1840 After the Opium War, China gradually evolved from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 19 1 1 year, Sun Yat-sen led the Revolution of 1911, ending the feudal monarchy that lasted for more than 2,000 years, establishing the Republic of China, and realizing the first historic change in China in the 20th century, with far-reaching influence.
From the Revolution of 1911 to the First World War, with the development of China's national industry and the growth of the proletariat, the workers' strike struggle has also developed greatly. The growth of the proletariat in China laid a class foundation for the emergence of the * * * production party in China.
Since 19 15, China's advanced democrats, represented by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, have launched a new cultural movement to declare war on feudal ideology and moral culture under the banner of democracy and science, which has set off an unprecedented and vigorous ideological emancipation trend in China society, opened the floodgates to curb the surge of new ideas and opened the way for the spread of new ideological trends that meet the needs of China society.
19 17, the October Revolution led by Lenin broke out in Russia, which opened a new era of proletarian socialist revolution in the world. The victory of the October Revolution pointed out a bright future for the people of China, made Marxism widely spread in China, and laid an ideological foundation for the emergence of the * * * production party in China.
19 19
The May 4th patriotic movement broke out in Beijing. From this year on, the victors of World War I held a "Peace Conference" in Paris, France. At the end of April, under the manipulation of imperialist countries such as Britain, the United States and France, the Peace Conference brazenly decided to hand over all the rights and interests seized by Germany in China and Shandong before the war to Japan. This news immediately aroused the strong indignation of China people, first of all, intellectuals and young students. On that day, more than 3,000 students from Beijing 13 University gathered in front of the square to hold a demonstration, shouting slogans such as "Fighting for sovereignty outside, getting rid of national thieves inside", "Cancel Article 21" and "Give me back Qingdao", advocating refusing to sign the Paris Peace Treaty and punishing the pro-Japanese bureaucrats of the Beiyang warlord governments such as Cao Rulin and Lu. The Beiyang warlord government dispatched military police to suppress and arrest 32 demonstrators. On May 5th, students in Beijing declared a general strike, and the whole country was electrified, and students from all over the country responded to the strike. During the May 4th patriotic movement, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao kept close contact with progressive societies and young people, and published articles in newspapers and periodicals to guide and promote the development of the movement in time. On June 3rd and 4th, the Beiyang warlord government arrested a large number of patriotic students who took to the streets to give speeches, which aroused indignation from all walks of life in the country. From June 5th, Shanghai workers went on strike in support of students, which reached its climax within a few days. More than100000 workers took part in the strike. At the same time, businessmen went on strike and students went on strike, which triggered the climax of the "three strikes" in Shanghai. Subsequently, the wave of strikes quickly spread to more than 20 provinces and regions across the country, 100 cities. The working class in China participated in the political struggle against imperialism and the Beiyang warlord government on an unprecedented scale, indicating that it began to enter the political arena with an independent attitude. The May 4th patriotic movement broke through the narrow scope of students and intellectuals and formed a nationwide mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement with workers as the main force and petty bourgeoisie, bourgeoisie and other citizens widely participating. Fearing the great power of mass struggle, the Beiyang warlord government had to release the arrested students in June and dismiss Cao, Zhang and Lu. On June 28th, China refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty, and the May 4th patriotic movement won. The May 4th patriotic movement marked the great beginning of China's new-democratic revolution. The May 4th Patriotic Movement made preparations for the establishment of China's * * * production party ideologically and cadres.
On May 5th, under the guidance of Li Dazhao, the supplement of Beijing Morning Post opened a column on Marx studies.
In May, the fifth issue of New Youth Volume 6 was compiled as a special issue of Marx Studies (the actual publication time was September), and Li Dazhao published My View on Marxism (completed in two phases), which comprehensively and systematically introduced the basic contents of Marxism and called it "the original movement theory of world transformation". Prior to this, in1918165438 10, Li Dazhao published articles such as "The Victory of the Common People" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", enthusiastically praising the October Revolution and pointing out that Marxism will surely win in the world. Li Dazhao was the earliest disseminator of Marxism in China and the pioneer of the capitalist movement. Chen Duxiu, Li Da, Li, Chen Wangdao and Yang Paoan also made important contributions to the early spread of Marxism in China.
