In front of us, we talked about the two major poetic schools and poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Starting from this article, I began to talk about literature in the middle Tang Dynasty. The mid-Tang period is another climax of Tang literature. Of course, poetry, prose, novels and even words began to flourish in this period.

This period is not quite the same as the prosperous Tang dynasty, which was dominated by poetry, and poetry was still prosperous during this period. At the same time, prose, novels and even words flourished. It can be said that the mid-Tang Dynasty was a period of all-round prosperity of Tang literature.

Let's talk about the development of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty. As a group of writers in Tang Daizong's Dali period, the early Tang Dynasty and the middle Tang Dynasty were ten gifted scholars in Dali.

First of all, let's talk about the general situation of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty.

To talk about the situation of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty, we must first talk about several social profiles in the middle Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, the prosperity of Kaiyuan Tianbao suddenly declined. It can be said that the Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline.

After the Anshi Rebellion was put down, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty still tried to consolidate their rule and restore the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. After putting down the Anshi Rebellion, emperors such as Tang Dezong, Tang Shunzong and Tang Xianzong took some measures to reform the social situation.

For example, in Tang Dezong, on the advice of Prime Minister Yang Yan, two tax laws were implemented to replace the rent tax law in name only. In this way, in a period of time, the country's economic situation has been improved, and the burden on farmers has been relatively reduced.

However, in the later implementation process, there are many disadvantages. For example, Tang Shunzong carried out the Yongzheng reform, although it was only a few months, but many good political measures were implemented, which still had a certain good influence in society.

For example, when he went to Tang Xianzong, in order to consolidate centralization, he cancelled some important buffer regions, took some practical measures, and achieved certain results.

In this way, from Tang Dezong to Tang Xianzong, after the period of Emperor Shengzong of the Tang Dynasty, the country was generally stable, without much turmoil, and there were some good signs in society. This is called the "Little Renaissance" period in history, as if the Tang Dynasty was going to be revived again.

However, this is only one aspect of society. It can be said that this is a superficial phenomenon, and some are even illusions. Behind this so-called small ZTE, there are very sharp social contradictions. Some basic contradictions that existed before the An Shi Rebellion were not solved, but further developed and intensified.

For example, as far as class contradictions are concerned, despite the implementation of the land lease law, a large number of farmers have lost their land because of the large number of land annexation by big landlords and bureaucrats and even some monks and monasteries.

Because these privileged people and these feudal monks hid their land, they paid taxes on ten acres of land. Of course, like the economy of monks and Taoist academies, they enjoy the privilege of not paying taxes, so many expenses of the state are passed on to a few ordinary people.

This has greatly increased the burden on ordinary farmers, accelerated the poverty and bankruptcy of farmers, and intensified the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.

It can be said that class contradictions are gradually intensifying, and there are also many contradictions within the ruling group. The problem of eunuch autocracy began in the late Tang Xuanzong, and some eunuchs such as Gao Lishi began to monopolize power. After the Anshi Rebellion, the centralization of the imperial court weakened, and the situation of eunuch's authoritarian power became more and more serious.

After the Middle Tang Dynasty, there were 14 emperors, and at least 10 emperors were held hostage by eunuchs. It is said in the history books that eunuchs are so powerful that they can establish, abolish and kill kings, which is simply child's play. Set up whoever you want, abolish whoever you want and kill whoever you want. Their power is above the owner, which has become a very serious problem within a ruling group. Is the eunuch dictatorship.

The second is the separatist regime of the buffer region.

The Anshi Rebellion itself was the result of the vicious expansion of the forces of the buffer region. After the Anshi Rebellion was suppressed, due to the weakening of centralization, the court lost control of the local government, so many local officials who held military and political power became independent one after another, forming a more serious situation of buffer region pattern.

At the same time, these buffer regions attacked each other and plundered each other's territory in order to strengthen their own strength, and often several buffer regions joined forces to resist the court. The warlord scuffle and the war between local eunuchs and the imperial court continued year after year, which brought profound disasters to the people and greatly weakened the authority and strength of the imperial court.

The third is the dispute between courtiers and parties.

Different courtiers' internal interests, even different officials' origins, different ways of serving officials and even different regions can all be the reasons for the emergence of class sects. Due to different interests, some gangs, large and small, have been formed.

There are innovations and conservatives, such as "Yongzheng Innovation", and big eunuchs and bureaucratic groups that suppress Yongzheng Innovation. This is a struggle between innovation and conservatism, but most of it is purely a power struggle within the ruling group. This sectarian struggle within the ruling group, which we call infighting, has also greatly weakened the ruling power of the ruling group.

In these three aspects, the autocratic power of eunuchs, the separatist regime, the party struggle of courtiers and the contradictions within the ruling group, the result of their contradictory struggle is the internal friction of the ruling group, which weakens the ruling power of the ruling group as a whole.

