested 1600 kinds of heat-resistant luminescent materials one by one, but the linear energy of platinum wire is good, but the price of platinum is amazing, so we must find a more suitable material to replace it. 1879, Edison finally decided to use carbon filament after many experiments. He sprinkled carbon powder on a piece of cotton silk, bent it into a horseshoe shape, heated it in a crucible, made it into a filament, put it in a bulb, and then pumped the air out of the bulb with an air extractor. It can be used continuously for 45 hours when the light is on. In this way, the first batch of carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world came out. 1879 On New Year's Eve, Lopark Street where Edison Electric Company is located is brightly lit.

In order to develop electric light, Edison often worked in the laboratory for more than ten hours a day, and sometimes experimented for several days. After he invented carbon fiber, he experimented with more than 6000 kinds of plant fibers. Finally, he chose bamboo filaments, burned them in a high-temperature closed furnace, and then processed them to obtain carbonized bamboo filaments, which were put into the light bulb, thus improving the vacuum degree of the light bulb again, and the light bulb could be continuously lit for 1200 hours. The invention of electric light once caused natural gas stocks to plummet 12% in three days.

After Edison, 1909, American Ke Renqi invented tungsten wire instead of carbon wire, which greatly improved the efficiency of electric lamp. Since then, electric lamps have leapt to a new level, and fluorescent lamps, iodine tungsten lamp and other lamps have mushroomed on the lighting stage.

Lights turn darkness into light and make the world more dazzling and colorful.

Edison, the child who loves to ask why.

On February 1847, 1 1, a little boy with a round face, blue eyes and light hair was born in Milan, Ohio, USA. The boy is very delicate, just like his mother. However, the boy's body is very thin and looks tender and tender, which makes people feel distressed, but his head is surprisingly large, which makes people worry that his neck will not move when he grows up.

This little boy is Thomas Alva Edison who later became the world-famous "King of Invention". Edison lived in Holland. His father Samuel was an industrious farmer and his mother was a rural teacher. He is the seventh and youngest child in the family, so he is very loved by his mother.

Edison was weak from childhood. More than 1000 days before he was three years old, he was sick and cried many times. His mother was worried about anxiety and fidgeted all day. Later, under the patient and considerate care of his mother, Edison's body grew stronger day by day.

Although Edison was weak, he liked to use his head. He's curious. He always asks why. When he sees something he doesn't know, he will ask. When he asked, he rolled his eyes and thought.

"Why is there steam on the pot?" "Why does the stool have four legs?" "What is gold?" Fathers are often tongue-tied by their sons' questions.

Little Edison's interest in "asking the truth in a casserole" was fully affirmed by his mother. My mother used to be a primary school teacher. She knows that curiosity is the master key to open the treasure house of mysterious knowledge, and children without curiosity can't be great. So whenever Edison asked her why, her mother always smiled, carefully enlightened him and told him the truth. At this time, Edison always cocked his head and listened with wide eyes. After listening, many new "why" will pop out of his mind.

Edison not only liked to ask why, but also wanted to try everything by himself, and made many jokes.

When he was four years old, he used to play with his friends under a big tree. I wonder who found a hornet's nest on the branch.

"What's it like in the nest?" Everyone shook their heads.

"Why don't we poke it down and have a look?" Edison suggested to his friend.

"The wasp will sting, I will sting you!" Little friends hide far away.

Edison wanted to find out the mystery, so he found a long branch and poked the hornet's nest. Suddenly, a group of bumblebees flew to Edison. After a while, Edison was bitten by a wasp. His face was red and swollen, and he could hardly open his eyes. Even so, he must clearly see the structure of the hive.

Another time, when I was six years old. One day after breakfast, my mother was doing needlework. Edison slammed the door open and jumped in, scaring her mother's hands.

Edison panted and asked, "Mom, what is the big hen doing on the egg?"

Mother smiled and said, "I'm incubating chickens." The hen hatches the chick doll day by day with his body temperature. "

"Oh, I see. It's so interesting. " Edison patted his big head with an epiphany on his face, pushed open the door and went out.

When we had lunch at noon, Edison disappeared. Mother was in a hurry and the family looked around. It was not until the evening that everyone discovered that this little guy made a "nest" next to the chicken coop, and there were several eggs in it. He lay on the egg carefully, motionless.

Mother looked at him intently and asked, "Son, what are you doing?" "I'm incubating chickens!" He answered seriously.

The family laughed their heads off backstage, but I didn't expect him to be hungry all day on eggs from morning till night. It is this keen interest and superhuman patience that has become an important factor in Edison's career success in his life.

This is a very interesting story: Edison learned that when the hen was incubating the chicks, she squatted in the haystack and incubated the chicks like a hen. This ridiculous behavior fully embodies his excellent qualities of being good at observing, thinking and daring to practice.

one

Edison worked almost ten hours a day for decades. At the age of seventy-five, Edison still went to work in the laboratory on time every day. A reporter asked him, "Mr. Edison, when are you going to retire?" Edison said awkwardly, "Oh, no, I haven't had time to think about this problem until now!" " "

two

Edison was a poor worker before he became famous. Once, his old friend met him in the street and said with concern, "look, this coat on you is very worn." You should get a new one. " "Need it to be? Nobody knows me in new york. " Edison answered indifferently. A few years later, Edison became a great inventor. One day, Edison met that friend again in the street of new york. "Oh," exclaimed my friend, "why are you still wearing this old coat? This time, I have to change a new one anyway! " "Need it to be? Everyone here already knows me. " Edison still answered casually.

three

1862 One morning in August, Edison was selling newspapers at a small station. Suddenly looking up, I saw a little boy of three or four years old squatting on the rail and playing with stones, and a truck was galloping towards him. Edison let out a whoop of "Ouch", threw down the newspaper, rushed down the platform in desperation, and grabbed the child. At this moment, the train roared past his ear. That was close! Edison held the little boy and fell to the side of the railway track. His face and hands were cut, but the child was saved.

The little boy's father is Mackenzie, the stationmaster of this station. He is an excellent operator. Mackenzie saw this thrilling scene with his own eyes and was moved incoherently: "Thank you … thank you, thank you for saving … my child!" " "

Edison smiled indifferently. He picked up the newspaper from the ground, patted the dust on his body, boarded the train and left.

The next day, when Edison's train pulled into the station, Mackenzie was already waiting on the platform. He said to Edison sincerely, "I have nothing to reward you." I hear you are very interested in telegrams. If you like, I can teach you how to send and receive telegrams and make you a telegraph operator. "These words are from the heart of little Edison. He happily accepted Mackenzie's kindness and followed him to learn the technology of sending and receiving telegrams.

Edison studied very attentively and made rapid progress. Only three months later, he was proficient in sending and receiving telegrams. Mackenzie recommended him to be a train station operator. This unexpected learning opportunity laid a good foundation for Edison's great inventions in the future.