On July 6th, 2004, Xiangjiang Review, edited by Mao Zedong, was founded in Changsha. Since the second issue, this print has serialized Mao Zedong's article "People's Great Unity", expounding the view that "the power of people's unity is the strongest" and that the Russian October Revolution won by the power of people's unity, "we should follow suit"
On July 20th, Hu Shi published "Study more problems and talk less about socialism" in the 3rd1issue of Weekly Review! Denying the applicability of Marxism to China, opposing social revolution and advocating bit by bit improvement have triggered a debate about "problems" and "ism".
/kloc-In August, 2007, Li Dazhao published "Re-discussion on Problems and Doctrine" in the 35th issue of Weekly Review, pointing out that promoting idealism and studying practical problems are "complementary" and "parallel", and clearly stated: "The popularity of Bolshevism is indeed a major change in world culture. We should study it, introduce it and spread its reality in human society. " The article emphasizes that there must be a fundamental solution to the problems in China, so that we can hope to solve all the specific problems one by one. The debate between "problem" and "ism" is actually a debate about whether China needs Marxism or revolution. This debate aroused strong repercussions at that time, and many young people who began to accept Marxism wrote articles to support Li Dazhao's views, thus further expanding the influence of Marxism.
From August 19 to August 2 1 Sunday, Journal of Nanjing Student Union serialized Zhang Wentian's article "Social Issues", and at the end of the article, it introduced the ten programs in the Producers' Party Manifesto.
On September 65438+6, 2006, the Enlightenment Society, a progressive group initiated by Zhou Enlai and Ma Jun, was formally established in Tianjin.
165438+ 10/1From now on, Yang Paoan serialized the article "Marxism" 19 times in Guangdong China News, giving a more detailed and accurate exposition of Marxism.
In February, 65438, Wang Guangqi initiated the organization of a work-study program mutual aid group in Beijing. Later, some progressive young people in Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Changsha and other places also began experiments of work-study cooperation. In accordance with the ideal of "everyone works, everyone studies, each according to his ability and each needs", they set up organizations such as work-study mutual aid groups and led a productive life. However, it didn't take long for these organizations to disintegrate one after another because of various insurmountable difficulties. Many young people who joined the work-study mutual aid group began to realize that "you can't try a new life until the society is fundamentally reformed".
In the same month, Chen Duxiu published the New Youth Manifesto, pointing out that imperialism and capitalism "have created endless evils and should be abandoned now".
From 19 19 to 1920, an unprecedented upsurge of work-study programs has formed in China. From 19 19 to 1920, nearly 2000 work-study students crossed the ocean and arrived in France. While working, they read books, striving for truth and seeking ways and means to transform China. The work-study program movement in France has had an important impact on the spread of Marxism in China and the activities of party building and league building in the early mid-* *, and produced a large number of leading cadres of the Chinese revolution, such as Zhao Shiyan, Cai Hesen, Li, Chen Yi, Xiang Jingyu, Li Fuchun, Wang Ruofei, Cai Chang, Nie and Li.
1920
On October 20th, 65438, the first issue of Awakening, edited by Zhou Enlai and others, was published.
65438+1On October 29th, thousands of Tianjin students petitioned the Zhili Provincial Office, demanding to check the situation of banning Japanese goods, but they were brutally suppressed by the military and police, and Zhou Enlai and other four people were arrested.
In February, in order to get rid of the persecution of the Beijing government, Chen Duxiu was secretly escorted out of Beijing by Li Dazhao, on the way to discuss the establishment of the China * * * production party. Later, Chen Duxiu went to Shanghai and Li Dazhao returned to Beijing. They are preparing for the founding of the party in the south and the north respectively.
In the same month, Liqun Bookstore founded by Huihe was formally established in Wuchang.
In March, Peking University Marxist Theory Research Association initiated by Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia and Gao Mi was formally established. This is the earliest group in China to study and study Marxism.
In the same month, Deng Zhongxia and others began to organize Peking University civilian education lecture groups to give lectures in factories and villages in Changxindian, Tongxian, Baoding and Shijiazhuang.
On April 2 1 day, Chen Duxiu gave a speech on "What is the May 4th Spirit" at China College, and put forward the "unique spirit" of the May 4th Movement which is different from the patriotic movement in the past, namely, the spirit of direct action and the spirit of sacrifice.
In April, Wei, a Russian * * * (Brazzaville) party member team approved by * * * Production International, arrived in China and met with Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu in Beijing and Shanghai successively to help establish the China * * * Production Party.
On May 1 day, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou and other places held the first large-scale commemoration of "May 1" International Labor Day. Workers and intellectuals get together, and revolutionary intellectuals give speeches to publicize Marxism and inspire workers' consciousness. Many newspapers and periodicals, such as New Youth and Morning Post, published special issues to commemorate Labor Day. This May Day commemoration is a large-scale attempt to combine Marxism with the workers' movement in China.
