The Pioneer of Modern Modernization in China
Zeng Guofan was the first person who really practiced actively in the history of China. Under his guidance, he built the first ship in China, which started the modern manufacturing industry. The establishment of the first ordnance school initiated the modern higher education in China. The first translation and printing of western books not only laid the scientific and technological foundation of modern China, but also greatly broadened the horizons of Chinese people. The arrangement of the first batch of overseas students to study in the United States has cultivated a large number of outstanding talents for the country, among which Tang, the first Prime Minister of the Republic of China, Zhan Tianyou, the "father of railways" in China, Liang Dunyan, the foreign minister in the late Qing Dynasty, and the first president of Tsinghua are outstanding.
China is the founder of ideological and political work.
Zeng Guofan claimed: "I am a talent for training soldiers, not for fighting." He taught soldiers to "point the head of a stubborn stone and suffer the blood of cuckoo." He trained in the spirit of Confucianism and made it an organized team. His "Love Folk Songs" made A Xiang a great success. Mao Zedong's "Three Disciplines and Eight Notices" is based on this. When Chiang Kai-shek built the army in Huangpu, he also published his "Love Folk Song" for the students to sing, which had a great effect. Seeing that Hong Xiuquan's devotion to Catholicism was not in line with China's national conditions, he wrote an article "Begging for Guangdong Bandits", which made many intellectuals take off their robes and lead the wussy peasants to throw themselves under the banner of Xiang, and fought against the Taiping rebels to win the final victory.
Self-cultivation, family planning, China's first perfect person since ancient times.
Since ancient times, China has said "three immortals", such as making contributions (accomplishing great things), becoming a spiritual model of the world, and making a statement (leaving a theory for future generations), but few people can really do it, and Zeng Guofan is one of them. He defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and saved the Qing Dynasty, so he was the "savior" of the Qing Dynasty. He "saved the time", purged the political style and learned western culture, which contributed to the emergence of "Tongzhi Zhongxing" in the late Qing Dynasty. He has always been strict with himself, advocating integrity, flaunting morality, and making every effort to win support from top to bottom; His academic articles are eclectic, extensive and profound, and he is a master of modern Confucianism. "His works are required reading for any politician" (Chiang Kai-shek) has achieved the Confucian "Three Immortals" cause of self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country, making meritorious deeds, establishing morality and making statements, and is worthy of being "the first perfect person in China".
The fastest promotion, the best official protection and the most stable model.
Zeng Guofan went to school in politics and Hu Xueyan went to school in business. Zeng Guofan was regarded as a "model of officialdom" by politicians in modern times. This is because, first, he was promoted the fastest, at the age of 37, and he was the only one in the Qing Dynasty. Second, it is best to be an official with a prominent political voice and the words of governing for the people; Third, the official is the most stable, surviving the storm of the official sea, safe and sound, and the honor lasts forever. He is familiar with the history of China, knows the way of officialdom, and has accumulated a whole set of officialdom Juexue, which has been applied to the officialdom of China and is invincible.
Recruit and train the first expert to introduce and use talents.
Zeng Guofan devoted his life to making friends, netting talents, cultivating talents, recommending talents and using talents. His shogunate is the largest and most combative shogunate in China's history, which has gathered the talents from all over the country. In order to attract and retain talents, he gave up his humble face and wrote to recommend his subordinates many times to seek official positions and positions for them. He recommended thousands of subordinates in his life, including more than 40 officials and governors. They include strategic military talents such as Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Guo Songtao, Li, and first-class scholars and scientists such as Yu Yue, Li, Hua and Xu Shou.
China's traditional culture is the greatest contributor to child-rearing.
Zeng Guofan is the best son, who can reassure his parents; He is the best brother, teaching and caring for his siblings, and being considerate. Zeng Guofan is a kind father and a good example for children. His Letter from Home emphasizes the ideal of life, spiritual realm and moral cultivation. In the modern society, where kinship is becoming increasingly indifferent and relatives in the neighborhood are strangers, it does have the value of persuading the world to change customs, and it is worth reading. There are less than three generations of official families, but the Zeng family is full of talented people, and a number of famous diplomats, poets, educators, scientists and senior cadres have emerged.
A typical figure of China's traditional cultural personality spirit
Zeng Guofan is a scholar-bureaucrat of "above average" among his peers, but his ambition, stubbornness, strong will and diligence are beyond people's reach. Since he was a teenager, he has been "struggling hard and determined to adjust himself to the customs", writing a diary every day to reflect on himself, and not a day goes by without monitoring himself and teaching himself a lesson. He treats his colleagues with humility and self-control, is open-minded and generous, and has made a wide range of friends and is highly respected throughout his life. He remained honest and worked hard. No matter how hard you are, you are not discouraged, but you can make persistent efforts and stick to it. This is the fundamental secret of his success.
