Water Supply and Drainage 1: Urban Water Supply and Drainage Planning Abstract Whether a city is developed depends not only on GDP and high-rise buildings, but also on places that people can't see, such as sewers; Whether a city's planning is reasonable depends not only on the distance between buildings and the degree of greening, but also on the places people need, such as water supply and drainage systems. Water supply and drainage design plays a very important role in urban planning, and it is of great significance to meet the basic life of urban residents and the construction of water supply and drainage system for industrial and agricultural production.
Urban planning, water supply and drainage
I. Introduction
Urban water supply and drainage engineering is the unified arrangement of urban water supply and drainage engineering system, which ensures the coordination between water supply and drainage engineering construction and urban development and promotes the sustainable development of the city. It is a professional planning in urban planning and an important part of urban overall development and construction. Its comprehensive function is irreplaceable. Whether the planning and design of urban water system is reasonable will directly affect and restrict the development of the city. ? Urban water system? It mainly includes water source system, water use system, water supply system, drainage system, reuse system and rainwater system. With the development of cities, water supply and drainage projects between cities are no longer isolated systems, and water areas connect these subsystems into a system. The original engineering planning method shows its limitations to some extent, which requires us to do well the planning and design of urban municipal water supply and drainage under the new historical conditions, seriously consider and solve the existing problems, seek the rational utilization of urban water resources, meet the requirements of social development economically and technically, and realize the sustainable development of modern cities.
Second, the problems existing in urban water supply and drainage system planning
(1) Municipal water supply and drainage project planning lags behind. In the process of municipal road drainage engineering design, the types of water supply and drainage work are in an uncoordinated position, which affects the scientific development of urban water supply and drainage planning. Often roads need rapid construction, which leads to the lack of planning of drainage projects, and some drainage projects can not be constructed at the same time as road projects; Although some drainage projects need to be modified after the design is completed due to related reasons, many projects have not been built according to the plan, and the guiding significance of the plan has not really been reflected, resulting in the project having to be rebuilt.
(2) The scientific basis of planning is insufficient. The basic work of urban water system planning mainly includes various indicators, standards, basic data and analysis tools, among which water quantity prediction and water balance analysis are the core work. At present, China's water forecast mainly refers to the relevant provisions in the Code for Planning of Urban Water Supply Projects (GB50282-98), but China lacks detailed and systematic monitoring of water-using technology, various water-using appliances and water-using behaviors, basic research on the substitution law and diffusion law of new water-using technology, and comprehensive and structured analysis of various water-using information.
(3) The planning of drainage system is chaotic and the drainage system is unreasonable. At present, most urban drainage facilities are managed by different departments, such as environmental protection bureau, municipal engineering management office and water conservancy bureau. Due to insufficient communication between departments, unclear responsibilities of managers and imperfect relevant laws and regulations, the existing problems and emerging problems of drainage facilities cannot be solved in time. In addition, in the traditional design of flood control and drainage facilities, it is emphasized that rainwater and sewage should be discharged from the city as soon as possible by using the separate drainage system, while the control of non-point source pollution of urban runoff and the utilization of rainwater resources are ignored. With the gradual improvement of the overall water quality in the basin, the impact of urban random storm runoff and sudden discharge events on the water ecosystem has increasingly become the main content of pollution control in the basin.
(4) The traditional water supply and drainage specialty can't meet the market demand. Urban water supply and drainage planning and design has the characteristics of many technical parameters, many uncertain factors and interdisciplinary, which greatly increases the difficulty of urban water supply and drainage planning. Due to the limitation of knowledge structure, the newly graduated students majoring in traditional water supply and drainage can't carry out macro analysis and demonstration, meet the requirements of multi-disciplinary and multi-level analysis and demonstration of urban planning, and meet the needs of urban water supply and drainage planning and design.