In May, Chen Duxiu, Li, Chen Wangdao, etc. Established a Marxist research society in Shanghai, and actively engaged in party building work on this basis.
In June, more than 20,000 workers of Kailuan Minmetals held a general strike, which lasted for a week and won. Shanghai civil workers, Japanese cotton mill workers, Suzhou machine satin workers and Hanyang iron works workers also went on strike one after another.
On July 6th-10, members of French Xinmin Society held a Mondani meeting to discuss ways to transform China and the world. Cai Hesen advocated fierce revolution, "organizing the * * * production party to make the proletariat dictatorship, and its main purpose and method tend to present Russia"; Xiao Zisheng advocated moderate revolution and tended to adopt the method of anarchist proudhon. The meeting decided to write to Mao Zedong, asking for the opinions of domestic members.
From July 6th to August 7th, 2009, the Second International Congress of * * * was held in Moscow. Lenin's Outline on Ethnic and Colonial Issues and Luo Yi's Supplementary Outline adopted by the Congress systematically expounded the theory of national and colonial revolution, which played an important guiding role in the later formulation of the democratic revolutionary program by the China * * * production party.
On July 23rd, Li Dazhao began to give lectures on historical materialism, modern politics, socialism and social movements to college students in Peking University, Beijing Normal University and China University.
/kloc-August 0/3 and/kloc-September 0/6, Cai Hesen wrote to Mao Zedong twice in France, clearly stating: "I think we should organize the party-* * * production party first. Because it is the initiator, propagandist, vanguard and war department of the revolutionary movement. " Mao Zedong wrote two letters in 65438+February 1 and the following year, 65438+1October 2 1, expressing "deep agreement with Hesen's proposition" and emphasizing that "historical materialism is the philosophical foundation of our party."
In August, China's first early organization * * * Party was formally established, with Chen Duxiu, Li, Yu Xiusong and Chen Duxiu as secretaries. After the early organization of Shanghai * * * production party was established, it actually became the contact center of party building activities in various places, and played the role of initiating the China * * * production party.
/kloc-in August of 0/5, Labor Weekly, sponsored by Shanghai early Party organizations, was founded in Shanghai, with Chen Duxiu as the editor-in-chief. The magazine aims at arousing the consciousness of the working class, promoting the unity of the working class and promoting the development of the workers' movement, and is known as "the mouthpiece of our workers" and "the star to save our workers".
/kloc-in August of 0/6, five progressive societies, including Tianjin Enlightenment Society and Beijing young chinese Society, held a forum in Taoranting, Beijing, and decided to set up an organization called "Reform Society". Li Dazhao attended the meeting and made an important speech.
On August 22nd, the Shanghai Socialist Youth League was established, with Yu Xiusong as its secretary.
In August, Chen Wangdao translated the Manifesto of the Productive Party, and the first Chinese translation was published by Shanghai Institute of Socialism.
1 In September, Chen Duxiu published a long article "Talking about Politics" in New Youth Volume 8No. 1, clearly declaring: "I admit that it is the first need of modern society to establish a country of the working class (that is, the production class) by revolutionary means and create political laws that prohibit all plunder at home and abroad." "New Youth" has since become the organ of the early party organizations in Shanghai.
In September, the early party organizations in Shanghai established the Foreign Languages Institute, and prepared to send revolutionary youth to study in Russia.
10 was formally established by Li Dazhao, Zhang Shenfu and Zhang Faqi, and the early organization of Beijing * * * production party was headed by Li Dazhao. Luo, Deng Zhongxia, Gao, He Mengxiong, Miao Boying, (Jiali), Zhang, etc. Joined successively, most of the members are the backbone of the Marxist theory research society of Peking University.
