Hundred schools: originally refers to various schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, and later refers to various political and academic schools; Ming: Let's express our opinions.
1. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the society was in a period of great change, and various schools of thought such as Confucianism, France, Taoism and Mohism appeared. They wrote books, lectured, debated with each other, and prospered academically, which was later called a hundred schools of thought contending.
2. Watch a hundred flowers blossom
Source: Ban Gu's History of Chinese Literature and Art in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Every hundred schools of thought, ... come out with their own ideas, and each leads its own way, worships its goodness, talks about it and becomes one with the princes."
Usage: subject-predicate type; As predicate, object and attribute; Metaphor allows various academic schools to express their opinions.
Example: 1, ~, there will be no scientific prosperity and theoretical development;
2. Since the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, China's thoughts have opened wide and presented a new situation. ★ Guo Moruo's Criticism of Heqin
Synonym: express your opinions and speak freely.
Antonyms: silence, consensus and personal opinion
[Edit this paragraph] The concept of a hundred schools of thought contend
A hundred schools of thought contend refers to different schools of thought among intellectuals in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) and the Warring States Period (475-22 BC1year). Hanshu divides the main schools of thought in the Warring States period into ten schools-Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, France, Yin and Yang, Ming, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, military and novel. Liu Xin, a native of the Western Han Dynasty, removed the novelist from "Seven Views ● Zhuzi View" and called it "Nine Streams". Commonly known as "ten families and nine streams" comes from here. "A hundred schools of thought contend" reflected the fierce and complicated political struggle in the society at that time, mainly the class struggle between the emerging landlord class and the declining slave owners. The cultural thought of this period laid the foundation of the whole feudal culture and had a far-reaching influence on the ancient culture of China.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was a transitional period from feudal landlord system to feudal landlord system. The struggle between the old and new classes and between classes is complex and fierce.
Scholars or thinkers representing all classes, strata and political forces all try to explain or put forward opinions on the universe and society according to the interests and requirements of their own classes (strata) or groups. They wrote books, collected disciples to help the world, talked extensively and argued with each other, so there was a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the ideological field.
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-Confucianism
The founder of Confucianism is Confucius. Confucius' surname is Kong. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, his ancestral home (now Qufu, Shandong Province) was honored as a "model for all generations" by later generations. The core of his theory is "benevolence". He believes that benevolence means loving others and requires people to love each other and live in harmony. To achieve' benevolence', we must be tolerant of others, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." The principle of the system or behavior that embodies benevolence is "self-denial and courtesy". Confucius advocated private education, advocating "teaching without class", and believed that everyone, rich or poor, had the right to education. At the same time, it also broke the situation of aristocratic monopoly of cultural education. Confucius advocated "ruling by virtue" and "saving money and loving people" to make people "have enough food" and the country "has enough soldiers" to gain "people's trust". This thought contains the people-oriented thought and is also the moral ethics advocated by him.
Works: Spring and Autumn Annals
The Five Classics compiled by Confucius are called "Five Classics" by later generations.
The Confucian school split after Confucius, and Mencius became a representative figure in the mid-Warring States period. Mencius was named Zou in the Warring States Period. He was a disciple of Kong Ji, the third grandson of Confucius, and was called "the sage of Asia". Mencius' thought was retro and retrogressive, which was considered out of date by many kings at that time. He advocated "benevolent government" and further put forward that "the people are the most important, followed by the state; Junqing. " His ethics is "human nature is good".
The representative figure of Confucianism is Xunzi. Xunzi's reputation was honored as Xun Qing. Politically, he advocated "benevolence and righteousness", "kingliness" and "serving people with virtue", and put forward that "a monarch can sail in Shu Ren and the water is there". The knife cuts bread and fingers. Philosophically, we also insist on "there are things in heaven" and "using destiny". Xunzi believes that people are born with sensory requirements. When they are hungry, they need to eat, and when they are cold, they need to wear clothes. This has formed people's natural demand for "kindness" and "kindness". However, by studying etiquette and the rule of law, we can turn villains into gentlemen and ordinary people into saints. Xunzi's thought is called "theory of evil nature" Xunzi reformed Confucianism, blending the positive and reasonable elements of Legalism and Taoism, making Confucianism more suitable for the needs of society.
Mencius and Xunzi summarized and reformed Confucianism, absorbed some positive and reasonable elements of other schools, made the Confucian system more complete, and made Confucianism more suitable for the needs of society. In the late Warring States period, Confucianism developed into a mass in which a hundred schools of thought contend!