This was also a very serious problem in the regime at that time. In addition, due to the simultaneous development of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the Tang Dynasty and the encouragement of the emperor, Buddhism and Taoism flooded in the middle Tang Dynasty, and at the same time, they had to use their privileges to develop the temple economy in large quantities, so that the land originally annexed by them could be passed on to the people without paying land rent.

This not only infringes on the interests of ordinary people, but also infringes on some interests of the small and medium-sized landlord class. Even Buddhist temples often have strong economic strength, which means that the temple economy has a vicious expansion.

At that time, someone wrote to the court, saying that Buddhist temples in particular had a lot of wealth. It is an exaggeration to say that "there are seven out of ten treasures in the world". Of course, this is an extremely exaggerated statement, but it is enough to realize the harm that the economic expansion of temples has brought to society.

In addition to the economy, in the political world, Buddhism and Taoism are born, and they do not care about national affairs, which has a corrosive effect on the people of the society. The prevalence of Buddhism and Taoism also brought serious harm to the country and economy at that time.

In addition, ethnic contradictions are also very sharp. During the reign of Kaiyuan Tianbao, the Tang Dynasty invaded foreign countries with its strong national strength. After the Anshi Rebellion, especially after the Tang Dynasty used Uighur and Tubo soldiers to quell civil strife, the overall strength weakened due to the weakening of centralization.

Not only was it impossible to invade from abroad, but some neighboring ethnic regimes invaded from China, and even occupied a large area of land in the Tang Dynasty like Tibet, which made the Tang Dynasty have no backhand when it could only fight, and ethnic contradictions were also very strong.

Although there was a "small resurgence" on the surface in the middle Tang Dynasty, in fact, class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling group were very sharp. This is an era full of contradictions and struggles.

In such an era, some literati in the early middle Tang Dynasty experienced the Anshi Rebellion. They even experienced the prosperous Tang Dynasty as a prosperous time, prosperous time and troubled times. There is a great psychological gap between them, resulting in confused emotions, lost emotions, sighs for troubled times at that time, and some negative emotions.

Since the Dali period in Tang Daizong, with the emergence of the situation of "small rejuvenation", scholars at that time paid more attention to social reality. On the one hand, they are encouraged by the situation of "Small Zhongxing". On the other hand, especially those intellectuals who came from small and medium-sized landlords, they came from the middle and lower classes of society and knew the social situation better. They also saw social contradictions and social abuses very clearly.

On the one hand, they are active in politics and hope to implement political reforms to change the social status quo. On the one hand, they also saw the disadvantages of society, used poetry to serve their political reform, reflected reality, exposed reality and criticized reality, and then tried to achieve the goal of reforming reality.

The social situation in the middle Tang Dynasty had a very direct impact on the development of literature in the middle Tang Dynasty, whether it was poetry or prose. To grasp the literary situation in this period, we must have a general understanding of the social situation in this period.

There were two schools of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, two poets, which created a generation of poetic style, represented the highest achievement of Tang poetry and formed the first climax of Tang poetry.

As for the overall characteristics of mid-Tang poetry, we can say that compared with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, mid-Tang poetry is a climax, but it shows different characteristics.

That is to say, as far as the poetry circles in the middle Tang Dynasty are concerned, the general tendency of poetry is more realistic, that is, paying attention to reality, reflecting reality and transforming reality, that is, the sense of reality is stronger and this tendency is more obvious.

At the same time, the number of poets has increased, and the diversity of poetic styles has become more obvious. During this period, many writers were not only inspired by the current situation, but also deeply felt the existence of social problems. They all have a strong sense of urgency and participation.

Their saving time and saving the world, sober understanding of social reality, calm thinking and ardent expectations have become a mainstream of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty, and their poems are more realistic and critical.

It is obviously a little different from the enthusiastic eulogy and enthusiastic eulogy in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In other words, at this time, worrying about the country and hurting the country, the sense of hardship and participation in politics became the keynote of the whole poetry world, replacing a vigorous and enterprising state in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The spirit of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty is not as grand, broad and imposing as that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but its calmness and profundity are obviously not available in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

These characteristics can be said to mark the transformation of Tang poetry from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty. And we say realistically that the key figure or symbolic figure of this transformation is Du Fu, because Du Fu is in a cross-border period, from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty.

Du Fu's poems, no matter from other contents or artistic creation, are a symbolic turning point from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty.

There were two schools of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty, and there were two poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the mainstream, there were also two schools of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty. One is the New Yuefu School represented by Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi, who is a great poet.

The other school is the great poet Han Meng, represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao.

The Tang Dynasty was not the three great poets Bai, but the four great poets.

Besides, there are many styles and schools. For example, represented by Wei and Liu Changqing, there are also some poets and these poets, who are called the Ten Talents of Dali, and Liu Zongyuan, whose poetic styles and contents are different.