This autumn, Dong, Chen Tanqiu, Liu Botui, Guo Enchang and Bao Hui had a secret meeting in Wuchang, formally established the early organization of Wuhan * * * Production Party, and elected Bao Hui as the secretary; Shi Cuntong and Zhou Fohai established the early organization of * * * production party in Japan, headed by Shi Cuntong. In autumn and winter, Mao Zedong, He Shuheng and others secretly formed the early organization of Changsha * * * Production Party with Xinmin Society as the core. From the end of 192 1 to the beginning of the year, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming established the early organization of Jinan * * * Production Party. 192 1 spring, after parting ways with the "* * * production party" organized by anarchists, the early organization of Guangzhou * * * production party reorganized by Chen Duxiu and others was established, with Tan Pingshan, Chen Gongbo and Tan as members, and Chen Duxiu and Tan Pingshan as secretaries successively. At the same time, the early organization of the French * * * production party was established in Paris, with Zhang Shenfu, Zhao Shiyan, Chen Gongpei, Liu Qingyang, Zhou Enlai and Zhang Shenfu as the heads. The names of these early organizations of the * * * production party were different, some were called "the * * * production party", others were called "the * * * production party branch" or "the * * * production party group", all of which were local organizations that formed a unified China * * * production party, and later they were generally called "the * * * production party group".
After the early establishment of the local * * * production party, it expanded the research and propaganda of Marxism in an organized and planned way, criticized various anti-Marxist ideological trends, initiated the establishment of a socialist youth league, founded workers' journals, opened workers' schools, led workers to set up trade unions and launched workers' movements, which further promoted the combination of Marxism and workers' movements. In this way, the conditions for the formal establishment of the China * * * production party are basically met.
165438+1October 7th, the monthly production party, a theoretical organ publication of Shanghai early party organizations, was founded in Shanghai, with Li Daren as the editor-in-chief. The magazine clearly publicized the Marxist-Leninist theory of party building, expounded the basic political opinions of * * * producers, and made important contributions to the establishment of the * * * producers' party in China.
On the same day, the weekly "The Voice of Labor" published by the Beijing * * * production party organization was edited by Deng Zhongxia.
165438+1October 2 1 Shanghai machinery trade union held its inaugural meeting, at which Sun Yat-sen and Chen Duxiu spoke. Shanghai Machine Trade Union is the first trade union organization established under the leadership of China * * * Production Party.
165438+125 October, respectively, wrote letters to Luo and Xiang Jingyu, proposing that there should be a kind of "ism" that everyone will abide by, thinking that "ism" is like a banner. When the flag is erected, everyone will have hope and only know what it is attached to. "
165438+ 10, the early party organizations in Shanghai drafted the "China Producers' Declaration", which expounded the ideal of China * * * producers to create a new * * capitalist society, and put forward the idea of eliminating private ownership, making the means of production public, abolishing the old state machinery, and finally eliminating classes. The "Declaration" emphasizes that in order to create a new society, the proletariat must unite, carry out class struggle, "overthrow capitalist countries with strength" and eradicate the capitalist system; It is necessary to "organize a revolutionary proletarian political party-* * * production party", lead the proletariat to seize political power, establish proletarian dictatorship, and "create many * * * proletarian construction laws by revolutionary means".
In the same month, this month, Zhang published articles such as "Another Lesson from Traveling in the Mainland" and "Now and Future", opposing the implementation of socialism in China, and his views were supported by Liang Qichao. They think that China is backward in economy, "lacking real workers" and "absolutely unable to build a working-class country". They assert that there is only one way to save China, and that is to develop industry by capitalist means. This led to the debate on whether socialism is suitable for China's national conditions.
65438+February 1 Chen Duxiu edited his correspondence with Zhang and others and related articles into a long article "On Socialism" and published it in New Youth, thus launching a comprehensive debate on socialism. Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Li Da, Cai Hesen, Shi Cuntong and He Mengxiong. He wrote articles one after another, systematically criticizing Zhang and Liang Qichao's views of advocating bourgeois reformism, opposing social revolution and opposing the implementation of socialism in China, clarifying the historical inevitability of China taking the socialist road, and pointing out that China society is extremely dark. "Unless the workers unite, organize revolutionary groups and change the production system, it is impossible to save them."
Before and after, Marxists also launched a struggle to criticize anarchism. In view of the wrong view that anarchists deny all countries and oppose violent revolution and proletarian dictatorship, this paper expounds the necessity and importance of the proletariat leading the people in revolutionary struggle to seize political power by violence and establish proletarian dictatorship. Demonstrate the essential difference between the proletarian state and the exploiting class state. Marxists also refute the fallacy that anarchists advocate "absolute freedom". After this ideological criticism, many young people influenced by anarchism gave up this wrong idea and accepted Marxism instead.
In February 65438, the printing trade union led by the early Party organizations in Shanghai was established, with more than 1300 members.
192 1 year
On June 65438+1 October1day, Changxindian Labor Remedial School founded by Deng Zhongxia and others officially opened.