[Edit this paragraph] The major "homes"-Mohism
Mohism was founded by Mozi. Mozi, named Zhai, was a native of Lu in the early Warring States period.
Mozi's thought is tit for tat with Confucianism. Oppose Shi Qing's official career system, advocate talents, attach importance to talents when appointing officials, break the old hierarchical concept, and achieve "officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people are not cheap."
The representative of Mo Zhai Thought is Mozi, which was compiled by his disciples according to their class notes.
He advocated "universal love", "mutual non-aggression" and "Shang Xian".
[Edit this paragraph] The major "homes"-Taoism
The founder of Taoist school is Laozi. Lao Tzu's surname is Li Ming's second son Yong, a native of Chu, and he was born in a declining aristocratic family almost at the same time as Confucius. The book reflecting his thoughts is Laozi, also known as Tao Te Ching, compiled by the Warring States Period.
Laozi abstracted "Tao" and summed up the highest philosophical concept that is not universal and all-encompassing. In his view, Tao is the origin of all things above heaven. He also put forward the idea that "heaven has great power and Tao has nature", which eliminated the absolute authority of "destiny".
Laozi's philosophy contains rich dialectical thoughts. Point out that everything has two contradictory aspects; Contradictions can be transformed into each other by "keeping quiet"
Politically, it advocates "governing by doing nothing." Doing nothing means doing nothing, doing nothing wrong, and doing whatever you want.
The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period was Zhuang Zhou. Zhuang Zhou, a native of Song Dynasty, was born in a declining aristocratic family and once worked as a small official in the lacquer garden of Song State. Later, he hated official positions, and "refused to be an official for life." The book Zhuangzi was jointly compiled by him and his master. Also known as Xiaoyao Tour, it is a Taoist classic with the same name as Tao Te Ching.
Zhuangzi's thought was developed on the basis of Laozi's theory. Zhuangzi is more like an explanation of Taoism in the form of a story. Language forms have a great influence on the text expression of China's ancient novels and legends.
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-Legalists
Legalists represent the interests of the emerging landlord class. The early representatives were Li Kui, Wuqi, Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai and others, while the later legalist Han Fei was a master of the theory of authoritarian centralization.
Han Fei, Xunzi's eldest disciple, Lisi, was born in a noble family in Korea. Han Feizi is the result of his summary of early legalist thoughts. Han Fei paid attention to absorbing the strengths of legalists and put forward the theory of rule of law combining "law", "technique" and "potential"
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-military strategists
The originator of the militarist was Sun Wu, an outstanding militarist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The famous art of war at that time was Sun Tzu and Sun Bin.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a military masterpiece written by Sun Wu, from which military famous sayings such as "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle" come. Today, this book enjoys a high reputation in the world, and many western military schools have listed it as a teaching material. During the Warring States Period, Sun Bin, the descendant of Sun Wu, inherited and developed his military thoughts and wrote Sun Bin's Art of War. They were called military strategists at that time.
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-famous artists
This school sprouted at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with Deng, the doctor of Zheng, as the first driver. As a school, famous scholars do not have the same ideas, but only the same research object, and each theory is very different. There are mainly two schools: "poor contract" and "divorced from reality".
The so-called "contract difference" means that the similarities and differences of everything are relative and can be regarded as one. The representative of this school is Hui Shi of Song Dynasty. Hui Shi put forward ten famous propositions, namely "the inferiority of heaven and earth, the sum of mountains" and "universal love for all things, the integration of heaven and earth".
The so-called "separation from firmness" means that a stone can only feel its "whiteness" with eyes but not its "firmness", and can only feel its "firmness" but not its "whiteness" with hands. Therefore, "firmness" and "white" are separate and isolated from each other. This school is represented by Gong Sunlong, a native of Zhao, who put forward such propositions as "White Horse is not a horse" and "Sword and White Stone II".
Contract difference emphasizes the unity of things, while Li emphasizes the difference of things. At the end of the Warring States period, Mohism corrected their one-sidedness and put forward the viewpoint of "strengthening Belarus and mutual benefit", and Xunzi also emphasized "making names to refer to reality".
[Edit this paragraph] The major "homes"-Yin and Yang homes
The concept of yin and yang was first seen in the Book of Changes, and the concept of five elements was first seen in Shangshu, but the appearance of these two concepts can be traced back to a longer time.
