American scientist Edison is a famous inventor in the world. He made more than 2,000 inventions in his life and made important contributions to mankind.

Bell-born in Britain, a professor at Boston University in the United States, the patentee of telephone invention, obtained 18 patents in his life and 12 patents in cooperation with others.

British bacteriologist Fleming invented penicillin in 1945, and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine together with British pathologist Flory and German chemist Qian En who developed penicillin chemicals.

Biro-Hungarian journalist, 1943, invented a new pen-ballpoint pen, which emits ink by the rotation of a ball.

Watt in England invented the steam engine.

Wright brothers-wilbur wright was born in April 1867, and Orville Wright was born in August 187 1, 19. They have been interested in mechanical assembly and flying since childhood, engaged in bicycle repair and manufacturing. The Wright brothers used to repair bicycles for a living. They are smart and eager to learn. They have been keen on flight research since 1896. 1903, the first manned plane "Flying Man" 1 was built. 1904, the Wright brothers built a second "flying man" with a new engine and made a test flight in Hoffman grassland near Dayton. The longest continuous flight time is more than 5 minutes, and the flight distance reaches 4 .4 kilometers. 1905, the third "Flyer" test flight, piloted by Wilbur, flew for 38 minutes and 38.6 kilometers. Famous saying: You can only parrot, but you can never fly high.

Nobel Sweden, scientist, inventor and successful entrepreneur. The invention of explosives and detonators ushered in a new era of human conquest of nature, and the Nobel Prize established by the huge fund behind him made him famous all over the world.

Two: Ancient China

Bi Sheng, the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing.

Cai Lun-Eastern Han Dynasty, papermaking.

Lu Ban, an outstanding creative inventor, was born in 507 BC and was in the transitional period from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to the end of the Warring States Period. Hand tools used by carpenters, such as saws, drills, planers, shovels and rulers. Mo Dou is said to have been invented by Lu Ban.

During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, an outstanding water conservancy expert of Qin State, built Dujiangyan, which won Sichuan the reputation of "Land of Abundance".

Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is not only a great astronomer and a talented mechanical manufacturer, but also a talented writer and materialist thinker. The course and outstanding contribution of this cultural giant have been admired by the world for thousands of years.

Zhang Zhongjing, an ancient medical sage in China, was born in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and wrote a creative medical masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases. The publication of this masterpiece has brought China's clinical medicine and prescription science to a more mature stage.

Ma Jun, a native of Fufeng (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi Province) in the Three Kingdoms period, was an ancient mechanical master in China. Improve the loom, rebuild the south guide car, and make new dragon bone car and crossbow car.

Zu Chongzhi, an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, wrote Da Li Ming in 462 AD. He calculated the pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. It was not until 1000 years later15th century that Arab mathematician Al Cassie and French mathematician F Veda in16th century got more accurate results. Zu Chongzhi also proposed the reduction rate and density of π. This density value is earlier than that calculated by German mathematician Otto and Dutch engineer Antuoni 1000 years. Therefore, Japanese mathematician Mishima suggested changing the secret rate named after Antoni to "ancestral rate" to commemorate Zu Chongzhi. In addition to the above contributions, Zu Chongzhi also transformed the South Guide Car with accurate calculation, and made a water mill and a thousand-mile boat, which had a great influence on later generations. There are many of his works, except the mathematical works "Zhuan Shu" and "Notes on Nine Chapters' Skills and Righteousness", as well as classic annotation works such as "Yi", "Lao" and "Zhuangzi", but they are all lost.

Because of Zu Chongzhi's extraordinary achievements, he became a world-famous mathematician and astronomer and enjoyed a high reputation in the world. The International Astronomical Union decided to name a ring-shaped mountain range on the moon after him to express its admiration and permanent commemoration. He added honor to his motherland.

Jia Sixie was an outstanding agricultural scientist in the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His book Qi Yao Min is a masterpiece of agricultural science, so he is famous all over the world.

Sun Simiao, a native of Huayuan, Jingzhaofu (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province) in the Tang Dynasty, once lived in Yonghui, Tang Gaozong for three years (AD 652). Sun Simiao has finished the book "Save money for a rainy day". There are 30 volumes and 232 chapters in Qian Jin Fang Yao, which is the earliest clinical practical encyclopedia in China. In July of the first year of Tang Gaozong Yongchun (AD 682), Sun Simiao and Sun Pu stayed for two days and two nights.

