For example, the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the solitary sail is a part of the whole.
2. In reading teaching, many students can't distinguish the three concepts of "expression", "rhetoric" and "expression", and they are often confused, which affects the correct answer. Although they all belong to expression skills, there are obvious differences:
1.
Expression, also known as expression method, is a language expression used by the author according to objective things and the need to express thoughts and feelings, which belongs to the overall language application form of the article.
There are five common expressions: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation (there is no such thing as "explanation" in poetry).
Narration: Describe the occurrence, development and change of characters experience or something. Generally, it is used to express narrative poems, such as Pipa Trip and Peacock Flying Southeast in high school textbooks, and there are also poetic quatrains, such as Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower": "I have heard about Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I finally climbed this building."
Description: A concrete description and depiction of people, events and environment in vivid language. For example, the description of Liu Lanzhi in Peacock Flying Southeast: "There is silk under your feet and tortoise shell shining on your head. If the waist is flowing, you will smell the bright moon. It means like cutting onion roots, with dani in your mouth. " Among them, line drawing is a common expression in poetry appreciation. Comment: Opinions expressed on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things. For example, Qin Guan's "Queqiao Fairy" says: "If two feelings last for a long time, is it sooner or later?" Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling": "Since ancient times, I have been hurt and parted. How can I ignore it in the clear autumn?"
Lyric: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows. (Lyric, both direct and indirect. Indirect lyricism in poetry appreciation is generally manifested in borrowing scenery to express emotion, blending scenes, mourning scenes, expressing meaning with things and so on. , which is commonly referred to as expression skills)
Example 1: Read the following Tang poem and answer the questions as required.
Today (1) Li Shangyin
In the distance, books are dreams, and only empty beds are enemies. Under the steps of moss mangroves, the moon is sad in the rain.
[Note] ① End residence: idle residence. ② Pingqiu: synonymous with autumn.
Q: What are the artistic features of the three or four sentences in this poem? Please analyze it briefly.
Analysis: In terms of artistic techniques, the greatest feature of the third and fourth sentences of this poem is that it contains feelings in the scenery and melts into the scenery. With the help of the descriptions of moss, mangroves, rain and the moon, the poet endowed the objective scenery with a strong subjective color, created a cold atmosphere, and expressed sadness, loneliness and homesickness.
Example 2: Read the following Tang poem and then answer this question.
Farewell to Han Cong in late spring
Flowers fly, leaves flourish, friends leave the capital, the twilight pavilion in the clouds and the prosperity of the empire, and the ancient and modern love is all in it.
People who travel far must listen to the flowing water in the palace, and the sound of time is also heard.
Q: How did this poem blend into the landscape? Please give a brief evaluation.
Brief analysis: this poem condenses friendship and worldly wisdom into "feelings of ancient and modern times" and melts into a sentimental picture composed of images such as "indigo naturalis", "red thinness" and "water in front of the palace", forming the characteristics of blending feelings and scenery.
Generally speaking, narrative texts mostly use narrative, description and lyric expressions, argumentative texts mostly use argumentation expressions, and explanatory texts mostly use explanation expressions.
Of course, the use of expression is not absolute, for example, a small amount of discussion or explanation can be used in narrative, and a small amount of narrative, description or explanation can also be used in argumentative. As for essays, travel notes, essays and other styles with finer classification, the expression is more flexible.
In short, the use of expression should be subject to the needs of style and theme.
2. Rhetoric
Any method or means to make sentences more vivid, expressive and artistic can be called rhetoric. Rhetoric is aimed at specific sentences.
There are many kinds of figures of speech with different contents. However, there are eight rhetorical devices (figures of speech) * * * that students are required to master in the syllabus of college entrance examination: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions.
Rhetorical devices in poetry include metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, rhetorical questions, truthfulness and arousal.
⑴ Metaphor: Comparing one thing or situation with another can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and turning abstraction into image. For example, the poem "How many sorrows can there be, just like a river flowing eastward" skillfully compares the abstract "sorrow" to the river flowing eastward, and writes the number and length of sorrow.
Example analysis: Read the following Song Ci, and then answer this question.
Liu Zaoqing sent Lu Meipo to meet Liu Guo.
Pan-chrysanthemum (1) cup deep, blowing plum (2) angle far, all in the capital. Gather and disperse in a hurry, lonely geese by the clouds, duckweeds on the water. How can we teach people not to get hurt? Feel a few degrees, the soul flies and dreams are shocked. After dark, I miss you, the dust goes with the horse, and the moon sails.
【 Precautions 】 ① Pan-chrysanthemum: Drink chrysanthemum wine. 2 blowing plum blossoms: hitting plum blossoms.
Q: What methods does the author mainly use to express his feelings? Please elaborate in whole words.
