First, adults and the ancients
Some articles are not for you, but for your own experience.
There are two kinds of experience, one is external experience and the other is internal experience. External experience is the state of the scene, and internal experience is the speaker's feeling of the scene. For example, the stars in the sky are flashing. This is a landscape, not an external experience. Where are the stars? Cold eyes, this is the speaker's feelings for the stars, but also his inner experience.
Adults, like the ancients, can become adults and will become ancients.
Second, square figures.
Yao Nai, an Anhui native, was an essayist in the former Qing Dynasty. In his work "Climbing Mount Tai", he said that "Cangshan is covered with snow, and the candle shines in the south". The candle here means according to light, so it can be interpreted as according to words. The fog in "Mid-Levels Fog" is "Stop Fog".
Third, the topic and content
It is best to read the article carefully by yourself. If you find something wrong with a word, you have to change it. If you can't change it, you can't stop. This habit must be formed. No matter what you do, you can be serious enough to be sure of success.
Fourth, a letter
The content of the letter is that there will be no tuition fees, and dropping out of school is the only way. The later harvest is obvious to both the unit and colleagues.
Five, a small bookshelf
Although the family's property is getting less and less, books are piling up.
Reading after class is a good thing, but reading at random is not only useless but also harmful. You have a lot of homework at school, and you have to spend a few minutes studying by yourself every day. Your spare time is very limited, so you must try to save on reading.
A dictionary is the most important thing.
Novels recommended for students to read: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Flowers in a Mirror, Scholars, A Dream of Red Mansions, Travels of the Old Disabled, Robinson Crusoe and Greek Myth.
Poems recommended for students to read: 300 Tang Poems, White Elephant's Poems, and Li Taibai's Collection.
I recommend reading four books: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean.
Historical books recommended for reading: Historical Records, History of Han, History of Later Han and History of the Three Kingdoms.
The moon will never reach the moon, but it is very close to the people.
Sixth, knowledge and emotion.
The functions of our heart are divided into three types by ordinary psychologists: knowledge, emotion and meaning. Knowing is knowing, please is feeling, and meaning is meaning.
On the one hand, knowing what it is and how it relates to other things is the function of knowledge.
Feeling happy, angry or sad about a thing is the function of emotion.
What you want to do with a thing is the function of meaning.
Words are the expression of the heart, and there are three kinds of differences, namely, the text of knowledge, the text of emotion and the text of meaning.
Seven, diary
Talk to your heart
Eight, poetry
Tao Yuanming's Poem Collection "Six Poems Returning to the Garden"
The reason why a poem is a poem lies firstly in its intense emotion, and secondly in its harmonious rhythm, which doesn't care about the modification of words.
Nine, "article hospital"
Three common article mistakes:
Improper use of words;
Lack of meaning and burdensome;
Incoherent meaning, lack of care.
Impression
It's not my spring that the grass is growing and the flowers are blooming.
Just narrating, the result is like drawing a road map; If you can write an impression, but like painting a landscape painting, this is description. Description is far more attractive than narration.
There are always empty descriptions such as "beautiful", "sad", "interesting" and "hateful", which have no attraction to others. How beautiful, sad, interesting and hateful it is to describe it, so that people will feel beautiful, sad, interesting and hateful.
XI。 Understanding of Ci
It is a kind of book that collects books in groups, either by category or by words, and then finds them for use.
Back to Yaochi: Yaochi is the palace where the Queen Mother of the West lives. Returning to Yaochi after death is specifically aimed at women.
Twelve. drama
Selected songs of Yuan Dynasty, Peach Blossom Fan, Immortal Hall, Night Rain in Tang and Autumn.
Play tests, cut yellow robes, empty tricks and catch scarabs.
Ibsen, Mrs. Warren's occupation
Thirteen, trigger
Reading is new, writing is new, and the most important thing is to start working hard. The so-called trigger is to feel another thing from one thing.
Besides books with words, we should pay more attention to books without words. Let everything in front of you have a new trigger point.
Leaders are easily defiled and damaged. Good leaders are like this, but the so-called leadership choir in society is not?
Chicken is the reporter of light, but its first crow is in the middle of the night, which is the darkest time in the world. After listening to the cock crow in the middle of the night, I can't help thinking of the revolutionary's cry.