The Last Spiritual Idol of China Feudal Society
Zeng Guofan is a knowledgeable person who "works (does business) and preaches (leaves thoughts and theories behind)" (Mao Zedong). "The Draft of Qing History-Biography of Zeng Guofan" also said: "Guo Chen is better than learning and is good at etiquette." He studied hard all his life, respected Confucianism and emphasized practical application, and became another "Confucian master" after Confucius, Mencius and Zhu. He innovated article study's theory of the New Tongcheng School, and his poetry and prose presided over the literary world of Taoism (light), virtue (abundance) and general governance, which can be described as "the highest generation of moral articles".
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Yu Tong has been an official for more than 30 years, but he has achieved nothing in his studies, and his virtue is hard to see. The old man was hurt and ashamed. Today, I want to say goodbye forever. I want to teach your brother four things. When you are cautious, you will feel at ease. Self-study is not difficult to cultivate the mind; It is difficult to raise your heart, but you should also be cautious. If you are cautious, you will be introspective and innocent, and you will be geological and supernatural. No one is ashamed, then Tianjun is calm, and this kind of heart is often lenient. This is the first road to self-improvement in life, the first road to happiness, and the first road to physical fitness. Second, the Lord is strong. Quiet and unified internally, neat and serious externally, and exquisite; Go out, see the distinguished guests, sacrifice for the people and respect the sky; Self-cultivation is to protect the people, the world is peaceful, and it is also effective to respect each other. Smart and wise, all from this. Zhuang Jing is strong every day, and Anse steals every day. If no one, big or small, respects and dares not slack off, then no matter how strong the body is, what is there to doubt? Third, seeking benevolence makes people happy. Every mortal's life is shaped by the principle of heaven and earth and the qi of heaven and earth. I have the same roots as the people. If you know yourself but don't know what people love, then you have lost the way to the source of great books. As for respecting officials and being generous, they have the responsibility to save the people from fire, water and hunger. As a lesson from the past, there is a general principle, that is, the responsibility to feel after you feel it. Confucius taught people not only to seek benevolence, but also to learn from others. Is there anyone who is unhappy to return to China? Fourth, learning to work is a god. What a person wears in a day is commensurate with what he does in a day, so others will do it, and ghosts and gods will allow him to think that he is independent. If farmers weave girls all the year round, they will make a few feet of cloth, while a rich family will be happy all year round, but the food will be delicious and the clothes will be gorgeous. A high sleep, a cry of commitment, the most uneven thing in the world, how long can ghosts and gods not allow it? Ancient sages and sages are always trying to encourage themselves. For a plan, you must practice your skills, hone your bones and muscles, fight against difficulties and worry about dangers, and then you can increase your intelligence and gain knowledge. If you think about the world, you will starve yourself and drown yourself. If you don't die, you will be called an ancient jade. Dayu and Mozi are diligent for themselves and diligent for the people. Diligence leads to longevity, and evasion leads to death. Diligence leads to the use of material, and evasion leads to the abandonment of hard work. Diligence is what people learn, what God worships, and flight is what people don't help, and ghosts don't care. These four articles are the fruits of your brother's ten years' life. Record them and pass them on to future generations. Then Yu Zeng's family can live forever, and there are talents to represent him.