In the Warring States period, Yin and Yang gradually merged with the five elements, forming a new conceptual model, that is, a world view based on the theory of "Yin and Yang news, five elements spread and change". Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and is also called "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School" or "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School".
Sima Tan's The Essentials of Six Classics lists "Yin and Yang Family" as the first of the six classics.
One of "a hundred schools of thought contend": Liu Xin recorded more than 100 famous works in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi Lue, which was listed as one of the "ten schools and nine streams". Later, the Annals of Sui Shu Classics and the Complete Book of Four Kus increased hundred schools of thought's works to thousands. The most famous schools with wide spread and great influence are only Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, famous artists, Mohists, military strategists, farmers, miscellaneous writers and novelists.
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-strategists.
Vertical and horizontal is vertical and horizontal Lian Heng.
During the Warring States period, a school mainly engaged in political and diplomatic activities, the main figure was Guiguzi. Han Shu Yi Wen Shi is listed as one of the "nine streams". "everything is done wrong" said: "vertically, the United States attacks the strong with the weak; If you are horizontal, you will be weak if you are strong. " They are unpredictable and capricious, and their plans are based on subjective political requirements. The main representative of Zonghe School is Su Qin, and the main representative of Lian Heng School is Zhang Yi. In the end, Su Qin failed and Zhang Yi won. After Yichang and Su Qin, Lu Zhonglian, a famous strategist in Qi State, was called Prime Minister Buyi and Buyi! In the later period, he finally manipulated the six countries to fight against Qin, but ended in failure!
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-sages
Sage (zájiā) is a school of philosophy in China from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. Good at learning from others. Its characteristics are "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "many schools of thought are connected". Han Shuzhi listed it as one of the "Nine Rivers". The emergence of miscellaneous schools is the result of ideological and cultural integration in the process of establishing a unified feudal country. Essays represented by Lv Chunqiu in Qin Dynasty and Huainanzi in Western Han Dynasty were collected by Lv Buwei in Qin Dynasty and Liu An, King of Huainan in Han Dynasty. They are eclectic and a hundred schools of thought contend, but they are a bit too complicated. Also, because the miscellaneous works contain Taoist thoughts, some people think that miscellaneous works are actually a new Taoist school.
The school of miscellaneous schools, among the philosophers, is a very distinct school, because it is a comprehensive school from the end of the Warring States to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. It is listed as one of the nine major streams in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi. Later, Zhao Kun wrote Summing up the Sages.
At the end of the Warring States period, after fierce social changes, feudal countries appeared one after another, and the emerging landlord class demanded political and ideological unity. Under this kind of sound, miscellaneous schools appeared in academic thought, which integrated all kinds of schools. The emergence of the school of miscellaneous schools generally reflects the trend of academic and cultural integration at the end of the Warring States period.
The characteristics of saints are "learning from Confucianism and Mohism and summarizing the essentials of fame and dharma". Although miscellaneous scholars only collect opinions and don't stick to one pattern, they can also be called a family by collecting their opinions and implementing their political intentions and academic opinions.
[Edit this paragraph] The major "homes"-farmhouse music
Farmhouse is a school that attaches importance to agricultural production in pre-Qin economic life. Mr. Lv Simian divided farmers into two factions in "An Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning": one was about planting trees; The second is related to politics.
"A Brief Introduction to Han Shu Literature and Zhu Zhizi" lists the peasant family as one of the nine streams, and says: the stream of peasant family is due to the official millet of peasant family. Sow 100 seeds, and advise to plant mulberries, so as to have enough food and clothing, so the eight governments say that they eat goods. Confucius said that "food is the most important thing for the people" has its own advantages. What the contemptuous people did, thinking that the holy king had nothing to do, wanted to make the monarch and his subjects work together, which was contrary to the order of the upper and lower levels. "Paying attention to people's food" is also a characteristic of farmers. To the Shennong family.
Farm schools advocate the policy of land to the tiller and fighting instead of fighting, encourage the development of agricultural production and study agricultural production problems. Farmers' summary of agricultural production technology experience and simple dialectical thoughts can be found in Guanyuan, Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals and Xunzi.
[Edit this paragraph] The major "families"-novelists
Novelists are a genre of folk stories in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, novelists were people who recorded folk gossip, and novelists were listed as one of the top 100 ancient China. "Han dynasty history. Literature and Art said: "Novelists flow, officials cover; Talk in the streets and listen to what the speaker says. " In other words, what novelists do is mainly to record folk gossip and report it to their superiors. However, although novelists have formed their own families, they are considered inferior. Liu Xin is among the nine schools, but novelists are not among the nine schools, which has little influence. However, novelists' reflection of ancient common people's thoughts is irreplaceable by other nine-stream schools. So there are nine schools and ten schools.