Fourteen, the sound of the book
In the past, most people didn't learn grammar, didn't pay attention to explanation, and only worked hard on reading. They read day and night, and after reading, the words will naturally be fluent and the meaning will naturally be understood. A person's communication often does not need to look at the words he has done, but only needs to listen to his reading tone.
Generally speaking, the rising tone is doubtful and the falling tone is certain.
Fifteen, the small storm of reading ancient books
Respond with the same voice and seek with the same spirit.
Sixteen, modern China calligraphy
Seventeen, vocabulary and sense of language
The quality of an article can be observed from three aspects: first, whether there is a problem with grammar, second, whether the words are appropriate, and third, whether the ideas are fresh, correct and rich.
"When I was studying or meditating alone recently, every time I met a word, I often associated it with similar or similar words and made it a string in my chest. For example, when you see the word "study", you will think of words such as "practice", "research", "study" and "study hard". When you see the word "anger", you will think of words such as "anger", "hatred", "angry", "angry" and "unhappy". When you see peace, you will think of "unhappy". I compare these strings of words in my chest. Which is the widest in the same string? Which range is the narrowest? Which tone is the strongest? Which sound is the weakest? Make it clear one by one. This is a new habit I have developed recently. When I first started reading English ABCD, I thought I was learning English. I would say the same thing to others and write the same thing in my composition. Not now. I will never regard reading ABCD for the first time as' learning English'. I will definitely say' learn English' or' practice English'. Because I have understood the difference between "learning", "practice" and "research". There is a dictionary in my box and a glossary in my box. Every time I come across a word, I will turn it over and put it in my vocabulary. Every time I use a word, I have to think carefully and choose the right one to use. This is a kind of kung fu that I have been secretly doing recently. "
The rich wear clothes all year round, and the poor wear clothes all year round.
I have a friend who chooses a spouse. The first condition is to have a woman in the same town. Someone asked him why, and he said that it would be boring to talk to each other if they were not from the same town. That would be great.
The difference between letters seems to be literal. The difference between bleakness and depression seems to be the sound. Every time you meet a word, besides confirming its meaning, it is very important to understand its mood from all aspects.
18. Balance of payments.
Far and near method: "Liu Shao on the Moon" Liu is close to people and can be taller than the moon. "Lotus leaves are infinitely green."
A country's language has its own structure and habits. English and Mandarin have different structures and habits, so when reading English, we should compare them carefully. Translation into Putonghua should be suitable for the structure and habits of Putonghua.
Recently, I have been doing a kind of kung fu by myself, that is, translating the words in English readers lesson by lesson. Every time you translate a lesson, read it silently and change it. It's really hard not to recite the original intention like Chinese.
Nineteen, "I still want to read books without words."
"We need to know more. Of course, you can get knowledge when you enter school, but you can't get it when you leave school. The subject of learning is ourselves. Inside and outside the school, it's just different places. If we want to teach ourselves, we can study anywhere. If we don't study it ourselves, even in the most suitable place, we can only get a 20% discount. Therefore, dropping out of school is not' dropping out'; Only if you don't study, you are really' out of school'. "
Since Mr. Wang paid attention to the tone of reading, the educated youth not only read books at ordinary times, but also spoke in public, paying attention to three aspects: height, strength and urgency. So his reasoning can attract people's attention.
20. Novel and narrative
If you want to write characters in a novel, you have to have characters. Similarly, the first character is happy, the second character is indifferent, and the third character is sad: this is because they have different personalities. And it has been described that the characters of the three characters must always be consistent; Even if happy people become depressed, indifferent people become enthusiastic, and sad people become happy, there must be possible reasons and unreasonable chaos is not allowed. I think this floor is particularly difficult to take care of the contrasting scenes and seasons. I don't know how those authors manage it. "
The essence of the novel is the meaning seen by the author. Without this meaning, it is not a novel. It should also be noted that the novel is a novel that contains this meaning in the middle of the story. What is' tolerance'? A bowl of salt soup, you can't see a mouthful of salt, but it will be salty after a sip, so we say that this bowl of soup contains salt flavor. The story of the novel contains the meaning seen by the author, just like such a bowl of soup. If you explain the meaning alone outside the story, it is not' inclusion'. We might as well borrow the theme of little sister giving up life. If you add a lot of ideas to the story, such as unscientific medical skills and superstitious spells, which are particularly hateful, there are not a few lives destroyed by this medical skill and ignorance in the world. This will not become a novel but an argumentative paper, and those stories will only be in the position of an argumentative paper. The author of the novel pinned his meaning on the narrative of the story without specifying it, so that people can naturally understand what he meant after reading his narrative. "
The essence of narrative is things, and narrative is its purpose; The essence of the novel is the meaning that the author sees from the middle of life, and narrative is only its means. You can also make an analogy. Narration is like taking a picture, and it ends when the scenery is taken on it. Fiction is painting, and everything on the screen is dominated by the painter's consciousness and emotion.