Li Hongzhang signed more than 30 treaties with Li Hongzhang in his life, most of which were unequal treaties. Recently, with the emergence of more and more historical materials, the evaluation of this important official in the late Qing Dynasty has gradually diversified. On the positive side, he and Zeng Guofan led the Westernization Movement, which is a sign of his progress. He also had diplomatic deeds to defend China, such as negotiating alone after Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, and finally using the Boxer Rebellion as a diplomatic excuse not to cede territory and pacify the incident. The most famous western evaluation of Li Hongzhang is that he is not only the greatest figure bred in contemporary China, but also the most unique figure in the world in the last century in terms of various talents. As a scholar, he is outstanding; As a soldier, he made valuable contributions to the country in important battles; As a politician who has been in politics for 30 years, he has provided recognized excellent facilities for the people of the oldest and most populous country on earth; As a diplomat, his achievements made him one of the best in diplomatic history. "Biography of Li Hongzhang in the Draft of Qing Dynasty" commented: "A famous minister of Zhongxing started with military affairs, and his exploits are often overwhelmed by martial arts. Hong Zhang has been in charge of the country for decades, and domestic and foreign affairs have always borne the brunt. The country is more important than light, and it is famous all over the world, which shocked both at home and abroad, which is unprecedented in modern times. I have taken the world as my responsibility all my life, endured humiliation and shouldered heavy burdens, and I am worthy of being a minister of the country; Being incompetent and complacent, driving people away with wealth, many people who are determined to be honest are unwilling to use wealth and do not rely on priorities, leading to failure. Is there no reason for the rise of suspicion and slander? " Zeng Guofan once said, "Li Shaoquan tried his best to be an official, and Yu (Yu Yue) tried his best to write a book". Li Hongzhang was keen on officialdom and trusted by the imperial court. He can live for decades, obviously thanks to his official skills. Liang Qichao's Biography of Li Hongzhang commented on him like this: "I respect Li Hongzhang's talent, I cherish his knowledge, and I mourn Li Hongzhang's experience." "I want to say two words, saying: I am not enough to learn, and I dare not make an exception; It is its strength not to avoid hard work and not to be afraid of rumors. " When Dr. Sun Yat-sen wrote a letter to Li Hongzhang, he once commented on Li Hongzhang: "Since George George was in power in the Central Temple, I have spared no effort to make progress, make no mistakes. If it is difficult to support the navy and railways, we will resolutely establish them. It is because agriculture and mulberry are important policies and the lifeblood of people's livelihood, and some people can do it. Can't someone do it? " U.S. President Grant called Li the first of the four great men in the world at that time, and he was equally famous with British Prime Minister, French Prime Minister Gambetta and German Chancellor Bismarck. Many scholars in the late Qing Dynasty were deeply dissatisfied with Li Hongzhang's foreign policy and Weng Tonghe's domestic policy. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a famous couplet composed of Li and Weng: Prime Minister He Fei wrote a book "Notes on Poetry", recalling the historical materials he had experienced in the chrysanthemum altar for 70 years since he was 7 years old, and reciting 199 poems. It is recorded in the poem that after the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, people's resentment boiled. When Liu Gansan, a famous actor who played the clown, sang Su Kunqu in Beijing, one day when he was acting on the stage, he dared to publicly ridicule Li Hongzhang and added an additional line: "Unplug the three eyes!" It happened that Li Hongzhang's nephew was also present at the play. Hearing this, he flew into a rage, immediately went on stage and slapped Liu Gansan several times, but he was not dissuaded by others. Liu Gansan was insulted only because he dared to be angry and didn't dare to speak. He was depressed and died soon. At that time, people made a joint ridicule on this matter, saying, "It is not shameful to kill Sany, and Mr. Li Er is a traitor. Because "Catch Three to Die" and "Mr. Li Er" are incompatible, it became Yang San after being passed down from generation to generation. Mr. Li Er, a traitor historian in modern history (a native of Hefei, Anhui, and a fellow countryman of Li Hongzhang), thinks that he "enjoys the emperor at home, but turns a blind eye to foreign powers". He is one of the "two and a half" diplomats in China's modern diplomacy (one in Zhou Enlai and half in Gu Weijun). Li Hongzhang summed up his experience like this: "I have worked all my life, and training and navy are paper tigers. How can I really put it down? I just barely drew it, but it's superficial and can be perfunctory for the time being. For example, a dilapidated house is repaired by a paperhanger and becomes a clean room. Although it is clearly made of paper, it is still impossible to determine what material is inside. Even if there is a little wind and rain, we can get some cave cages, which can be repaired at any time or put off. Tearing by hand is inevitable, and no repair materials and transformation methods have been prepared. The natural truth is out of control, but how can the paperhanger take responsibility? "
Zhang Zhidong and China, after all, have their own unique historical traditions and cultural backgrounds, so they cannot copy western laws. However, they can learn from the technology and experience of western legislation, introduce some new legal contents, and emphasize the combination of "harmony between man and nature" and "ceremony" and law from their theoretical model of natural law. This is an ethical legal theory based on people themselves, which is once again full of vitality at present. Confucianism's thinking method of combining law and morality, law and society, law and politics closely coincides with the principle of modern comprehensive management, which has certain guiding significance for our realistic legal system construction. Zhang Zhidong was a rising star in the Westernization Movement, and his economic thought was relatively advanced at that time. However, among all his political achievements, his educational achievements are the most outstanding, and his thought and practice of promoting learning and cultivating talents occupy a very important position in the history of modern education in China.
