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abstract:
Summer sunshine tomatoes were introduced from Israel. It is a tropical crop and can be eaten as fruits and vegetables. It is one of the best tomato varieties with high nutritional value, unique appearance and sweet taste. The organic ecotype soilless culture technology of sunshine tomato in summer is simple and feasible, which can effectively solve the obstacle of soil continuous cropping. This technology was introduced from the aspects of preparation of cultivation facilities, seedling raising, field planting and post-field management.
Key words:
Little tomatoes in the summer sunshine; Organic ecotype; Soilless culture; Cultivation management; Pest control;
Introduction:
Summer sunshine tomato belongs to Panicum of Solanaceae and is a new Israeli variety. It is a hybrid generation with infinite growth, medium maturity, single fruit weight of about 10~ 15g, which can be cultivated all year round, with strong growth, large inflorescence, large flowers, strong fruit-setting ability and high yield. Organic ecotype soilless culture technology adopts substrate and solid organic fertilizer for cultivation and direct irrigation with clear water. It has the characteristics of low cost, labor saving, easy operation, high yield and excellent quality, which not only solves the obstacle of continuous cropping, but also realizes the pollution-free production of protected vegetables.
I. Facilities and conditions
Summer sunshine tomato is suitable for planting in north and south greenhouses. This variety is a thermophilic crop, and the optimum temperature for vegetative growth period is 22~25℃ during the day and 10~ 15℃ at night, and the optimum temperature for reproductive growth period is about 25~28℃ during the day and 22℃ at night.
1, culture tank
The summer sunshine tomato production facility of Fujian Taifeng Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. is a 6-span zigzag greenhouse with a size of 46m×42m and an area of 1932m2. It adopts a 7-span multi-span greenhouse with a column spacing of 4m, a greenhouse gutter height of 3.5m and a ceiling height of 5.7m The covering material is Shanghai PLUS PEP high-quality 15CC Lide film, and external shading equipment is installed. The aquaculture pond in the shed was purchased from Shenzhen Jinjie Co., Ltd., and its frame was 30cm high, 50cm wide and 5m long. The north-south direction is placed underground, that is, the culture tank is buried in the soil. The frame of the groove is slightly higher than the ground, and the groove spacing is 80cm. There are five grooves in each greenhouse, 80cm north and 50cm south from the inner wall of the greenhouse. Grooves and passages around the greenhouse are covered with cloth to prevent weeds from growing and soil from being brought into the planting grooves [1].
2. Irrigation facilities
Tap water facilities are installed in the shed, and each shed is equipped with an independent irrigation system. The irrigation system adopts automatic water and fertilizer control integrated equipment, drip irrigation system under film, filter with 120 mesh and automatic fertilizer applicator.
3. Cultivation substrate
Coconut bran bricks imported from Sri Lanka and India are selected as cultivation substrates.
Second, raise seedlings.
Usually, the seeds are soaked in warm water at 50℃ for 10 ~ 15 minutes, then the tomato seeds are soaked in clean water for 3 ~ 6 hours, and finally the seeds are wrapped with gauze to accelerate germination. Most seeds will germinate after 2-3 days.
Soilless seedling cultivation adopts 72-hole tray, and the substrate is peat, dolomite and vermiculite mixed according to the ratio of 2: 1: 1, or commercial seedling cultivation substrate can be purchased directly. Before sowing, pour the substrate thoroughly with 3000 times of 95% hymexazol solution until it is wet, and put it in a plug to sweep it flat for later use. Sow 1 seed in each hole, cover with 0.5cm substrate after sowing, then water and cover with sunshade net, and keep the humidity at about 30%.
See the light in time after emergence, properly control the water before cotyledons unfold to prevent high seedlings, and pay attention to shading in time at noon to prevent direct glare. When the seedlings grow four true leaves, they should be planted in the ground. A few days before planting, the seedlings should be properly watered and tempered, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and pests such as damping-off disease, leaf miner and whitefly.
Third, colonization.
Remove the stems, leaves and weeds in the greenhouse in time after the seedlings of the previous crops are pulled out. 300-500 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer and 30-50 kg/mu of compound fertilizer are applied into the substrate, and then deep ploughing irrigation is carried out. Covering the surface with silver-black bicolor plastic film with the functions of avoiding aphids, cooling and weeding, closing the greenhouse, closing the greenhouse at high temperature for 15~20 days, and then airing for 12 days to prepare for field planting. Water a lot before planting to make the substrate fully saturated. Plant 65,438+0,200 ~ 65,438+0,500 plants per mu, and select healthy seedlings without pests and diseases and mechanical damage for substrate transplantation. Ensure that cotyledons are exposed when planting, and water them after planting, and the general planting survival rate is as high as 100%[2].
Fourthly, cultivation management.