After a short sleep, he finally finished the thirty-volume "Wings of a Thousand Girls" and realized his desire to fill the short board of "Wings of a Thousand Girls".

Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty in China was an outstanding scientist with profound knowledge. He has been engaged in political activities all his life and has done many practical things beneficial to the people. While conducting scientific research, he made outstanding contributions to astronomy, mathematics, calendar, geography, biology, medicine, literature, history, music and many other disciplines. Shen Kuo told his daily experiences, compiled them into words and a comprehensive book. This is the masterpiece called "the coordinates in the history of science in China" by later generations-Meng Xi Bitan. Meng Qian Bi Tan not only covers a wide range of contents, but also records scientific and technological knowledge that reflects the advanced level at that time, so it is called "the coordinate in the history of science in China" by Needham, a historian of science and technology.

Huang Daopo, an outstanding textile processing in Yuan Dynasty. Huang Daopo's innovative cotton textile technology has spread rapidly in Shanghai, Songjiang, Qingpu and even the whole Suzhou-Hangzhou area. Jiangnan, once known as the hometown of silk textile, has added cotton spinning, which has really become the biggest "source of clothes and quilts in the world" in China. This state has not changed until now. Huang Daopo's innovation in textile technology brought China to a higher level than the world at that time. Especially for the cotton textile industry, people's clothing has undergone revolutionary changes. Cotton cloth has gradually become an important raw material for people's clothes and quilts, greatly improving people's wearing conditions.

Li Shizhen, an outstanding physician in Ming Dynasty. Li Shizhen is modest and not ashamed to ask questions. He traveled all over Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, with a journey of 10000 kilometers, and collected a large number of specimens and valuable first-hand information. At the same time, concentrate on reading various medical books. He mobilized the whole family to sort out, copy, draw and proofread the collected materials. After three revisions, Li Shizhen's masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica was finally completed. ***52 volumes, 1.9 million words, 1.892 kinds of drugs,165,438+0.096 prescriptions,165,438 illustrations of animals and plants. It comprehensively and systematically summarized the achievements of pharmacology in China before the mid-Ming Dynasty, collected the knowledge and experience of working people, and raised the level of medical science in China to a new height.

Third, modern scientists in China.

Zhan Tianyou (A.D.1861~1919), the pioneer of railway engineering in China, built the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. The difficulty of this railway lies in the section from Nankou to Chadao City. Spent most of Zhan Tianyou's efforts. The railway climbed more than 500 meters along a big ravine called Guangou, less than 17 km, with a slope of about 30‰. In the meantime, four caves will be drilled, many bridges and culverts will be built, and many large slopes will be cut off. This project is extremely arduous and there are many technical problems to be solved. At that time, there was no engineering university in China to cultivate talents by itself, and a set of methods for cultivating talents were created in practice. China's early railway engineering and technical personnel and organization and management personnel, a considerable number of people from his training.

Li Siguang-the founder of geomechanics (A.D. 1889 ~ 197 1) During the Japanese imperialist invasion of China, Li Siguang took advantage of the gap between lectures abroad to complete the monograph Geology of China, and he formally proposed a new theoretical name of geology named after geomechanics. The establishment of Li Siguang's unique geomechanics theory not only guides China to develop one oil-rich oilfield after another, but also creates conditions for obtaining economic construction resources such as coal, copper, iron and diamond, and also points out a bright future for obtaining resources from the wider inland, continental shelf and ocean.

Zhu Kezhen (A.D. 1890 ~ 1974), the founder of modern meteorology in China, really upgraded meteorological knowledge to science, and made more accurate forecasts on this basis.

Hou was a pioneer of chemical industry in China (A.D. 1890 ~ 1974). With the second edition of Alkali-making Industry published in the summer of 1942 as a symbol, the birth of "Hou's Alkali-making Method", that is, the combined Alkali-making Method, was announced to the world. The success of this soda production method caused a sensation in the world and became the most advanced soda production method at that time. This is also the pinnacle of achievement in the later life.