Analysis: This poem mainly uses metaphor. The first part uses the metaphor of "a lonely goose on the cloud and duckweed on the water" to express the pain of parting, and the next part uses the metaphor of "the dust goes with the horse and the moon sails" to express the feelings of missing.
(2) Metonymy: borrowing related things to replace things to be expressed. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit. For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream "Do you know? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " In the poem, "green" and "red" are used to replace leaves and flowers respectively, and to describe lush leaves and withered flowers respectively.
(1) Borrow the signs and features of people (or things) to replace the names of people (or things).
Case study 1: The wine in Zhumen stinks and there are frozen bones on the road. -Du Fu's "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian"
Brief analysis: "Zhumen" refers to the house of dignitaries living in Lishan Palace, which reflects the miserable situation outside the palace gate.
(2) Borrow representative parts of things to replace the whole.
Example analysis: 1: The solitary sail is far away from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows. -Li Bai's Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou
Brief analysis: "sail" originally refers to the tarpaulin hanging on the mast to make the ship move forward through the wind. Here, the poet refers to the whole ship with "sail".
Case Analysis 2: The ashes are gone —— Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia.
Brief analysis: "sandalwood" is the mast of the ship, and the paddle is a rowing tool larger than the paddle, which is installed at the stern or beside the ship. We don't use warships here, but ...
(3) replace abstract things with concrete things that exist objectively.
Example analysis 1: ① We raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music. -Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip
Analysis: "Guan" is a flute-like musical instrument, and "string" is a gut or metal line on the musical instrument. Here, the poet refers to music with "pipe" and "string".
Example 2: I think that in those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, and the tiger swallowed Wan Li —— Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia"
Brief analysis: "Jin Ge" refers to a metal Ge, and "Iron Horse" refers to a war horse equipped with armored armor. Here, "Kingoma Iron" refers to elite troops.
⑶. Exaggeration: an enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly. Li Bai's works are extremely outstanding, such as: White Hair, Three thousands of feet, Worrying Like a Beard, Dangerous Building, Hundred Feet.
Example 1: Read the following Tang poem and then answer this question.
Li Bai climbed Yueyang Tower with the twelfth summer.
Climb the Yueyang Tower and overlook the Yangtze River until you reach the open Dongting Lake. It breaks my heart to see geese flying south, and the distant mountains are in the title of a good month.
On the upper floor of the sky, stay in the chair and upload a glass of wine from the sky. The cool breeze rising after drunkenness, blowing the sleeves with the wind, we will return.
[Note] In the second year of Gan Yuan, Li Bai was pardoned on the way to exile, returned to Jiangling Boat, traveled south to Yueyang, and wrote this poem.
Q: This paper briefly analyzes the artistic expression techniques adopted in the third series "Stay on the Cloud, Have a Cup in the Sky".
Brief analysis: The third part uses exaggeration to write the towering Yueyang Tower. At the same time, these two poems are magical in imagination, connecting the couch on the cloud with the "walking cup" in the sky, and writing the scene that the poet seems to be in a fairyland.
(4) Duality: Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
Example analysis: read the following poem and answer the questions.
Spring outing impromptu Li Hua
At the gate of Yiyang, the grass grows and the warbler flies, and the water flows from east to west. Fragrant trees have no flowers, and birds are singing all the way to the spring mountain.
Q: What rhetorical devices are used in the third and fourth sentences of this poem? Please specify.
Brief analysis: the rhetorical methods of the third and fourth sentences of this poem are dual, that is, "fragrant tree" is against "spring mountain", "flower" is against "bird", and "falling" is against "empty crying".
5. Analogy: It is anthropomorphic to say things as adults, or simulacra to say people as crops. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
Example analysis: read the following two poems and complete the appreciation according to the prompts.
Xue Baochai shouted Bai Haitang.
Jane smoked the door during the day and joined hands with the urn to fill the moss basin. Rouge washes away the shadow of the autumn stage, and ice and snow reveal the soul.
Only when you are weak can you know that flowers are more colorful, but when you are sad, you can get jade without trace. If you want to pay for the cleaning in Bai Di, you will get dizzy if you don't talk about Tingting.
Lin Daiyu shouted Bai Haitang.
Half-rolled curtains cover the door, and the ice is ground into earth jade as a basin. Steal a pear for three cents and borrow a plum blossom for a soul.
The moon cave fairy sews robes, and the woman who always wipes crow marks in my heart in autumn. Who is shy and silent? I'm tired of leaning against the west wind at night.
(According to People's Literature Publishing House Du1996+The 37th Back of A Dream of Red Mansions, 2nd Edition, February, 2005)
Poetry about objects pays attention to both form and spirit. In the above two poems, the couplet focuses on Bai Haitang's "white", but the painting and writing of God are different.