65438+1October 1-3 Members of Xinmin Society held a New Year Congress in Changsha to discuss ways to solve social problems. Mao Zedong pointed out at the meeting: bourgeois reformism is a policy to fill the gap, and there is no way; Social democratic parliamentary road protects the proletariat; The idea of anarchism can never be realized; "The fierce method of * * * productism, that is, the so-called doctrine of land to the tiller, can predict the effect with the method of class dictatorship, so it is best to adopt it."
1 1 February, Cai Hesen sent a letter to Chen Duxiu in France, saying that "He Sen was an extreme Marxist and advocated historical materialism, class struggle and proletarian dictatorship". The letter criticized anarchism and Kilt socialism, and demonstrated in detail the inevitability of China's proletarian revolution and socialist road.
On March 6th, China Seafarers' Association was established in Hongkong. This is the first real seaman's union organization in China.
In March, Li Dazhao (signed by S.C.) published "Group Training Innovation" in the second issue of the second volume of Dawn, and publicly appealed to China * * * capitalists to establish their own political parties as soon as possible.
1 In May, workers of Changxindian, under the leadership of the early Party organizations in Beijing, held a May Day commemorative meeting and a celebration parade, and announced the establishment of Changxindian Trade Union (later renamed "Changxindian Railway Workers Club"). On the same day, Shanghai, Changsha, Hankou, Guangzhou and other places also held activities to commemorate May Day.
On June 3rd, Marin, the international representative of * * * production, arrived in Shanghai and got in touch with Li Da and Li, members of the early party organizations in Shanghai. After several conversations, they agreed that the conditions are ripe for the formal establishment of the China * * * production party, and the party's national congress should be held as soon as possible. After contacting Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, Li Da and Li decided to hold the first national congress of China * * * production party in Shanghai, and immediately wrote to inform the local party organizations to send representatives to attend.
From July 23rd to early August, the first national congress of China * * * production party was held in Shanghai and closed in Jiaxing. Present at the meeting were Li Da, Li, Dong, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng,,, Zhang, Chen Gongbo, Zhou Fohai and more than 50 party member from China, such as Bao Hui, appointed by Chen Duxiu. Zhang presided over the meeting, and Marin and Nikelsky, international representatives of * * *, attended the meeting and delivered warm speeches. The central task of the conference is to discuss the formal establishment of China * * * Production Party. On the evening of July 30th, the venue was suddenly searched by secret agents and patrolled by the French Concession, and was forced to adjourn. At the beginning of August, the delegates moved to a cruise ship in Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang for the last meeting, and all the agendas of the meeting were completed. The congress discussed and adopted the party program of China Producer Party, determined the name of the party as "China Producer Party", and stipulated the party program as follows: the revolutionary army must overthrow the bourgeois regime together with the proletariat; Recognize the dictatorship of the proletariat until the end of class struggle, that is, until the class differentiation in society is eliminated; Eliminate capitalist private ownership, confiscate machinery, land, factories and semi-finished products and other means of production, and return them to the public; United with the third international. The party program clearly puts forward that workers, peasants and soldiers should be organized, and the fundamental political purpose of the party is to carry out social revolution. There are also some party constitution provisions in the party program, which stipulate the organizational principles of democratic centralism and the party's discipline. The Congress also adopted the Resolution on Current Practical Work, which determined that the central task after the founding of the Party was to lead the workers' movement, and made specific provisions on the organization and publicity of the workers' movement. Chen Duxiu, Zhang and Li Da were elected as the Central Committee, Chen Duxiu as the secretary, Zhang as the organizer and Li Da as the propagandist.
The first national congress of China * * * production party officially announced the establishment of China * * * production party. China has a * * * production party, which is an epoch-making event and an epoch-making milestone in the revolutionary history. Since then, a brand-new proletarian party has emerged in ancient and backward China, which takes Marxism–Leninism as its action guide and aims at realizing socialism and capitalism. The affected people in China have reliable organizers and leaders, and the China Revolution has a strong leadership core. As the vanguard of the proletariat in China, China * * * Production Party has been an advanced political party in the forefront of social development in China since its birth, representing the development requirements of advanced productive forces in China, the direction of advanced culture in China and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China. It confidently took the transformation of China as its own responsibility, and led the people of China to wage an indomitable and arduous struggle for national independence, people's liberation and national prosperity. Since the emergence of China's * * * production party, China's revolution has taken on a new look. (Xinhua News Agency, June 28, 2006, 5438+0/ First Research Department of the Central Party History Research Office)