Mao Yisheng, an expert in modern bridge engineering (A.D. 1896 ~ 1989). Created a plan for the three major projects of foundation, pier and steel beam to go hand in hand in one go. The completion of Qiantang River Bridge has created two best projects: the shortest construction period-two and a half years, and the lowest cost-1.6 million dollars. Qiantang River Bridge reached the world level at that time, surpassing all bridges built by foreigners in China. He proposed that Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the first bridge of Wanli Yangtze River, adopt "large-scale column drilling method to build bridge foundation". Qiantang River Bridge and Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge are two monuments in Mao Yisheng and two milestones in the history of modern bridge construction in China.

Lin (A.D. 190 1 ~ 1983), a famous master of obstetrics and gynecology, established a gynecological general survey system, which greatly improved the health level of women. Lin has made a particularly important contribution to the prevention and treatment of gynecological malignant tumors. They have done dozens of cases of "neonatal hemolysis", filling the gap in obstetrics and gynecology in China. While conquering the frontier diseases, she devoted herself to compiling popular science books such as Family Health Consultant and Family Parenting Encyclopedia, which greatly promoted the popularization of this subject among the people.

Tong Dizhou (A.D. 1902 ~ 1979), a famous experimental embryologist, broke through the genetic viewpoint that the genetic traits of organisms are only controlled by the nucleus, and made great contributions to the establishment and development of experimental embryology in China.

Pei Wenzhong (A.D. 1904 ~ 1982), the discoverer of Chinese ape-man skull, is a famous vertebrate paleontologist and paleoanthropologist in China. Throughout his life, he made outstanding contributions to the study of paleontology, paleoanthropology and archaeology in China, which shocked the world.

Hua, a self-taught mathematician (A.D.19/kloc-0 ~1985), invented the Fahrenheit theorem and wrote a 600,000-word masterpiece, The Theory of Heap Prime Numbers. His book "Overall Planning, Optimization and Optimization" makes scientific methods available to the broad masses of the people.

Qian Xuesen, the 37-year-old "father of Chinese missiles" (A.D.191~), is recognized by the world as the authority of mechanics and applied mathematics, one of the pioneers of fluid mechanics research, an outstanding aerodynamist, a pioneer of modern aviation science and rocket technology, and the founder of engineering cybernetics.

Qian Weichang (A.D. 19 12 ~), a famous mechanical expert and fighter in the field of mechanics, put forward the nonlinear differential equation of plate and shell theory, which was recognized as "Qian Weichang equation" by the world. He co-authored the monograph "Large Deflection of Elastic Circular Thin Plates" with students, summed up Qian Weichang's work since 1948, and successfully used the system perturbation method to deal with nonlinear equations for the first time in the world. This method is recognized as the most classic and simplest solution in mechanics, and it is called "Qian Weichang method" in academic circles. The variational method and finite element method he taught attracted many students and researchers. He also opened a new discipline "Singular Perturbation Theory" and wrote a lecture of 670,000 words.

Qian Sanqiang (A.D. 19 13 ~), a famous nuclear physicist, not only contributed to the development of atomic bomb, but also devoted himself to the development of atomic energy science and technology in China and made immortal contributions to the training of atomic energy science and technology team in China.

Tu Shoukai, a modern space scientist (A.D. 19 17 ~), successfully presided over, organized and led the development and launch of rockets and missiles in China, and was the chief designer of China's first intercontinental missile and Long March II rocket. Make great contributions to the development of China's space industry.

Deng Jiaxian-China's "Two Bombs" (A.D. 1924 ~ 1986) is the pioneer and founder of China's theoretical research on nuclear weapons. He has worked tirelessly for 28 years since the 1950s. After breaking through the principle of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, it was successfully developed and further weaponized; Subsequently, the new enhanced missile was successfully developed. He has made an indelible contribution to China and is China's "two bombs and one satellite".

Yuan Longping (A.D. 1930 ~), a scientist from agricultural school, wrote an important paper, Rice Male Sterility, and put forward the "strategic thinking of hybrid rice breeding", which was called "the father of hybrid rice".

Chen Jingrun, a dazzling mathematical star. New achievements have been made in the problems of "the whole point in the circle", "the whole point in the ball", "Hualin" and "three-dimensional divisor". He wrote a paper on the simplified proof of (1+2), which was published in 1973. This paper caused a sensation in the field of mathematics at home and abroad. Some mathematicians say that Chen Jingrun moved a high mountain in mathematics. Some mathematicians say that Chen Jingrun proved it by screening method (1+2), which reached a brilliant peak.