However, there are similarities in style, the main feature of which is simplicity and simplicity, and it is also a style, especially Wei and Liu Zongyuan, who are often compared with Wang Meng and called Wang Meng.

Others, like Li Yi, a frontier poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Liu Yuxi, who is famous for his heroism, all have a little legacy of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In addition, Li He, for example, can also be classified as Han Meng Poetry School. In fact, Li He is unique.

There are many genres of writers' styles in this period, and this predecessor has also made many comments on the situation of the poetry circles in the middle Tang Dynasty, which fully embodies the diversity of the poetry styles in the middle Tang Dynasty and is seeking innovation and change.

For some of the basic characteristics, we should also know that innovation and change, such a basic trend, should have a general understanding.

Let's talk about a group of writers in the Dali period. First of all, there are two poets, one is Wei and the other is Liu Changqing.

Wei Wuying, a native of Chang 'an, was once the secretariat of Chuzhou, Jiangzhou and Suzhou, and was later called "Weijiangzhou" or "Wei Suzhou".

His ideological experience should be said to be more complicated, and the content of his poems is generally more complicated than his ideological experience. His poems have a wide range of contents, especially landscape poems and lyric poems with landscape as the theme. Generally speaking, Wei's thought is positive in the early stage, depressed in the middle stage and somewhat natural and self-sufficient in the later stage.

Some of his poems pay attention to reality and people's sufferings, such as Suiyang and Gu Guan in Han Jing, which reflect the Anshi Rebellion to some extent, such as Guan Tianjia and Cai Yuge, and also reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood to some extent.

Just like his Chang 'an Avenue and Your Parade, it touches and satirizes the corrupt life of the rich and powerful, just like his To My Friends Li Dan and Yuan Xi, it shows a conscientious local official. I feel guilty because I can't save the people in from the mire, which should be said to be very valuable.

However, among Wei's poems, his landscape poems and some lyric poems with landscape as the theme are the best. Such as the famous Xixi Chuzhou masterpiece:

Alone, grass grows by the stream, and orioles sing on the trees.

The rain brought by the spring tide came late and quickly, and there was no one on the boat in the wild crossing.

The first two sentences are full of energy, a little full of energy. The last two sentences are about the wild scenery after the rain. After a heavy rain, the spring tide brought rain late and came and went in a hurry, and no one crossed the wild boat.

What he cares about is these small landscapes, orioles and boats. From those beautiful natural scenery, he showed a relatively calm and scattered feeling, a helpless mood.

But the description of natural scenery is a bit natural and wild. This little poem is lively in language and vivid in image, and it has been read by people all the time.

Like a poem written for a Taoist hermit, Chuanjiao Mountain, it is also one of his famous works. His landscape poems and lyric poems with landscape as the theme are characterized by light beauty and vivid impression, expressing the author's feelings of calmness, leisure and loneliness.

The rhythm of poetry is soft and slow, seemingly leisurely. The common feature of these poems is that they express the author's quiet and carefree state of mind through the light and beautiful landscape images. Beautiful and harmonious style, elegant and free and easy, quite close to Tao Yuanming, Wang and Meng.

This poetic style is somewhat similar to some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems and those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Wei's and Meng's have always been compared and put together because their styles are similar.

The second is Liu Changqing.

He is from Luoyang, and the year of birth and death is unknown. Some people think that he may be old and failed in the exam in his early years. Later, after entering the DPRK, he became an official and was slandered. Later, he went to Suizhou as a historian and was called Liu Suizhou.

His poems are related to his experiences. In his early years, he was frustrated in the imperial examination and entered the officialdom. In his poems, there are many sad and low voices, which reflect the changes in the style of Tang poetry from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty.

Of course, Liu Changqing also has some works that care about reality, such as Mu Leng's Biography to the North and Everyone's Return to Yuyang, etc., which all condemned the Anshi Rebellion to some extent and expressed some sympathy for the people's suffering.

But Liu Changqing's best works are homesickness, exile, seclusion and leisure, such as Lord of Furong Mountain in Snow House;

The setting sun is far away, the weather is cold and the house is poor.

Chai Men heard dogs barking and went home on a snowy night.

The first two sentences are about him staying in Furong Mountain on a cold day, and what he saw and the situation at that time seemed deserted and lonely.

The last two sentences, a more lively scene, the owner braved the storm to come back, the dog at home also barked, and the family must have got up, which was a lively scene and a warm atmosphere caused by family happiness. This will naturally cause a person to wander in a foreign land.

Each capital of these four poems is a painting, and the language is also very refined. The picture is beautiful, the content expressed is subtle, and the content and feelings expressed are subtle. It has always been appreciated by people and is indeed poetic.

As for the theme of poetry, Liu Changqing is best at five-character poems, and he is also conceited, calling himself the "Five-character Great Wall".