"Rouge washes away the shadow of the autumn platform, and ice and snow reveal the soul." The first sentence is to wash away rouge to show its natural beauty, and the second sentence is to describe the soul of ice and jade with crystal ice and snow. The use of inverted sentences is novel and unique: the words "Xi" and "Zhao" vividly convey Bai Haitang's emotional expression by personification; The setting off of "autumn stage" and "exposed masonry" is even more meaningful. The poet implicitly shows Bai Haitang's simplicity, elegance, cleanliness and self-motivation.
"Steal a pear core for three cents, borrow a plum blossom for a wisp of soul" is a couplet _ _ _ _ _
A brief analysis: "Stealing the pear core is three points white, borrowing a wisp of plum blossom soul", the first sentence describes Bai Haitang's "white" with the white of pear flower, which pays more attention to the clear expression of "white" than the sentence of "washing out", and the second sentence gives Bai Haitang the spirit of being aloof from the world with the plum blossom soul; Stealing and borrowing skillfully use personification techniques; The word "stealing" is derogatory, imaginative and ingenious.
[6] Setting questions and rhetorical questions: Setting questions means asking questions first and then expressing your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable. Rhetorical questions express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
Case study 1: "Who is the hero in the world? There is wine on the river, which is fair to Cao. "
Brief analysis: start with a question, point out the theme, and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic achievements of the Three Kingdoms.
Example 2: Wang Anshi's "Title Wujiang Pavilion": "Although the children of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?"
Analysis: The rhetorical question uses a cool tone, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
3. Expression skills
Means of expression can also be called means of expression (or skills of expression), and any means or method that can make the whole or part of the article have a distinct and strong impression and achieve the artistic effect of infecting readers can be regarded as means of expression. Mainly focus on making the article effective in whole or in part.
Common expression techniques are: Fu, comparison, xing, contrast, symbol, allusion, sketch, montage, expressing ambition with objects, expressing emotion with scenery, psychological depiction, combining Zhuang with harmony, associative imagination and so on.
Case study: A brief analysis of Tao Yuanming's "Returning to the Garden" (Part II): "When planting beans in Shannan, the grass is full of beans and the seedlings are sparse. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. ..... "The expression of the sentence.
Brief analysis: this sentence is purely a line drawing technique. A few strokes outline the pastoral life for us and show the poet's love for it.
Sketch is a skill of Chinese painting. This kind of painting does not need color contrast and dyeing, but only depicts objects with black lines. In literary creation, line drawing refers to drawing a vivid and vivid image with the most economical and thrifty pen and ink, without rendering, contrast or rhetoric. Its characteristics are: grasping the main features of the described object, using only a few strokes, and having both form and spirit.
4. Differences and connections
Expression and rhetoric:
Both expression and rhetoric can enhance the expressive effect of the article, but expression is used to enhance the expressive effect of the whole or part of the article, while rhetoric is used to enhance the expressive effect of sentences in the article, mainly focusing on the modification of sentences; Expression is to express an article from a macro perspective, while rhetoric is to express an article from a micro perspective.
The boundary between expression and rhetoric is not absolute.
For example, repetition is a rhetorical device, but if it is used at intervals, it will have a very obvious effect on the overall expression of the article and can also be regarded as a means of expression; Metaphor is a rhetorical device, and sometimes it can also be a means of expression. Wait a minute.
In short, in a specific language environment, when a rhetorical device produces an overall effect in an article and enhances the expressive force of the article, or a rhetorical device produces an overall expressive force after repeated use in the article, then this rhetorical device can also be regarded as an expressive device.
Expression, rhetoric and expression are unavoidable concepts that are often encountered in Chinese teaching in middle schools. We must understand them carefully in specific Chinese practice activities in order to truly distinguish them and skillfully use them.
3. Sketch, just one or two sentences; Others need a long space, or even a whole article to complete, such as symbolism. For their separate application, the difficulty is relatively reduced; If you use it comprehensively (of course, not all), it will be much more difficult. The author's ability to comprehensively use various expression methods is mainly reflected in the latter. When it is used, it can be a symbol containing several other methods, or it can be used in sequence, or it can be intertwined, colorful and interactive, forming a comprehensive trend, thus fully embodying the author's ability to comprehensively use a variety of expression methods.
4. Fu is laying out and describing. Comparison is metaphor. The Tao seeker says something else first to arouse the words he sings, that is, to say something else first and express his feelings.
Fu, as an artistic expression method of communication and description, can be used to write scenery, scenery and people. Fu is more used to describe fragments of life, while some poems describe generally complete things. For example, Feng Wei in Self-protection, Qi Feng's July, Sheng Min and Gong Liu in absolute beauty can basically be regarded as narratives.