2 1. Tone
Even and odd characters, Chinese characters have a characteristic, which is suitable for even combination. When a word is combined with other words, it is difficult to be fluent if it is not uniform. "Zhi", "De" or other words are sometimes added to three-character words. For example, "the way of a gentleman" should be changed to "the way of a gentleman" and "raising children" should be changed to "raising children".
If you want a smooth sentence tone, you must use syntax in disorder, instead of always using the same sentence pattern and auxiliary word.
Words with homonyms or similar sounds in a sentence use only two words at most, otherwise it will be difficult to read and sound. In a sentence, two words with the same or similar pronunciation can make the sentence fluent.
Twenty-two, two "bodhisattva men"
The upper half of Bodhisattva Man is 7755 and the lower half is 5555.
There are 100 songs in "Hundred Fragrant Ci", and each song chooses a word. This 100-capital is a masterpiece. After reading this book, you can remember 100 common songs and 100 good words, which is very economical.
23. New Poetry
Review.
25. read notes
Yu Pingbo's Miscellaneous Son
Hu Shi's Hu Shi Wencun
Twenty-six, rhetoric words
Modification means adjustment, rhetoric means language, and rhetoric means adjusting language so that it just conveys our meaning. But there is nothing wrong with seeking meaning, which is called negative rhetoric in rhetoric. What actively adds strength to written language is called positive rhetoric in rhetoric.
27. Structure of the article
There have been many opinions about the structure of the article in China, including six paragraphs: beginning, inheritance, transmission, narration, transmission and conclusion. In a very early era, the four-stage organization law of "preface, debate, debate and conclusion" was popular in the West, that is, discussion articles.
The organizing principle of the article is also simple and common. Just like my speech here today, as long as the three problems of "how to start, how to say the main idea and how to finish" are solved, there will be nothing else. In other words, there are only three principles for organizing articles, namely' order, connection and unity'. Put all the materials in the proper order, which is the' order'; It went smoothly from beginning to end, and there was no place where the tenon was barely connected. This is' contact'; The whole body maintains the same opinion and the same emotional appeal, which is' oneness'. In this way, even if the article written is not so good, it is at least a truly independent unit, at least a veritable' article'.
Make a general rule, how to start and end, how to run through, and then write it down step by step.
Is asking yourself a specific organizational method? That's right, it's the specific organization method. We ask ourselves: What are we writing this article for? At this time, we will naturally answer, in order to tell the character of a thing, or tell the story of a thing, or what kind of proposition to put forward. The answer is yes, which also confirms the central idea of this paper. We ask ourselves again: How did this center come from our thoughts? At this time, we will naturally answer that this is caused by some kind of karma, or it comes from many things and physics. The answer is yes, and the arrangement of materials and the cohesion of paragraphs will be based on this. We ask ourselves again: is it possible for this material to increase the power of the central idea? Is it necessary to dispel the existence of the central intention by saying so? At this time, we will naturally answer that it can increase the power of the central intention, or it is completely contradictory to the central intention, or it has nothing to do with the central intention. The answer is yes, and the standard of "unification" is also taken into account. The first faction that just wrote a letter is absolutely unwilling to get their role back. The second school does not pay attention to asking yourself, but makes great efforts to ask the formula of the article. We, the third faction, are different from them: we don't ask ourselves exactly, but we get the specific organization method of each article from it. Asking and answering questions is very helpful to the organization of the article.