His seven-character poems are also very successful, and their style is similar to Wei's, with elegance as the mainstay and full of charm. He is good at writing scenery and expressing feelings, combining poetry and painting, still focusing on simple paintings, using fewer allusions and being good at tempering words.

But the writing is not obscure, and some of his poems, whether five or seven, are of high style and friendly language. There are many famous sentences handed down from ancient times, and his poems can also be said to have formed some of their own characteristics and styles.

These are two famous poets in Dali period. In addition to the two of them, there are so-called Dali ten gifted scholars.

Let's talk about it first What do you mean by ten talented people in Dali?

Dali is the title of Tang Daizong, that is, during the Dali period in the intestines, a group of writers and ten poets became famous for a while.

Everyone put ten poets together and called him ten gifted scholars in Dali, namely Li Duan, Lu Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Han, Qian Qi, Si Kongshu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong (masterpiece), Geng Kun and Xiahou Shen.

This is the earliest saying, in Yao He's Extremely Mysterious Highlights. The list of ten talented people in Dali has changed in later generations, and they are still called ten talented people. However, in different books, people are different.

Which ten talents are authentic? For example, we are the tenth generation. In fact, we don't have to care too much about this problem. In fact, we might as well regard the so-called ten gifted scholars in Dali as a group of writers in the history of literature, or as a group of poets in the middle and early Tang Dynasty. This is an uncertain concept.

Mr. Wen Yiduo's views on this issue are relatively popular, so we might as well pay attention to his views. He believes that the ten gifted scholars in Dali period, as a poetic activity, should be a special group of poets in Dali period, and should not be limited to the number of ten people, nor should they argue about which ten people they are.

Among them, Qian Qi, Dai Shulun and Lu Lun made great achievements.

Qian Qi, who sang with Wang Wei, Fidi and others, wrote 430 poems. It is more exquisite in art and slightly close to Wang Wei in style. Its main feature is "fresh physique, light management".

Dai Shulun, there are excellent works of modern poetry in ancient style, especially in ancient style. Many of his poems are sentimental, such as his Except Sleeping in a Stone Hill. The Woman Plows the Field is a work that directly reflects social unrest and people's suffering. It reflects the reality as profoundly as Du Fu and Bai Juyi's similar works.

Except for spending the night at Stone Hill.

In this lonely hotel, there is only one lonely blind date who comes to offer condolences.

Tonight is the last night of the year, and I am wandering thousands of miles away.

Looking back on the past, it is an insignificant thing, sad and sad; Lonely, I only have a wry smile and acid.

Sorrow makes my face old and my hair full of white hair. With a sigh, I ushered in a new year.

Nu Geng Tian xing

Swallows enter the nest, bamboo shoots become bamboo, and two girls plant new valleys. No one can compare with plowshare, which is turned into mud with a knife. He said that the poor mother was old and the eldest brother joined the army without marrying his sister-in-law.

Last year, cattle were hoarded in the disaster, and the city cut silk to buy knives. A headscarf covers your face, which makes you afraid of people. Who is like a knife instead of a cow? Sisters complain to each other, but they don't see passers-by but see the soil.

Clear the border to prevent seedlings from being disturbed, and renovate ditches to wait for rain. It's just south of Gangxia, and the poor people are disturbed. The flowers in the neighbor's house are gone, and the tears on the clothes are full of pity.

Lu Lun, who is full of resentment, is also full of poems, such as his "Stuffed Six Poems". In the frontier poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it is quite heroic, with unique ideas, unique images and full of new ideas. The poems he wrote during his travels and service were also gloomy and desolate.

He and Zhang Fu filmed six songs under the plug.

Wear a golden mother-in-law arrow made of carved feathers, and the flagpole rtsa forms a dovetail arc.

A man stood up and gave a new order. A thousand battalions were shouting.

In the dark forest, the grass was suddenly blown by the wind, and the wind was rustling. The general thought that the beast was coming and immediately pulled out the arrow.

Dawn went to look for the arrow, which had gone deep into the edge of the stone.

That night, the black geese flew very high, and Khan quietly escaped during the night.

I was about to lead the light cavalry to catch up when the snow fell full of bows and knives.

Under the wild tent under the atrium feast, our brothers and sisters from the frontier came to congratulate us on our victory.

Get drunk, shining golden dancing, jubilant thunder shaking the surrounding mountains and rivers.

When an arrow is called an eagle, everyone hears that it can live.

The fox will burst into flames and take away the ancient hills.

The pavilion has seven expensive leaves and is full of soul.

He will talk about Green tomorrow, but he should be alone.

Generally speaking, the poems of these poets are poor in content and full of sadness. In artistic expression, it is characterized by beauty, ethereal, simple and delicate, with narrow vision and small realm, focusing on verve, and the overall achievement is not high.