[Edit this paragraph] The reason why a hundred schools of thought contend.
In the history of China, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the most brilliant times in ideology and culture. During this period, an unprecedented academic situation of a hundred schools of thought contended, which played an important role in the history of China's thought. This period became an important period of great integration of hundred schools of thought's political thoughts and academic thoughts in the history of China. During this period, the social structure changed dramatically, social contradictions were extremely sharp, merger wars broke out one after another, and cultural thoughts were unprecedentedly active. Most of China's great thinkers appeared in this era, which constituted the essence and foundation of Chinese civilization.
In this period, an important phenomenon is the emergence and activities of intellectuals-the "scholar" class.
How did the "scholar" class come into being? During the Western Zhou Dynasty, schools were all state-owned. Zhou Li clearly stipulates that "the ancients studied politics". Historians at that time were both government officials and school teachers. Mr. Zhang Xuecheng said: "In the heyday of the three generations, the learning of Tianchang was dominated by officials, with 360 Zhou officials. The knowledge of heaven and man. " We are talking about the situation of "learning to be excellent is to be an official". That is, during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the government completely controlled the school, so learning must be based on officials, and all kinds of knowledge should be learned from officials in charge of the government. For example, studying law, "Li Zhou Di Guan" records "being subject to Si Tuleideng law". That is, learn from Si Tuleideng officials. However, not everyone can go to school, only the children of princes and nobles are eligible. Ordinary people can't master cultural knowledge. When Zhou Ping moved eastward, the status of the son of heaven declined, and there was a situation of "improper rites and music". Some "Wang Guan" were scattered to vassal states, while others were scattered among the people. The breaking of the situation of "learning in the official" made private schools flourish, and the admission conditions changed greatly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. For example, the private school run by Confucius advocates "teaching without class", and the education target is not divided into grades, as long as the students give him "a pile of bacon" as tuition. In this way, the range of educated people is greatly expanded, so there are more learned people. These people are the so-called "scholars". The composition of "yes" is very complicated. They belong to all classes. You can recommend a scholar to be an official. Many people with economic foundation abandoned agriculture to pursue literature, and the development of private schools provided this condition.
The activities of the "scholar" class were closely related to the prevalence of the "monk" atmosphere in the society at that time. "Godsworn" began in the Spring and Autumn Period and became more popular in the Warring States Period. In addition to strengthening their own strength in politics, economy and military affairs, governors or doctors also need the help of scholars in order to compete in the Central Plains and unify China, so they "cultivate scholars" one after another, forming a social atmosphere. For example, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Tian Chang of Qi was friendly to "scholars" as early as in Qi Jinggong. For every cow killed, only one bean (four liters) of meat is taken, and the rest is used as food. At the end of each year, Tian Chang only takes "two systems", that is, two pieces of cloth and two pieces of silk, and gives the rest to "scholars" to make clothes. Another example is Wei Wenhou Cao Xian Shili in the early Warring States Period, surrounded by a large number of intellectuals. In the mid-Warring States period, when Qi Weiwang and Wang Xuan were in power, they went to Ximen, the capital, to recruit scholars from all over the world, where they gave lectures, wrote books and talked about state affairs. Later, the "Four Childes", namely Meng Changjun of Qi, Xinlingjun of Wei, Ping Yuanjun of Zhao and Chunshenjun of Chu, all had thousands of "cultivators". At the end of the Warring States Period, there were also "3,000 diners" in Lv Buwei, Qin, most of whom were skilled. Many outstanding figures in The Scholars have been reused and even become ministers, such as Shang Yang and Wu Qi, and their academic activities have been encouraged and funded.
In addition, at that time, the vassal states devoted themselves to enriching Qiang Bing, which was also closely related to the loose policies adopted in academic research. Especially during the Warring States period, the vassal states often adopted a tolerant policy towards scholars and allowed academic freedom. This created favorable conditions for scholars to write books and express their personal opinions, which greatly promoted the ideological emancipation during the Warring States period.
Gong Xue, Xia Ji, the main base for a hundred schools of thought to contend, is the most typical example.