28. About the history of literature
On the desks of ordinary students are Hu Shi's Outline of China's Philosophy History, Vernacular Literature History, Gu Jiegang's Argument on Ancient History, Novel Practice, European Literature History and Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Ask him if he has read the Four Books and Five Classics and the books of Zhou and Qin philosophers? Never. Ask him if he has seen some Tang and Song poetry collections. Never. Have you ever read ancient history? Never. Ask him if he has read any novels by representatives of various factions. Never. Have you read some important works of European literature and art? Never. Ask him if he has read some classics of Hinayana and Mahayana. Never. I think it is necessary to correct this vague reading method. Hu Shi's Outline of the History of Philosophy used to be a good book, but people who haven't read the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi and Mozi can't really get great benefits. Knowing the general outline of the original works such as The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Rites, it will be meaningful and beneficial to read the part about Confucius in the history of philosophy, read a few Zhuangzi and read the part about Zhuangzi in the history of philosophy. It is the only way to get the basic concept of Confucius and Zhuangzi's thought before studying and commenting on Confucius and Zhuangzi's thought. Metaphorically, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Rites are a bunch of small coins with holes. The part about Confucius in the history of philosophy is the money rope that runs through these small coins. Words like "wandering around" and "great master" in Zhuangzi are also small coins. In the history of philosophy, the part about Zhuangzi is Qian Suozi. Without money, it is unpleasant to be unable to run with a small amount of money; But there is only one coin, and there are not many small coins that can run through it. Isn't it meaningless? I dare advise you to read some original works of China's philosophy before reading the history of philosophy; Read the book of songs, poetry collections and word collections below the Han dynasty, and then read the history of literature; Read some ancient history books first, and then read Analysis of Ancient History. If you have to read it, look at the history of philosophy and literature, and at the same time read the original works, so as to enrich your knowledge. Money suozi was originally used to penetrate the messy money. If you have money and don't have a lot of small money to infiltrate, then you do the opposite and find a lot of small money to infiltrate. "
To read poetry, read Shen Guiyu's The Source of Ancient Poetry and Zeng Guofan's Eighteen Poems. To read words, read Selected Poems of Zhang Huiyan; To read the prose of Ming and Qing Dynasties, read Modern Prose written by neighbor Shen Chao. This kind of anthology is not like the literary history, which only chooses one or two books for each family. However, compared with the complete works and the total works, it has done some simple work: it only allows you to recognize those writers and personally identify their representative works.
Twenty-nine, the creation and application of exercises
Three items: application of works, practice and creation. "Articles and paintings can be divided into these three projects. Let's talk about painting first. Teacher Li sketched in the classroom and drew fans for friends, which is an application; It is homework to practice plaster model or human sketch by yourself; This "mother" is a kind of creation. In addition, the letter writing of various gentlemen is an applied work; Composition is a course; In the future, choosing a theme and writing literary works freely is creation.
Because creation is your own business, and being loyal to creation means being loyal to yourself. Real creation should never have the slightest casual and careless attitude. If the ancient famous landscape painter said that "the mountain becomes a mountain in five days, and the water becomes water in ten days", it took Zuo Taichong ten years to write an essay. Creation is expensive, and time and labor cannot be ignored.
"Creation is a kind of creation, and its life depends on fresh meaning. Whether it is an article or a painting, anything that imitates it will never be called creation. The first step of creation is to discover the theme, and the theme must be fresh to be worthy of selection and identification. Everything in the world is ready-made, ordinary, ancient, and the so-called fresh meaning is completely expressed by the author himself. The theme of love has been described by many writers since ancient times, and' flowers' and' moon' have appeared many times in poems. Being able to see new meaning in ordinary things is the first qualification of a creator.
Works are divided into creation, practice and application, which is quite right. Among the three, exercise is the most basic and important, and exercise is the basic skill of practicing wrist. Only by exercising to a certain extent can we talk about application and creation. There is no limit to creation, and there is no limit to the basic training. The deeper the foundation of practice, the better. The more people want to engage in creative work, the more they should pay attention to it. At least create a wall and exercise it. A real painter works hard in sketching all his life, and a real writer, even if he is white, will never put down his books and seek the mystery of his articles.