Third, to solve the urban water supply and drainage system planning countermeasures
(1) Urban water system planning should be coordinated with urban planning. Urban water system planning is a comprehensive arrangement of subsystems and their elements such as water source, water supply, water use, drainage and sewage treatment in a certain period of time. The total balance of urban water use planning is very important, and various feasible schemes such as water saving and reclaimed water reuse must be optimized. To achieve this, we must first understand the urban water use planning, strengthen the special water use planning in the overall urban planning, and work out the urban water use planning according to the concept of water sustainable development, which should include: the balance of water resources such as surface water, groundwater, rainwater and seawater; Total balance of water supply, drainage and sewage recycling; Water supply and water saving planning and sewage treatment and recycling planning; Ecological cycle planning of water; The scale and layout of various water engineering facilities, etc. At present, there are many problems in the construction of urban water system in China, such as uncoordinated planning, uncoordinated construction and inconsistent management. In the planning, special attention should be paid to the coordinated growth of pipe network facilities and water supply, drainage and sewage treatment capacity, and the scale, detailed layout and operation management plan of water system and its pipe network facilities construction during the planning period should be determined.
(2) Strengthen the water budget. Water quantity forecast is the basis of water supply planning. Whether the prediction of water quantity scale conforms to the development trend and actual needs has great influence on the overall layout, rational utilization, implementation steps and project cost of water resources. The national standard "Code for Planning of Urban Water Supply Project" is the main basis for calculating the scale of urban total water consumption, including: water supply forecast in the overall planning stage; Prediction of sewage volume in the overall planning stage; Prediction of water supply and sewage quantity in zoning planning stage and professional planning stage; Prediction of water supply and sewage quantity in detailed planning stage. Since the reform and development, the rapid development of industrial production, urban construction, housing construction and tertiary industry has also increased the water supply. As one of the urban infrastructures, the growth law of water supply will be different from the past, so the water quantity forecast can not be calculated only according to the historical development, but also according to the specific urban planning to predict and analyze different types of water consumption.
(3) Urban water supply and drainage system should develop in the direction of sustainable development. The water in nature is circular, and the water supply and drainage are unified. The utilization of water in human society should obey this process. After water is used, it is necessary to regenerate the water to make the water quality reach the level that nature's self-purification ability can bear, otherwise the accumulated pollutants will exceed the capacity of the water environment, leading to water crisis and water pollution, and ultimately destroying the virtuous circle of water, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of the city. The ways to control the sustainable development of urban water supply and drainage system are as follows: ① adding water-saving subsystem in urban water system; (2) Adding pollution control subsystem in urban water system; (3) Adding reclaimed water reuse subsystem in urban water system. Strengthening water saving, pollution control and reclaimed water reuse, and paying attention to the utilization of reclaimed water, reclaimed water and other non-traditional water resources are the keys to promote the virtuous cycle of urban water supply and drainage system and realize the sustainable development of urban water resources.
(4) Improve various laws and regulations. In view of the current chaotic situation of water supply and drainage system planning in China, we should improve relevant laws and regulations through administrative legislation, establish a clear responsibility system and related systems for water supply and drainage project construction management, clarify management authority, and form a clear supervision mechanism for planning, construction, maintenance and supervision departments.
Fourth, the conclusion. In the overall planning of modern cities, water supply and drainage design is a very important work. Urban planning is the optimal allocation of resources, and the focus of water supply and drainage engineering planning is the optimal allocation and rational utilization of water resources in order to maximize comprehensive benefits. Whether the urban water supply and drainage design is reasonable or not is directly related to the economic construction of the city and the basic living needs of the people. Therefore, when planning and designing urban water supply and drainage planning, we should be good at finding problems and properly handle the problems of water resources, water environment and water disasters that may be faced in urban development. High-quality urban water supply and drainage planning is not only the need of drainage engineering planning and design itself, but also the guarantee for the city to face the future and embark on the road of sustainable development.
Abstract: The construction quality of municipal water supply and drainage pipelines affects the life of urban residents at any time. In order to ensure the quality of municipal water supply and drainage construction, it is our primary task to do well the safety measures and prevention of water supply and drainage construction. Once there is a problem in the municipal drainage project, it will have a great impact on the citizens, and it will take a long time to solve the problem in the municipal drainage project. This paper analyzes the control quality of municipal water supply and drainage engineering from the technical aspect, in order to ensure the normal operation of water supply and drainage system, prevent some obstacles in the construction process in time, and ensure the normal construction.
