Abstract: "The ecstasy is just parting." For thousands of years, the homesickness for the motherland, the yearning for relatives of the same flesh and blood, and the feeling of parting from close friends have touched many people's heartstrings, and "parting" naturally became an important part of singing in China's classical poems. From the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin Dynasty to Yuefu in the Han Dynasty, from the poems of the Tang Dynasty to the poems of the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the poems of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the feeling of parting is endless, just like the water of the Yangtze River has a long history. Especially in the Tang Dynasty, due to the magnificent social life and ups and downs of life, "farewell poem" became the highlight of Tang poetry. This paper discusses the characteristics of farewell poems in Tang Dynasty from the aspects of poetry types, lyric methods and artistic characteristics.
Keywords:: the artistic features of lyric techniques in farewell poems in Tang Dynasty
"People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. This matter is ancient and difficult. " Since the emergence of human beings and society, there has been separation, and many of them should be eternal, but they have to be separated from each other. The same is true in the Tang Dynasty. During the heyday of feudal society in China, the economy was prosperous, the territory was vast, and there were frequent exchanges at home and abroad. Therefore, the scope of people's activities has been expanding and the mobility of the population has been enhanced. From dignitaries to ordinary people, people have the opportunity to leave their homes actively or passively. So there are many kinds of farewell, involving a wide range of fields, all of which are devoted. The special social background and personality pursuit make the farewell poems of Tang people have their own unique characteristics.
First, there are many kinds of farewell poems with deep feelings.
Meng Jiao's "Old Parting" and Du Fu's "Newly Married Parting" describe the separation of husband and wife, and the bitterness and pain of that separation are naturally touching. Li Yi's A Short and Happy Meeting with My Brother-in-law happened to meet each other just for parting. Meng Jiao's Farewell to the Ancient and Du Mu's Farewell are extremely fond of lovers. These can be regarded as the parting of relatives and lovers, but in the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, the parting feelings of colleagues and friends are more expressed.
(1) The parting of friends directly expresses the feelings of farewell poems.
Friendship is one of the most sincere and complicated emotions in the world. The poet Li Bai said that "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper in thousands of feet than in Wang Lun". Water depth is deeper than love, which vividly shows that this friendship is true and simple, and the word "less than" more vividly shows that our friendship is profound. It can be seen how exquisite the poem fairy's wonderful pen is, turning invisible thoughts into tangible water, and there is no sadness in the poem. Although Lu Xun's poems directly express his feelings of parting, they have a strong sadness. "In front of my old door, in the yellow grass, it is sad to leave." In this desolate scene, the sad style of parting is particularly heavy.
Among them, there are also people who send their friends to official posts, such as Sending them to Shu, Wang Wei's Sending Yuan 20' an, Letter to Zizhou Ambassador Li, and Li Bai's Sending Friends to Shu. Friends go out to be officials, and poets offer wine to bid farewell, which is full of warm words and deep friendship.
Some of them send their friends to other places to be officials, but their fate is different. Compared with the former, their friends or colleagues have been demoted. Such poems account for a large part of the farewell poems in Tang Dynasty, such as farewell, farewell to Du in Song Dynasty, farewell to Jizhou in Pei Langzhong by Liu Changqing, farewell to Liu Zongyuan's dream, etc.
There is another kind, also related to being an official, that is, sending friends on expeditions, such as "sending them to join the army" and "sending them to the Western Expedition". Most of these works are the works of frontier poets, full of lofty aspirations and passionate feelings.
In contrast, the following farewell poems may make people feel more relaxed, that is, to send friends on a long trip, or perhaps most poets are unwilling to express "daily necessities" in their poems, so we can't read many sentences that they rush about for a living, and more are idle and travel around. Such as Farewell to wuyue by Du Xunhe, Farewell to Meng Haoran by Li Bai and Farewell to Wang Nanzheng by Liu Changqing. These poems are neither sad nor sour, nor pretentious, with lofty artistic conception and deep feelings.
(2) Farewell poems expressing anger or ambition through poetry.
We have studied Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu, and the most typical sentence is "Ah, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" This sentence is the emotional climax of the whole poem, which shows the author's contempt for powerful people, and the poet's ambition in the poem is also the main theme of the whole poem. Poets are immortal and worthy of being poets. The stroke of genius swept away the depression of officialdom and yearned for the famous mountains and fairyland. This is out of the struggle against those in power. This sentence speaks for many talented people with lofty ideals. In this kind of farewell poems, there are often contradictions between will and reality, ideal and reality. In the poem, the poet's resentment against the world and frustration with life are intertwined, so the color of anger is very obvious, but these poets are unwilling to sink into the abyss and still want to make contributions. Wang Changling's "Farewell to Liu Xu", "Climb on the sea of clouds, the clouds are deep in both capital city, and ride horses in business", is still ambitious and bent on making contributions, although it has not been ordered by the king and has been relegated repeatedly. The feelings of such poets are complicated.