Comparison is metaphor. There are various figurative techniques in The Book of Songs, such as simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor.
Simile means that there are both "other things" and "this thing" in the "Bi" sentence, and there is a related word "Ru" between them as a metaphor symbol. Such as "Qin Feng Xiaorong": "A gentleman is as warm as jade." Xiaoya Long Beach: "A wife is like a harp." Therefore, Kong Dui said, "All words are better than words".
"Xing" should be originated, and the first thing to say must be at the beginning of a chapter or chapter of a poem. "Xing" should not only be emotional, but also have some connection with the following. This connection is either manifested in the fact that what I said earlier can be used as a metaphor for the following, or that what I said earlier can enhance the atmosphere and set off the following, or both.
Such as Qin Feng Jiajian and Nan Zhou Guanju. The artistic taste and charm of "Xing" mainly lies in that it often creates vivid images, vivid pictures, natural euphemisms and profound artistic conception for poetry by touching the scene or setting the scene according to the situation.
7. Take Winter in Jinan as an example.
This article contains feelings in the scene, blending scenes, and combining direct lyric with indirect lyric.
The author's deep feelings for Jinan mountains and rivers, on the one hand, blend into the scene when describing the scenery, on the other hand, sometimes express his feelings directly. When reading, we should carefully ponder and understand the artistic conception, and pay attention to those sentences that directly express our feelings. For example:
"These hills are particularly lovely in winter", "It's better to have some snow" and "Those hills are too delicate" are straightforward sentences. The ending sentence "This is Jinan in winter" seems dull, but it contains the infinite affection of "I love Jinan in winter, I love Jinan in winter".
There are also some sentences that combine reality with reality, such as "there is a bun of white flowers on the top of the tree, like a Japanese wet nurse" and "the top of the mountain is all white, and the blue sky is inlaid with a silver edge", which not only describes the shape of the scenery, but also is full of the author's love, so we should pay attention to our experience when reading.
8. It is a character description skill to want to promote first and then suppress. "Yang" means to raise first and then restrain, and refers to praise and elevation. "Restraint" means to suppress and belittle. The author wants to praise a character, but he doesn't write from the praise, but first presses it and writes from the negative derogatory place. In this way, the plot is changeable, ups and downs, forming sharp contrast, which is easy to make readers feel suddenly enlightened and leave a deep impression in the reading process.
Both "yang" and "suppression" are artistic means of emphasis. The ancients made an article emphasizing "gaining power" and also talked about the truth that we should first raise, first suppress and then raise. In the Warring States Policy, there is a story of Feng. At the beginning of the article, Wen Feng has neither hobbies nor abilities, but also loves to make trouble and complain. It was a complete failure, and the author relegated him to the lowest place. Then he turned to write about how he managed the "three caves" for Meng Changjun, and wrote about his extraordinary talent. The "suppression" at the beginning is to set off the "Yang" at the back. If you pay attention, such examples are not uncommon in excellent works at all times and in all countries.
Using this method, the author should pay attention to the contrast before and after suppression in the process of conception and writing, and most of them use the form of opposition to form contrast. In addition, the two should not be equated, but should focus on the latter. Restraint acts as a buffer. The mastery of the proportion and weight here can only be carefully understood and pondered through my constant writing practice.
9. In many cases, the theory of rendering contrast does not mean that the two can be equal, but only that the two expressions are often closely combined. Especially in poetry works that express feelings through scenery, it is often used to describe the scenery and shape the artistic conception first, and then to set off the feelings of the characters through the scenery (artistic conception). Like Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" above, it first renders a cold and bleak atmosphere in autumn, and then through this atmosphere, it sets off the poet's homesickness and gloom about the future. Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (Part I) first rendered a gloomy and tragic atmosphere, and then used this atmosphere to set off his inner feelings.
10. The so-called synaesthesia is a psychological phenomenon that is triggered by one feeling and transcends the limitations of this feeling to understand another feeling. The mutual conversion of this feeling and the mutual application of the senses are an advanced ability for people to perceive things. People often use this super-perceptual ability to create vivid language to reflect things vividly. In this regard, Mr. Qian Zhongshu once said, for example: "Bonus is hot, while mountain green is cold." The luminosity and volume suddenly become thinner, and the color and aroma suddenly become silent-noisy; The bird smoked' fragrance' and the wind dyed' green'; White clouds' learn' the sound of running water, and the shade' breeds' a sense of silence; The sun color and wind * * *' smell', and the moonlight can be heard; Yan language is "bright" like "cut", and bird language like "pill" can be discarded. The feeling of the five senses is simply whether there is any connection or not, and they are born with each other. "