"You are a middle school student, middle school is the whole homework era. Although you might as well try to create, you should work hard. Recently, there are quite a number of young people who love creation. They regard themselves as creators, and regard their exercises as despicable and ignorant. It goes without saying that it is wrong to learn painting and hate sketching, it is wrong to learn writing and hate formal classroom assignments and propositional compositions, and it is also wrong to write novels and poems. I hope you don't take this wrong path. That's all my opinion. "
30. Appreciation symposium
"The word' appreciation' is roughly interpreted as just a word' look'. Really, the so-called appreciation, in addition to music, can not be separated from the action of' watching'. Reading articles, drawing pictures and watching the scenery are all' watching'. The word' Jian' in appreciation is synonymous with the word' Kan'. However, the same is the action of watching, with different degrees. There have never been three words similar to "see", "see" and "view". If you look it up in the dictionary, it all means "look", but the degree is different. Seeing is just looking and watching, and there is no other complicated psychological function. Seeing is believing is more complicated. Seeing is not only seeing and seeing, but also contains molecules for investigation. Doctors call seeing a doctor "diagnosis" and investigating a certain place "examination". Almost all words combined with the word "vision" have the meaning of examination. The word' Guan' is more complicated, and the words combined with the word' Guan' are not simple in meaning, such as' concept',' sentiment',' outlook on life' and' world view', so it is difficult to make concise comments. There are three stages: seeing, seeing and observing. When we regard someone else's article or painting as reading, we only know that someone has made such an article or painting and what is written in it. For this article or this painting, we should distinguish its structure, theme and so on. It is' vision', which is a step further than' seeing'. Further, it is a kind of' view' to walk into its situation and face it wholeheartedly. Seeing is only a matter of sensory organs, seeing is a matter of intellectual speculation, and observation is the whole psychological activity. No matter reading articles or paintings, only when you reach the realm of' view' can you be called appreciation. View is the real interest, and the real taste of an article or a painting can only be appreciated affectionately if it is watched. Using eating as a metaphor,' seeing' means chewing and tasting, while' seeing' and' seeing' are just the state of the first mouth of food. Appreciation is a psychological activity, which is difficult to express in words.
There must be a considerable distance between art and practicality; A good teapot can hold tea, but its use is not limited to holding tea; A well-written letter can convey feelings, but its purpose is not limited to expressing feelings. One condition of beauty is the border. This was originally said in terms of creation, and I think it can also be applied to appreciation.
The word' play' is very meaningful, and I think it can explain the attitude of appreciation. Appreciation is sometimes called "appreciation" or "thinking". It can be said that' playing' means' appreciating'. The word' play' is often despised by people. When it comes to play, everyone feels a little unfair. Actually, no matter how serious you play. When we play chess, don't we just forget everything and put all our energy into it?
I have been trying a job recently. I copied what I liked from the articles I saw in the brochure. I copy all the short ones, such as poems, and only copy a paragraph or a few words for the long ones. I take them with me and watch them alone when I'm free. I feel that there is something new to see at any time.
Read and ask yourself, "What if I am asked to write?"
This often happens, and it is worth noting that the writing style is better than mine. I've kept this idea or feeling in my mind for a long time, but I can't write it out. Now that the author has written it for me, I feel a sense of pleasure. What we usually call' appreciation' is probably this kind of happy mood.
I think appreciation is a function between the author and the reader. If the reader's level is too far away from the author, the function of appreciation will not be established. This is the so-called' different people have different opinions'. I have a book "300 Tang Poems", which I read with the circle in the first grade. I used to mark all good sentences with double circles, while ordinary sentences only added single circles. This spring break was nothing. I accidentally took it out and watched it again, which made me feel funny. I think some double circles are not good. There are many good sentences, but I didn't know its benefits at that time, just added a single circle. Maybe in a few years, our opinions will be even more different. I think the essence of appreciation is' I', and we should try our best to cultivate and exercise this' I'.
Appreciation means knowing the above things, but having preparatory knowledge. A good poem or a good word probably has its skills and historical facts. If we don't know its skills and historical facts, we often can't fully appreciate its benefits. For example, Cao Zijian's seven-step poem:' Boil beans and burn them, and the beans weep in the kettle. We are born from the same root, so what's the hurry?' This poem is meaningless. It may be interesting for those who don't know the historical fact that brothers kill each other, but it will certainly be more interesting if they know this historical fact.