Keywords: municipal; Water supply and drainage; construction quality
With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and the continuous development of social economy, new requirements are put forward for the convenience of citizens' water use, so municipal water supply and drainage engineering has also become a project that cannot be ignored in municipal construction. The construction and development of cities can not be separated from the construction of water supply and drainage pipelines. In the process of municipal engineering construction, improving its construction technology and quality is the key link to ensure the steady development of the city. In the process of continuous improvement and development of urbanization, water supply and drainage projects have a direct impact on urban environmental protection and urban flood control and drainage, so the requirements for its construction technology are increasing day by day. Problems in the construction quality of water supply and drainage pipeline projects may lead to sewage backflow, and poor drainage in rainy season will form urban waterlogging, which will bring great inconvenience to people's daily life and damage the image of the government. Strengthening the supervision and control of municipal water supply and drainage pipeline engineering quality is of great significance to the control of urban water pollution and the economical use of water resources.
1 municipal water supply and drainage building
Construction preparation stage. Municipal water supply and drainage engineering is an important guarantee for urban planning, construction and development. As the basic project of urban construction, the safety and reliability of its quality are related to the image of the city, and there are many underground pipelines in its underground structure because of the complex construction environment in the urban area. At the same time, it is easily disturbed by various factors, which greatly increases the difficulty of water supply and drainage engineering construction. In order to improve the safety and reliability of municipal water supply and drainage pipeline system, we should not only put forward strict requirements for construction technology, but also make corresponding preparations to ensure the construction quality of the project.
(1) Before the construction of water supply and drainage pipeline project, all kinds of technical personnel, types of work, materials, inspection results of machines and tools, on-site construction conditions and other factors should be considered one by one. Construction technology, construction scheme, organizational measures and preparation work are related to the smooth implementation of the project, and preparation work is the most important. Before the project construction, the staff should strictly review the design and construction drawings to avoid the significant impact of engineering obstacles on the project quality and construction technology. At the same time, it is necessary to inspect the construction conditions on the spot and design the drawings truthfully, so as to avoid increasing the workload for the subsequent construction because the design does not match the reality. Construction personnel should adopt relevant technical means to conduct all-round investigation and elimination of possible obstacles, so as to avoid the phenomenon that various underground pipelines and design conflicts hinder construction. On the professional drawings, it is necessary to specify the construction requirements, discuss them in various ways, check for missing parts and correct mistakes.
(2) The quality of pipes is the basis of ensuring the quality of construction projects, and the problems and defects that are easy to appear in various pipes are strictly controlled. The quality of materials is the premise and key to affect the normal and effective function of water supply and drainage. In order to effectively prevent and prevent water seepage and leakage, the quality of pipelines should be strictly controlled and supervised by professional and technical personnel. In the process of construction, due to the unique characteristics of the city and busy traffic, necessary safety measures are set not only to protect the staff, but also to protect the safety of citizens. From the perspective of sustainable development, it is in line with the national policy of replacing steel with plastic to popularize the new plastic composite pipe with the characteristics of small pipeline friction, large displacement, light weight and convenient construction in water supply and drainage engineering. However, due to the development of national science and technology, the materials used may also have a certain impact on the surrounding environment. Therefore, in addition to actively overcoming technical problems, it is necessary to negotiate with the local environmental health department when necessary.
2 Construction stage
2. 1 trench excavation
Before excavation, the original records such as the center line, elevation and corner of the original landform should be made according to the relevant provisions of technical specifications. The existing underground pipelines, cables and other structures in the construction site should be verified one by one, their positions should be standardized, their integrity should be protected, and corresponding protective measures should be taken. According to different soil conditions, different pipe grooves such as straight groove, trapezoidal groove and mixed pipe groove should be excavated, and the excavation width of the groove should be determined according to the excavation depth and pipe diameter. With the continuous progress of science and technology, the technical level of mechanized construction has been greatly improved. Mechanized construction has replaced a lot of human labor and become an important method of engineering construction. Man is still the operator of machinery, so it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between good people and machines and complete the construction with good quality and quantity. During construction, the weather changes should be mastered to prevent long-term water accumulation in the tank and the floating pipe phenomenon. Considering that too long exposure time will cause deformation of the base tank, the drying time should be shortened as much as possible. After the trench excavation, the pipeline foundation should be prepared for stability in advance, the concrete foundation formed by gravel should be controlled and analyzed, and all kinds of quality hidden dangers in the construction process should be dealt with in time. Gravel cushion should be laid and compacted in strict accordance with the standards, and concrete with certain rigidity and stability designed by designers according to the actual situation and engineering requirements should be poured on the paved gravel cushion. Because the underground structure is not static, mechanized construction should prevent excessive excavation. Once it appears, it should be backfilled and compacted in time, and work mistakes should be handled in time.