1, water and fertilizer management
The first topdressing began on the 20th day after planting, and the frequency of topdressing in vegetative growth period was 10~ 15 days/time. Root topdressing was used, and 5 Knoop abundant water-soluble compound fertilizer was applied to each plant. After the third ear blooms, topdressing 1 time every 7 days, and applying Fubang Yiwei fully water-soluble granular organic fertilizer 5~7g per mu. The last batch of summer sunshine tomatoes stopped planting 7 days before harvest. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer when applying fertilizer to prevent excessive growth; Carbon dioxide gas fertilizer can be added to improve photosynthesis efficiency.
2. Photothermal management
Long-life drip-free film which can be continuously covered for 2~3 years can be used for shed film. In high temperature season, the greenhouse is covered with a sunshade net for shading, and at the same time, it is ventilated regularly to cool down; During the low-temperature frost period, the greenhouse can be heated by covering two films or electric heating. Reduce the planting density appropriately, remove the old diseased leaves at the lower part of the plant in time, and increase the light transmittance in the field. At the same time, while ensuring the appropriate temperature, try to let the plants receive more light.
3. Plant regulation
When the plant height is 40cm, the vine should be hung, and the main vine should not be laid flat in the early stage, so as to avoid hanging on the 1 ear of the fruit and affecting the appearance of the fruit. Pruning with two stalks, the 1 lateral branches extracted from the lower leaf axils of 1 inflorescence, except the main stem, are left to grow into two stalks, and all other lateral branches are removed. Generally, the main branch leaves 6 ears of fruit, and the side branch leaves 4 ears of fruit, and the 6 ears are capped.
Generally planting 15 days or so, branches are forked with scissors, but they cannot be broken by hand. If the branches are broken by hand, the tissue fluid will flow out and the water loss of plants will be aggravated. Disinfect tools used to prevent plants from contracting diseases. Special attention should also be paid to harrowing at ordinary times. You can't rake when there is dew in the morning. If you really need to rake, be sure to use fungicides, such as carbendazim, at the same time. You can't fertilize and water on the day of harrowing.
4, pest control
The main pests and diseases in seedbed stage are damping-off disease, damping-off disease and aphid, and the field diseases are gray mold, morning and evening blight, bacterial spot disease, aphid, whitefly and liriomyza sativae. We should implement the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management" and adhere to the principle of "agricultural control, physical control and biological control first, supplemented by chemical control".
(1) agricultural control
Before planting, the shed should be disinfected, and high-temperature stuffy shed or chlorothalonil smoke agent can be used for disinfection to reduce germs. In addition, by adopting strict rotation system, soil testing and formula fertilization technology and increasing the application of organic fertilizer, strong seedlings can be cultivated and the occurrence of pests and diseases can be reduced.
(2) Physical prevention and control
Using the phototaxis of pests, a frequency vibration insecticidal lamp is set to trap and kill pests. You can also insert and hang 40cm×25cm double-sided yellow PVC rubber sheets per mu, and the yellow sheets are consistent with the height of the plants. It can be replaced 1 time every February, which can play an early role in trapping and killing adults and reduce the number of insect mouths. You can also cover with silver-gray plastic film to drive away aphids, and install a 40-mesh insect net at the air outlet of the greenhouse to isolate pests.
(3) Biological control
Using natural enemies to control pests. When whiteflies, aphids and other pests just appear, the bee card of Taiwan Province aphid is evenly hung in the middle and upper part of the plant to control whiteflies, and about 3000 heads/mu are released each time for 4 consecutive times.
(4) Drug control
Adhere to the principle of preventing and controlling pests and diseases at seedling stage, controlling pests and diseases at initial stage and alternately using pesticides at peak period [3]. In order to prevent damping-off and collapse, 1~2 times of 15% malignant emulsion in water and 600 times of 38% thiram wettable powder can be used alternately; Spraying 2000 times 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granule or 1000 times 50% iprodione wettable powder on early blight; Spraying 2000 times of 50% dimethomorph wettable powder or 600 times of 72% cymoxanil manganese zinc wettable powder on late blight; Spray botrytis cinerea with 40% pyrimethanil suspension 1000 times or 80% pyrimethanil water dispersible granule 1200 times.
Aphids and whiteflies can be sprayed with 5% acetamiprid microemulsion 1500~2000 times or imidacloprid wettable powder 10 times; Liriomyza sativae can be sprayed with 1.8% avermectin EC 3000 times or 75% difenoconazole WP 3000 times.
refer to
[1] organic ecological soilless culture technology of tomato [J]. agricultural engineering technology (greenhouse gardening), 20 13 (9): 48 ~ 49.
[2] Sun, Fang Qiuxiang, Mao Haijun, etc. Cultivation techniques of pollution-free cherry tomato in greenhouse [J] Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 20 10 (6): 157.
[3] Zhou Dabiao, Tang, Mars, et al. Organic ecotype soilless culture technology of cherry tomato [J] Changjiang Vegetables, 2008 (9): 15 ~ 16.
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