For a work, it is necessary to prepare knowledge if you want to appreciate it well. It is best to know the author's life, the origin of the work and other events related to this work, or at least go through it temporarily or ask others. This kind of knowledge itself is not appreciation, but it can help us appreciate it and should not be underestimated.
The author translates the concrete things he has experienced or imagined into black words on white paper, but we readers have to go back and translate the black words on white paper into concrete things. The work depends entirely on imagination to help.
Poetry is a record of predecessors' appreciation, which will tell us the benefits of several poems. We can get the guidance of appreciation indirectly from it.
Thirty-one, the study of style
Shi Pin, written by Si Kongtu in Tang Dynasty, is about poems, which are divided into twenty-four kinds, that is to say, a good poem can't reach those twenty-four realms.
The beauty of masculinity lies in four words: prudence, courage, straightness and strangeness, while the beauty of femininity lies in four words: Excellence, Confucianism, Yuan and Jie. I know what I mean, but I can't learn
For those who admire the beauty of ancient China culture, there are about eight words: the beauty of masculinity is masculine, straight, strange and beautiful, and the beauty of femininity is gentle, far-reaching, clean and appropriate. After several years of storage, I failed to publish an article and got one of the eight beauties, in order to be a deputy. That night, I praised eight speakers with sixteen words until the next morning. The appendix is as follows:
Men's volleyball is dignified and abandons old habits; Ups and downs.
The straight Yellow River twists and turns, but its body is still straight; The mountain is like a dragon, without a trace of transformation.
Weird and interesting, scary and dazzling; Zhang and Han regard each other as foreign and mysterious.
Beautiful youth Ozawa, Wan Hui blooms first; The rhyme of "poetry" and "Sao" is the glory of class and promotion.
If all righteous people gather together, swallow more and spit less; You're alone, and you don't want to know.
Looking down from nine days away, mosquitoes gather in the lower bound; I am sleepy and lonely.
Clean and redundant, delete the words; Er Shen praised and criticized, and the man of God was supervised.
Feel comfortable and relaxed, have no camp to wait for; Liu Ji's postscript is very comfortable.
The style of Chinese. He said that the so-called "genre" has similar meaning and style. Wen Da said in the book:
The classification of the body can be divided into the following four groups and eight kinds:
Group (1)-from the proportion of content and form, it can be divided into simple and rich;
(2) group-from being rigid and flexible, it is divided into being vigorous and gentle;
(3) group-because of the number of words, it is divided into plain and gorgeous;
(4) Group —— Due to the length of inspection time, it can be divided into cautious type and lax type.
Concise style is a style that strives to be concise and to the point.
Fan Feng's style is a way of speaking without saying anything, passing messages at will, and stopping when there is nothing to say.
Vigorous and powerful, it is a majestic style;
Feminine and graceful is a kind of feminine style.
The difference between plain and gorgeous comes from the number of words used. It is simple to use less words and strive for halal;
Gorgeous words, strive to enrich.
Santi is a kind of language, pure and natural, unpretentious, regardless of thickness, writing and speaking freely when drafting;
The cautious style is a rigorous and meticulous rhetorical style from beginning to end.
A writer born in happiness doesn't know that there are hunger, cold and hardship in the world, so his article naturally won't involve hunger, cold and hardship; But a writer who is addicted to hunger and cold can not only write about hunger and cold, but also analyze why. A writer confined to a corner sees nothing but family and alleys, so his articles naturally will not involve the greatness of mountains and the vastness of rivers and seas; But a writer who is used to traveling can not only write the shape of mountains and rivers, but also understand the meaning of life from the influence of mountains and rivers. The scope of the material is different, so the style of the article is different.
Thirty-two, the last lesson
After all, the exam is nothing important, as long as you can handle it well and pass it. What matters is whether you can really enrich yourself by studying various subjects and whether you can benefit from them anytime and anywhere. This is the standard of success or failure. You can use this standard to consider yourself in everything you learn, so that you can know whether you are successful or not.
Reading is not limited to reading a few books specified in Chinese class, nor to reading reference books in various subjects; Get into the habit from now on. No matter whether you go to an enterprise or work, in short, you should mix action with reading and turn the library into a spiritual grain depot. Only in this way can you receive huge benefits.
However, those who go to school must remember that all subjects should be combined with life to be truly' going to school'.