In farewell poems, if two people fall again and again, their mood will have a different flavor. Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi are friends in need. Because of their efforts to reform the current disadvantages, both of them suffer at the same time and are far from home. After ten years abroad, they were recalled to Beijing. Unexpectedly, I was demoted again. Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Liuzhou secretariat, and Liu Yuxi was demoted to Lianzhou secretariat. They left together in the middle of their date. In this context, Liu Zongyuan wrote the poem "A Farewell to Dreams", "Everything has been the same for twenty years, but now the road is in the west." If the emperor returns to the field, he will be a neighbor at the age of six. Complex feelings are expressed in plain language, with one's own sorrow but not sorrow, and one's own anger without anger. This kind of poem is often fresh and natural, easy to read and sing, so it has a special taste.
(C) pay attention to farewell poems to persuade, comfort and encouragement
As the saying goes, "it is enough to have a bosom friend in life." It is because of the encouragement and comfort of good friends that we have the confidence to meet the challenge. Among these farewell poems, Wang Changling, praised by later generations as "the poet's son of heaven", is not only famous for his frontier poems, but also treats his own and friends' farewell poems with a positive attitude. The well-known song "Send firewood to the Palace" "Running water meets Wugang, and farewell is painless. Qingshan has the same clouds and rain, and the bright moon has been in two townships. " When you leave, you should comfort your friends, dilute your parting, shorten the distance between yourself and your friends with poems from far and near, and impress people with affection. The language is bright and natural, washing away the sadness. The view that the bright moon was once two townships shows the corresponding feelings between poets and also embodies euphemistic persuasion. Among this kind of farewell poems, Wang Wei's Twenty-one Xi's Sending Yuan and Gao Shi's Biedongda are masterpieces of all ages.
(d) Farewell poems expressing complex thoughts and feelings.
This kind of farewell poems has complex feelings, both sadness of parting and feelings of one's own life and destiny, with grand artistic conception and generous tone. Its representative figure is Cen Can, who enjoys the reputation as a representative of the Frontier Poetry School. The farewell poem he wrote is full of heroic spirit and wonderful conception, which integrates frontier fortress landscape into the poem. Farewell poems represented by this kind have great artistic conception and often have a unique charm. His farewell poems wrote the frontier scenery into his poems, which opened up a new field for farewell poems. Famous works such as "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home" express the feelings of seeing guests off beyond the Great Wall, but they are not sad and full of whimsy. Romantic ideals and strong feelings make people feel that the snowstorm beyond the Great Wall has become an object worth pondering and appreciating. The magnificent picture of "Like the strong wind in spring, it comes at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees" makes people seem to have returned to the south, and the joy in their hearts can be imagined when they see the magnificent scene of pear blossoms. "Until dusk, when the snow collapses our tent, our frozen red flag can't fly in the wind", and the bright red with white snow as the background outside the tent is more harmonious with the snow scene. It is a little warm color and warmth on the cool color picture, which also makes the picture more flexible. The whole poem is rich in connotation, distinctive and unique in artistic conception, and has a strong artistic appeal.
Second, use a variety of methods to express deep and sincere feelings.
Farewell poems are first and foremost lyric poems. When poets express their feelings, some express their feelings directly, some borrow scenery to express their feelings, and some use metaphors ... Then, in the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, there are also various techniques.
(1) Express your thoughts directly.
Good friends are deeply separated from each other, and deep friendship is not an unpleasant expression. Therefore, many farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty are works that express one's mind directly. For example, Gao Shi's Don't Move Big: thousands of miles away in Huang Yun, the sun is shining, and the north wind is blowing geese and snow. Mochow has a vast road ahead, and everyone knows you. The first two sentences directly write the sunset, and the last two sentences directly write the sincere friendship. They are all unreserved heartfelt words, generous and sad.
(B) borrowing scenery to express emotion
Speaking out is a kind of frankness and the most direct embodiment of deep friendship. But deep feelings are often inexhaustible, so many poets don't want to talk loudly, but express them in other ways, so they find a magic weapon to borrow scenery to express their feelings. Wang Guowei said: "The words of all scenery are sentimental words." Indeed, the scenery will change in the eyes of lovers, and it will be different because of people's different emotions. Therefore, in farewell poems, the scenery in front of the poet is often accompanied by strong emotional color. Tang poetry emphasizes interest and taste. They often rely on "scenery" or "environment" when expressing "affection" and "meaning", which is also deeply reflected in the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty and is a quite remarkable feature of the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty.
For example, Li Bai's "seeing friends off": there are blue mountains in the north and white water in the east. Here we say goodbye to each other, and you, like losing your father, are floating in the wind and traveling far away. Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. Waving from here, my horse screams again and again. The place where the first couplet was written to say goodbye was in the suburbs, which was picturesque, but when it was "horizontal" and "around", it expressed the feeling of farewell with the help of mountains and rivers. The two couplets in the middle are about the deep feelings of parting, while the couplets are the imagination of friends' mental journey after parting, expressing their ardent concern for friends. The "floating clouds" in the necklace symbolizes the missing of friends, and the "sunset" symbolizes the poet's deep affection for parting, which is a blend of scenes and exciting. Tails are more affectionate, and horses are so human. The whole poem is lyrical, novel and unconventional, and its feelings are sincere and touching.