2.2 pipeline installation
After the pipeline enters the site, it can only be used in the project after passing the inspection by professional and technical personnel. In order to effectively ensure the tightness of the pipeline, it is necessary to ensure that the quality of the pipeline is qualified and the sealing apron is in good condition. Pipeline installation and docking generally rely on the external pulling method at the top of the pipeline and the internal pulling method inside the pipeline to gradually butt the two pipelines together. In order to prevent the disturbed basement pipelines from colliding with each other, it is necessary to ensure that the pipe joints are lowered smoothly and slowly, so there must be a special person to direct the laying and lowering of the pipes, and the pipes must be padded after being put in. The specific method can be to fill the woven bag with sand or yellow sand, seal it and press it on the top of the arranged pipes. When laying the pipeline, ensure that the surface of the pipeline is free of sundries and the interior is clean. After the pipeline laying stage is completed, the inspection and acceptance shall be carried out, and the concrete pipe socket and interface construction can only be carried out after the inspection results are qualified. When the interface is closed, in order to ensure the stability of the axis position of the arranged pipeline, measures should be taken to stabilize the pipeline and prevent the axis from deviating. After the pipeline interface, the elevation and axis of the pipeline shall be rechecked to meet the requirements. When installing, the inner wall is flush and the counterpart is accurate. The weld surface is smooth, full and uniform, and the dislocation error is less than 0.2 times the wall thickness. Its width, surface superelevation, undercut and staggered edge all meet the requirements of design specifications. The welding quality of the pipeline shall pass the oil leakage test and X-ray nondestructive inspection, and the pipeline installation shall be qualified after passing the inspection.
2.3 closed water test
When installing the pipeline, make sure that there is no water in the pipeline groove, and the reserved holes are blocked and watertight, and there are operation technicians to check whether the appearance quality of the pipeline and inspection well is qualified. After passing the inspection, before backfilling the trench, the water pressure test must be carried out for the pipes and pressure pipes that are self-flowing and designed to be closed. Among various methods for detecting the construction quality of drainage pipelines, the closed water test is the most intuitive and effective method. Test drainage pipes from upstream to downstream in turn. After the test water is soaked for one day, the test head reaches the specified head according to the test requirements, and the continuous water seepage of the pipeline is observed for more than half an hour. Whether the measured water seepage meets the allowable water seepage specified in the construction requirements of the closed water test of the drainage pipeline. Check the tightness of each pipeline, and check whether there are water seepage parts, leakage points, cracks, etc. At the same time, the closed water experiment can also measure the tightness of each pipeline connection interface. If leakage is found, repair measures should be taken in time, and cement slurry can be prepared to repair and fill the leakage point.
3 municipal water supply and drainage construction quality control points
In urban municipal water supply and drainage engineering, the most important link of quality control of the whole municipal water supply and drainage engineering is the construction stage. Doing well the construction quality control of municipal water supply and drainage project is the guarantee of the safety measures of the whole project. In order to meet the requirements of pipeline installation, the road foundation should be properly adjusted according to the design requirements and the longitudinal position of the pipeline. When water supply and drainage pipelines pass through soft soil areas, pressure pipelines generally adopt flexible connection pipeline interfaces to enhance their deformation capacity, and at the same time, appropriate foundation treatment and anti-corrosion measures are taken. For strict anticorrosion treatment of pipelines, pipes with good anticorrosion performance should be selected. Appropriate technical measures should be taken during trench excavation to protect the foundation treatment results from damage and strictly control the backfill soil.
4 conclusion
In order to ensure the quality of municipal water supply and drainage construction, it is necessary for the person in charge of the project to carefully and strictly control each construction link. During the construction, the technology and quality of municipal water supply and drainage engineering should be checked repeatedly, which is related to the quality of the whole water supply and drainage engineering. Only by adopting scientific and advanced construction technology can the construction quality of water supply and drainage engineering be effectively controlled, and the municipal drainage system can play a normal and effective role after the construction is completed. At the same time, we can learn from the design of water supply and drainage system in foreign big cities to improve the problems faced by our country and improve the quality of municipal engineering.