During the Warring States period, due to the developed economy, enlightened politics and good cultural policies, the kings of Qi gave generous material treatment to scholars. It attracted almost all the famous schools of thought at that time to gather under Xia Ji. Gong Xue, Xia Ji has become an extremely striking academic place where a hundred schools of thought contend. And let the vassal States envy, imitate in succession, almost without exception, become a model at that time.
The history of the establishment and rise and fall of Gong Xue in Xia Ji is basically the same as that of Tianqi regime. It rises and falls with the strength of Tianqi. Academic circles generally believe that it was founded in the period of Tian Wu, the second generation monarch, that is, after Tian replaced the Jiang family to seize the state power of Qi. It developed in Qi Weiwang and flourished in Qi Xuanwang. Decline during the reign of King Qi Min; ZTE was in the period of King Xiang of Qi; Jian 'an died, Qin destroyed Qi. It has existed for about 150 years, but it has a far-reaching impact on future generations until today.
Because Xia Ji Gong Xue was founded by Tianqi Dynasty, the direct reason is that politics is a necessity. After the Tian Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties tried their best to dominate the princes. Xia Ji's bachelor's degree is to create public opinion, design blueprints and draft laws and regulations for the political needs of the kings of Tianqi. Objectively, it is also to meet the political needs of Tianqi rule. Therefore, Xia Ji Gong Xue is first and foremost a think tank. The second is to show off national strength, flaunt respect for the virtuous and attract talents. This has created a superior political environment for academic exchanges, cultural communication and a hundred schools of thought contend. Therefore, Xia Ji Gong Xue has the nature of the Academy of Social Sciences.
"Talk after ruling" is one of the main features of Xia Ji's bachelor activities, which embodies the distinct political nature of academic officials. "Not cured", that is, "not in office". Although he has a doctorate, it is not only in the actual position. "Deliberation" is to discuss the current political affairs, state affairs, and the strategies for dealing with chaos, so as to provide decision-making basis for Tian Ji rulers and realize the function of a think tank. When they discuss current affairs, they criticize the political activities of Tian Ji rulers in a relaxed and free political atmosphere and offer suggestions for decision-making. There is no or little flattery, and all opinions and suggestions are frank and outspoken.
At the same time, Mr. Xia Ji and his scholars made use of the good environment and conditions provided by Qi State to discuss with great concentration, contend with each other, learn from each other's strengths, enrich and develop the theories of their respective schools, and promote the great integration of Chinese culture. During this period, a large number of works of different schools were produced, some of which were enriched and supplemented by Xia Ji. There are Huang Lao School, Confucianism, Legalism, Yin Yang School and so on. The History of Han Art and Literature records some works of Mr. Xia Ji. And Mr. Xia Ji, a famous scholar in various schools, often works with his disciples. Mr. Xia Ji and famous scholars of various schools preached, taught and dispelled doubts in Gong Xue, and trained many talents. For example, Xunzi studied here at the age of 15, and later became an academic master under Xia Ji. Mencius, on the other hand, gave lectures in Qi twice in the past 30 years and was awarded Shang Qing. According to Shi Jiatian's Family Portrait, there are hundreds of thousands of people in Jixia Academy, and there are many successful people under it. For some accomplished talents, they are often employed by Qi State as officials at all levels and directly participate in the political activities of Qi State, which is recorded in Qi Ce Zhan Guo Ce.
Liu Xiang's "Don't Record" records that; There are millet doors and doors. People who are chatting will meet under the millet. This refers to the academic conferences held regularly by scholars of various schools. At the regular meeting, each school recommended its representatives, expounded their academic views and political opinions, and refuted the schools that disagreed with them. In fact, this is an opportunity to provide academic exchanges and contention for various factions, so as to better enrich and develop their own theories and gain political attention. But the topics they contend for are very wide, from the simplicity of different academic viewpoints to the elaboration of different political opinions and the thinking of the mystery of the universe. Gong Xue, Xia Ji is the main garden where a hundred schools of thought contend during the Warring States Period, and this kind of academic report is the concentrated expression of a hundred schools of thought contend.