(3) Scenes blend.
The artistic technique of borrowing scenery to express feelings has been one of the most commonly used lyric techniques since it came into being, especially in poetry, because it is purely to talk about feelings after leaving the scenery, as if this situation has not been settled. Therefore, in the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, almost every poem has an example of lyricism by borrowing scenery. The highest level of lyricism by borrowing scenery is: melting feelings into the scenery and hiding a deep feeling in a simple and subtle scene, which seems to be inadvertently obtained, leaving only a looming silk thread for readers to discover and refine, drawing more and more worries, ups and downs, and far-reaching influence, just like alcohol, although clear and heavy, but profound.
For example, Liu Changqing's Farewell to Master Che Ling: From the temple, in the depths of its tender bamboo, came the low sound of the late bell. Li He took the sunset, and Qingshan went home alone. This poem is lyrical, and the scenery has a faint artistic conception, picturesque and exquisite. Thousands of forests are far away, the bell touches the heart, and the shadow returns to the poet. However, the image of the poet is hidden outside the poem. In the artistic conception of leisure, we can see the poet's feelings of leisure, frustration and indifference. But this kind of feeling is all in the artistic conception. The poet didn't say a word, but he won three flavors of scene blending.
Third, a healthy and noble style.
"Love hurts and leaves since ancient times" is Liu Yong's parting with a deep sadness, and it is also the parting of many people who feel the same way with him. There were many farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty. Wang Bo's Farewell to Du Shaofu as a Book Biography is quite different from Liu Yong's poetry style. It washes away the sad state of parting, and has an open artistic conception and bright colors.
Such as Wang Wei's "Two Ambassadors Anxi": Weicheng is rainy and dusty, and the guest house is green and willow. I advise you to have a glass of wine. There is no reason not to go out. This affectionate parting, we can't see the slightest ecstasy. The poet skillfully arranged the environment by the time and place of farewell, making the scenery fresh, clear, light and full of emotional appeal.
For example, Li Bai's "Send Du to East Shimen, Lujun County": After a few days of drunkenness, he boarded the pool platform. When will Shimen Road open again? Eyes rested on Surabaya, and the sea was bright. Flying over the eaves and walking on the wall, looking at each other from afar, the cup is in hand. This poem begins with a farewell after drinking and ends with a toast. It is full of heroic, bold, cheerful and optimistic feelings from beginning to end. Its style is bright and clear, and there is no lingering and sad mood. The beauty of nature and humanity in the poem set each other off, and it is full of poetry and painting, especially the two sentences at the end, which are concise, powerful and meaningful.
These bold and open-minded poems sung at parting reflect the open-minded and optimistic attitude of the poets in the Tang Dynasty, sweeping away the sad words and becoming a landscape in farewell poems.
Fourth, careful sentences, simple words and deep feelings.
True literature is pure and sincere feelings are pure. Throughout the ages, the feelings of friends have been sung and praised by people. It is because of the sincere feelings between friends that people are excited. It is a true beauty of human feelings, a true beauty of friendship, and true beauty never needs to be carved. "When luxury comes to an end, you can see the truth." When seeing off friends, poets often express their sincerity in the simplest language and turn it into a swan song.
For example, Meng Haoran's "Leaving Wang Wei": slow and reluctant, I waited, day after day, until now I have to go. Old friend, how sweet the roadside flowers would be if they didn't mean goodbye. The lords of the kingdom are very hard on us, and the people who handle affairs are not our own kind. You should just be lonely, and I will close the door of my old garden. The whole poem has neither beautiful pictures nor flowery words. The sentence is almost plain to spoken language, and the words are natural, but the deep and touching feelings are lingering, the words are simple and the aftertaste is long.
Another example is Liu Zongyuan's A Farewell to Dreams: Everything has been the same for twenty years, but now the road is different. If the emperor returns to the field, he will be a neighbor at the age of six. Simple language contains complex emotions and deep feelings, which seem straightforward, but in fact it is profound.
Farewell is a matter for lovers, and it is a matter for people with true feelings. Therefore, every farewell poem is sincere and pure language, natural and does not need to be modified. We will be moved by that profound friendship.
As a wonderful flower in the grand view garden of Tang poetry, the farewell poems of Tang people greatly enriched the theme and content of Tang poetry in terms of ideological content; In terms of artistic expression, the style is bold or implicit, broad or profound, lyrical or explicit or vivid, or borrowing scenery or supporting things. The language is simple and unadorned, which truly embodies the artistic characteristics of "the edge is near and the meaning is far, and the words are shallow and affectionate".
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