References:
[1] sheets. Analysis of municipal water supply and drainage construction quality control technology [J]. Scientific and technological innovation and application, 20 14(08).
[2] Pan Zhengwei. On the construction optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipeline project [J]. China new technology and new product 20 1 1(22)
Water supply and drainage project construction management Abstract Water supply and drainage project construction management mainly takes building construction projects as the management object, and constantly carries out comprehensive systematic management and optimized management control activities, that is, from the beginning of the construction project to the completion of the project, through a series of project control management measures, to ensure the smooth realization of quality management objectives, cost management objectives and safety management objectives. In order to ensure the construction quality in an all-round way, the following three stages of water supply and drainage engineering are expounded respectively before construction, during construction and after construction.
Water supply and drainage works; Architecture; operate
1. Construction preparation stage
1. 1 Do a good job of drawing review.
The blue prints.the design is an important part of the construction preparation stage, which can effectively promote the normal water supply and drainage construction. According to the basic characteristics of water supply and drainage engineering, the following aspects should be done well: whether the design drawings meet the national technical specifications and standards, the specific provisions of local relevant policies and the basic requirements of the construction unit; Whether the design has the technical conditions for construction, and whether advanced technical measures and construction technology can ensure the safety of technical construction; Whether the coordinates, elevations and dimensions on the design drawings meet the requirements of actual building components, whether the installation position of sanitary ware equipment is appropriate, and whether the specifications and dimensions of materials meet the basic requirements; The specific location of fire fighting equipment and infrastructure should be reported to the local competent department for approval in advance, and the specific construction requirements should be determined; Strengthen the coordination among various professions, and do a good job in technical disclosure of reserved embedded holes and equipment installation positions in civil engineering.
1.2 Strengthen the construction organization design
The contractor shall strengthen the construction organization design and submit the specific construction plan to the supervisor and the owner for review. Construction organization design should highlight the basic principles of feasibility, rationality and safety of design drawings, and the key point is whether the technology and quality measures of organization design fully meet the basic conditions and specific requirements stipulated in the contract, ensure safe and civilized construction, and ensure effective compliance with relevant regulations; Engineering professional and technical personnel should carefully grasp the design drawings, relevant acceptance specifications and other contents. , and strictly review the construction organization design submitted by the contractor, mainly aiming at the professional engineering part and the contractor's subcontracting engineering part, to understand the comprehensive technology and management level of the construction enterprise in detail, so as to carry out key pre-control and management work.
1.3 Strictly control the quality of materials and equipment.
Materials and equipment required for water supply and drainage construction shall be filled in by the construction unit before construction. In order to ensure that the quality and performance indexes of materials and equipment meet the requirements of technical standards, the procurement department should be arranged for unified procurement and management. Procurement should be carried out according to the specifications, models and construction requirements specified in the drainage design and construction drawings. The purchased materials and equipment must have relevant certification materials such as certificate of conformity, quality guarantee and relevant test reports. Special materials can only be used after passing the inspection by relevant quality inspection departments. All materials and equipment transported to the construction site must be protected against rain and moisture.
2. Management in the construction stage
2. 1 Do a good job in organization, coordination and management.
The proportion of water supply and drainage engineering in the whole construction project is relatively small, but it involves a wide range, complicated procedures and many professional jobs, so it is necessary to strengthen organization, coordination and management. Strictly carry out the examination and approval procedures for concrete pouring, with professional engineers providing on-site guidance, coordinating civil engineering and water supply and drainage installation, focusing on the specific location and actual size of reserved embedded holes, so as to avoid rework caused by digging wallboard due to errors in reserved embedded holes in civil engineering in subsequent construction. The construction unit should communicate with the design unit in time in order to overcome many technical and management problems in the construction process in time, and should strictly control the design changes, which must be implemented after careful analysis and discussion in many aspects. In addition, the concrete can only be poured after it is signed by the professional engineer of water supply and drainage.
2.2 to do a good job of reserved embedded in civil construction.