Whether Wei's Study of Xihe River in the early Warring States Period, Xue Ji in the middle of the Warring States Period or Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by 3,000 people at the end of the Warring States Period, academic policies are tolerant. Scholars from all over the world were well treated, especially in the period of Qi Weiwang and Wang Xuan, which was the academic and cultural center at that time and the birthplace of a hundred schools of thought. Although Tianqi regime advocated the study of Huang Lao, it did not crowd out and attack scholars from all walks of life, but was inclusive and courteous. Scholars can give lectures, write books and discuss political affairs at will. For example, Mencius, a master of Confucianism, has different political views from Qi Weiwang and Wang Xuan, but both of them are valued in Xia Xue Palace and their salaries are quite high. Qi Xuanwang asked Yu Zi many times about political issues, and even asked Mencius for advice on major decisions such as cutting Yan in the State of Qi. Later, due to political differences, Mencius left Qi. However, Qi Xuanwang tried his best to keep him, saying, "If you want to China, you will give Mencius a room and raise ten thousand disciples", that is, he intended to build a house for Mencius and help him learn.
Due to the tolerant policies of the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, they were allowed to "stay together and not go". Scholars, like birds of freedom, can "choose wood and cross the road", thus promoting the flow of talents in various countries. For example, Shang Yang was not reused in Wei Dynasty. I heard that "wise men were widely recruited", so I went to the west to levy the Qin Dynasty, met with him, and finally entrusted him with a heavy responsibility. Another example is Zou Yan, a native of Qi, who studied in the Imperial Palace and was among the best doctors. He was dissatisfied with his tyranny, so he went to Yan and became a teacher. During the reign of King Xiang of Qi, Zou Yan returned to Gong Xue. During the reign of King Jian of Qi, he served as an envoy of Qi to Zhao without criticism. Another example is that Wu Qi once served as an official in Shandong, Wei and Chu. Whenever he is framed, he votes for another leader. There are many similar examples. The historical environment in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period created favorable conditions for the formation of a hundred schools of thought and the emergence of the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend".
In the environment of academic freedom, Mr. Ye's spirit of exploration and innovation has been carried forward, which has greatly promoted academic development. So works of various schools have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. Various viewpoints coexist, and various tit-for-tat arguments occur from time to time, forming an academic prosperity scene of "a hundred schools of thought contend".
The reasons for the contention of a hundred schools of thought can be summarized as follows:
First, political factors. At that time, it was in a period of great social change, social unrest and disputes among vassal States. In order to gain hegemony in the struggle, the monarchs of various vassal States competed to recruit talents and talents, and made their countries rich and strong with different ideas and theories. This has created a relaxed academic atmosphere for a hundred schools of thought to contend.
Second, economic factors. At that time, with the great economic development, some people became leisure classes and had time to engage in their own academic activities.
Third, scientific and technological factors. Great progress has been made in science and technology, such as astronomy, mathematics, optics, acoustics, mechanics and medicine. These scientific and technological achievements mark the improvement of people's understanding level and enrich people's spiritual world and material life.
Fourth, cultural factors. At that time, "the emperor lost his official position and studied in four foreign countries", which broke the situation of "learning in official studies" and made the culturology originally monopolized by the nobility spread to the lower classes of society and moved down to the people (this historical phenomenon is called "culture moving down"), resulting in "private learning flourishing".
Fifth, the academic freedom factor. Academic groups are relatively independent of political power. Although they started from the interests of different social groups, they wrote books, discussed current events and expounded philosophies, but they were not political vassals and attached to a political power group, but "stay with me and leave without me."
In addition, between different schools, between different schools in the same school, they both struggle with each other and learn from each other. This is another important factor that urges a hundred schools of thought to contend.
[Edit this paragraph] Representatives, works and opinions of various factions.
1. Confucianism, represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
2. Taoism, represented by Laozi, Zhuangzi and Yang Zhu. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.
3. Mohist school, representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi
4. Legalists, representatives: Han Fei, Li Si and Shang Yang. Works: Han Feizi
5. Military strategist, representative figures: Sun Wu, Sun Bin. Works: Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War.
6. Famous artists, representatives: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
7. Yin and Yang family, representative: Zou Yan.
8. Strategists and strategists, with representative figures: Gui Guzi, Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main remarks were circulated in Warring States Policy and Guigujing.
9. Saint, representative figure: Works: Lu Chunqiu.
10. farmhouse, farm representative: Xu Hang
1 1. novelist,
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all" means educating both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance.
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples are having a debate, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict. According to legend, "Mohist law, the murderer dies and the injured person is punished" and "Lv Chunqiu Chu Si". After Mo Zhai's death, it was divided into three schools. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provided a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy. There are 2 17 legalists' works recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi, and nearly half of them exist, of which the most important ones are Shang Jun Shu and Han Feizi. China culture is extensive and profound. You'll never finish learning!