Modern architecture revolution Modern architecture did not suddenly appear with the arrival of the 20th century. Its appearance can be traced back to the industrial revolution and the great changes in social production and social life. In some countries, new factors affecting the development of architecture have emerged. This change is manifested in:
(1) The housing construction is growing rapidly, and the types of buildings are increasing. /kloc-the great development of industry and the expansion of cities in the 0/9th century require the construction of a large number of factories, warehouses, houses, railway buildings, office buildings and commercial service buildings. Imperial palaces, temples and tombs, which have long occupied a prominent position in architectural history, have been in a secondary position, while productive and practical buildings are becoming more and more important. New functional requirements are put forward for new buildings. Some require a long span, such as expositions, exhibition halls, railway station sheds, etc. Some require increasing the number of building floors, such as commercial buildings in the central area of big cities; Some require complex functions, such as hospitals and scientific laboratories. The architectural form is changing rapidly, and copying the traditional French system can no longer meet the above requirements.
② Industrial development brings new building materials to the construction industry. In the past thousands of years, the main materials used in buildings around the world are nothing more than natural or artificial materials such as soil, wood, brick, tile, ash, sand and stone. After the industrial revolution, the first change in the construction industry was the use of iron in the building structure. First, iron is used to make the internal pillars of the house, then the beams and roof trusses, and the dome is also made of iron. /kloc-In the late 20th century, the output of steel increased greatly, and steel with better performance replaced iron. At the same time, cement is gradually used in building construction. Reinforced concrete structure appeared in the19th century, and the application of steel and cement made the building structure change by leaps and bounds.
(3) The formation and development of structural science make people more and more deeply grasp the inherent laws of building structures, so as to improve the original structural forms and create excellent new structures. In the past, builders could only build houses according to traditional practices or emotional judgments, which was very blind and limited. With the development of mathematics and mechanics,1in the late 9th century, the internal laws of general building structures were finally clarified, and the calculation theories and methods needed for practical engineering were established, forming a systematic structural science. In this way, the stress state of the structure can be calculated in advance before the construction project starts, and a reasonable, economical and solid architectural structure design can be made. 1889 The 300-meter-high Eiffel Tower and the machine exhibition hall with a span of 1 15 meters in Paris show the achievements in architectural structure.
(4) The production and operation of the construction industry has turned into a capitalist economic track. In capitalist society, a large number of houses are fixed capital or commodities in the hands of entrepreneurs. Capital owners demand maximum profits with the least investment in the shortest time. This criterion is also manifested in architectural design, architectural concept and architectural aesthetics. In addition, since19th century, the social status of architects in capitalist countries has also changed. Architects are freelancers, and they compete in architectural design, so the economic law of commodity production also permeates the professional activities of architects.
/kloc-these changes in the field of architecture in the 0/9th century are unprecedented in architectural history, both in depth and breadth. This is an architectural revolution triggered by the industrial revolution. Since the 20th century, changes have continued and spread to more parts of the world. It is this unprecedented architectural revolution in architectural history that gave birth to modern architecture in the 20th century.
New Architectural Movement 19 The dominant architectural trends in western architecture are retro architecture and eclectic architecture. Retro-ists believe that architectural forms and styles in some periods in history, such as ancient Greece and Rome, are eternal models that cannot be surpassed. Whoever wants to build beautiful buildings must imitate them according to those historical buildings. Eclectics also believe that the architect's job is to follow the past architectural model, but they think that it is not necessary to stick to a certain form and style, but to put various styles and technologies in one building. Under the influence of retro and eclectic architectural trends, architects pay little attention to practical functions and structural techniques. In their minds, everything is inferior, and art is high. The dominant aspect of this architectural thought is aestheticism. At that time, the base camp was the Paris Institute of Advanced Art, so this architectural trend was also called academic architecture.
Interior design is the environmental design of the interior space of a building. According to the nature and environment of space use, use material and technical means to create an ideal place with reasonable function, comfort and beauty, and meet people's physiological and psychological requirements. Function, space, interface, decoration, economy and culture are the six elements of interior design.
1, function
Function first is the foundation of family design, and the relationship between house and people is the closest. How to meet the detailed needs of each different family member is an important link for designers to communicate with customers frequently. We often say that the owner is the first designer, and a design scheme that lacks function will only give people a flashy feeling. Only by putting the function on the producer can we meet the detailed needs of every family member's daily life and make family life comfortable, convenient and upward.
2. Space
Paying attention to functional planning and making it "the beauty of solidifying the rhythm of music" is the performance of design. Space design uses various defined methods to shape the indoor form, and the main basis for shaping the indoor form is the material and spiritual needs of modern people and the rationality of technology. Common space forms are: closed space, virtual space, gray space, mother-child space, sinking space, platform space and so on.
Step 3 connect
Interface is the selection and treatment of the shape, color and material of the internal surface of the building. It includes the design of wall, top surface, ground and intersection. Designers often give themselves a clear theme when making design plans, just like an article should have a central idea, so that residential buildings and interior decoration can be perfectly combined, with bright rhythm, changeable colors, virtual and real contrast and harmony between points, lines and surfaces. Designers are like writing a music that will never get tired.
4. Jewelry
Decorations are furnishings, which are the crowning touch when the interior design of a building is completed and the function, space and interface are integrated into one, giving the room a vivid state and a warm atmosphere, and playing a good role in cultivating temperament and enhancing the atmosphere of life.
5. Economy
How to make the owner realize the value for money with limited investment is the professional criterion of every designer. It is the highest realm of design to explain all parts reasonably and organically and to be poetic and picturesque.