In order to prevent the subsequent construction from seriously damaging the building structure due to floor excavation, appropriate holes should be reserved at the position where the pipeline crosses the floor during civil construction, and appropriate sleeves must be embedded at the specific position where the pipeline crosses the basement exterior wall to avoid leakage of the exterior wall. Therefore, we must strictly cooperate with civil construction to ensure that the reserved pipeline crossing position, embedded holes, supports and steel members fully meet the design requirements. Ensure that the top of embedded sleeve of pipeline crossing the floor is 20mm higher than the decorative floor, and the top of embedded sleeve of kitchen and bathroom is 50mm higher than the decorative floor. At the same time, the bottom of the sleeve should be flush with the bottom of the floor, and the sleeve embedded in the wall should be flush with the decorative surface. It is forbidden to dig holes at will. According to the basic requirements of design and construction drawings, carefully grasp the size of pipe fittings, and make a sample drawing of reserved casing before concrete pouring as a reference to guide the construction of embedded reserved holes.
2.3 completes the decoration construction of the main structure.
Decoration construction of the main structure is an important link in the construction of water supply and drainage works, and compensation devices must be installed when the pipeline passes through the expansion joints, settlement joints and other post-pouring zones of the main structure. Before installing the riser, you must first pass through the pre-embedded holes reserved in each part of the riser, and hang the line vertically from top to bottom to accurately measure the vertical center line of the riser as the baseline for installing the riser. After the completion of riser construction, it should be strictly checked whether it meets the requirements of verticality and wall spacing ratio, and whether it meets the specific requirements of design and construction. After everything reaches the standard, it shall be fixed with pipe clamp, and the holes in each part shall be repaired and leveled according to the requirements of design and construction specifications. According to the design regulations, the drainage riser should be provided with an inspection port at its center about 1. 1m from the ground, and a suitable pier should be set at the bottom of the drainage riser according to specific requirements. The gap between the casing and the pipeline shall be filled with flame retardant fine materials until the end face is smooth, and the pipeline interface shall not be set in the casing. After the completion of the construction, the drainage pipes in the ceiling and the wall should be strictly closed water test; Drainage riser, main pipe, etc. Must pass a strict ball test to ensure timely acceptance of concealed works when it meets the requirements.
2.4 Strengthen the quality control of concealed works
The quality of pipes, fittings and equipment in water supply and drainage system must meet the requirements of design and construction. After carefully checking whether the pipeline is unblocked, determine to carry out the construction, and then review whether the pipeline is unblocked after the construction is completed; Take cover engineering water supply pipeline must be strictly tested, and the installed water supply pipeline should be tested in accordance with relevant regulations and standards. Before concealment, check whether all aspects are omitted according to the requirements of drawings, and whether the installation position and operation method meet the requirements of design specifications. Concealed engineering can only be carried out after the water pressure, water closing and irrigation tests are qualified.
3. Post-construction management
Strictly control and accept the quality after construction, do a good job in collecting and sorting out engineering data, carry out engineering acceptance according to special acceptance specifications and standards, especially strengthen the quality acceptance of concealed works and inspection items, find problems in time, find out the reasons and deal with them according to reasonable procedures, or take various measures and methods to adjust and rectify, so as to nip all kinds of hidden dangers in the bud, and then enter the subsequent process or sub-project construction after the rectification measures are qualified. After the inspection and acceptance meet the specified standards, the partial project acceptance can be carried out. Before the completion acceptance and handover of the project, the collection and arrangement of engineering data should be strengthened to ensure the reasonable operation and management of water supply and drainage projects.
4. Conclusion
Water supply and drainage works must be strictly in accordance with the specific requirements of national technical standards, to ensure full compliance with relevant construction quality acceptance specifications. In order to achieve the ideal construction management level, we should strictly organize the design and construction management, strengthen the process quality control of each working procedure and each link, improve and innovate in view of the difficulties in construction management, and constantly improve the construction quality management measures to ensure the overall construction quality of water supply and drainage projects.
refer to
[1] bear. Analysis on the Problems and Control Measures in Water Supply and Drainage Engineering [J]. Fujian Building Materials, 2007, (06).
[2] Liu Yang. Discussion on safety and quality management in water supply and drainage construction of buildings [J]. China New Technology and New Products, 2009, (04).
[3] Ge Xianping. On the quality assurance measures of building water supply and drainage construction [J]. China New Technology and New Products, 2009, (06).
Guess you like it: 1. Paper on water supply and drainage of high-rise buildings
2. Project management papers reference model essay
3. Talking about papers related to intelligent buildings
4. Talking about project management papers
5. Analysis of Engineering Technology Management Papers
6. High-rise building construction management paper