Kang Youwei's qualitative debate on Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898 has never stopped, and there are different opinions on the research results of his political thought. Here I quote "On the Fundamental Attribute of Kang Youwei's Political Thought" (written by Wang Jianhui, the author of the first prize of "Academic Month" in Anhui Normal University in 2008): "China at the end of 19 is the end of feudal society, but we can't apply the theory to define the change in this period as a bourgeois reform movement and interpret it as a bourgeois revolution, nor can we ignore the subjective backwardness of the reformers because of objective progress. It is a method of analyzing history with theory, and it is a research that objectively analyzes history and draws new theories. In addition to the promotion of economic foundation, the reform of the system also needs timely cultural renewal. The formation of economic base sometimes can't promote the leap of superstructure quickly and directly. With the infiltration of capitalism in modern times,1a workforce appeared in the 1940s and 1950s, and domestic capitalist forces formed in the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, after that, "World War I" ushered in a short spring. But at that time, this capitalist force was not enough to promote the revolution of the superstructure. Moreover, it is doubtful to define the Reform Movement of 1898 as a bourgeois reform movement under the atmosphere dominated by Confucianism. As the guiding theory of this revolution, Kang Youwei's political thought is also a part of feudal culture dominated by Confucianism, but this part has nurtured a certain degree of rebellious spirit. "
Liang Qichao1965438+At the end of 2008, Liang Qichao went to Europe and learned about many problems and disadvantages in western society. After returning to China, he preached that western civilization had gone bankrupt and advocated developing traditional culture and "saving the world" with the "inherent civilization" of the East. Liang Qichao is also a famous scholar. He has a wide range of interests and profound knowledge, and has deep attainments in literature, history, philosophy, Buddhism and other fields. From 190 1 to 1902, he wrote China's Historical Narration and New History, criticized feudal historiography and launched a "historical revolution". Wu Qichang's evaluation of Liang Qichao: Wu Qichang is a proud disciple of Liang Qichao. He once wrote about Liang Qichao (Shengli Publishing House, 1944 edition) and evaluated Liang Qichao. He believes that "style reform is Liang Qichao's greatest achievement", and the "new style mixed with slang (newspaper style)" he initiated has made the reading level of the people advance by leaps and bounds. (ditto) Guo's evaluation of Liang Qichao: Guo set up a special chapter to analyze Liang Qichao's thoughts in the History of China Thought in the Past 30 Years, and thought that the main purpose of his new democratic theory was to establish a new morality-public morality. "The standard of public morality is to benefit the masses, with national thoughts and rights thoughts; People want freedom and autonomy; We should be enterprising and adventurous. China has not made progress for thousands of years because all obstacles have not been removed, so we must destroy them. The people should have self-esteem, gregarious thinking and perseverance. " He also pointed out that Liang Qichao's thought "actually represents the thought of western capital society and is a great washing of patriarchal feudalism for thousands of years." (The History of China's Thoughts in the Past 30 Years, Beiping Dabei Bookstore, 1935 Edition, page 50) Regarding the overall evaluation of Liang Qichao, the author thinks: "Liang's contribution to the history of China's thoughts is not as great as his contribution to academic history, and his contribution to the history of thoughts is not as good as Kang Youwei's Creation and Destruction, and his thoughts mostly come from Kang and Tan Sitong, so his thoughts are not the same. (History of China's Thoughts in the Past 30 Years, pp. 53-54) (Chen: A Review of Liang Qichao's Academic Thoughts, p. 292) Evaluation of Liang Qichao: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were published 1948. The purpose of Mr. Wang's writing this book is to criticize Kang and Liang's reformism and demonstrate that reformism is bound to fail in China. The author said in the book: "Times have changed, far from the past. The people have risen, and democracy and freedom have become the mainstream of the times. Historical Hong Tao and the revolutionary situation are irresistible. In the people's era and the democratic century, where can orphans talk about "reform" and "political reform", and what tricks can they play to "help Guangxu" and "protect Qing Dynasty"? (Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, Shanghai Huaxia Bookstore, 1948 edition, page 5) Therefore, the author focuses on Liang Qichao's political activities in this book, and rarely mentions his academic thoughts, which leads to a low evaluation of him: "Liang Qichao is not an excellent thinker, scholar and politician. In fact, he is just a vulgar' royalist liberal'! All his words and deeds in his life are concentrated on political activities, and he has always stood in the reactionary position of anti-democracy and counter-revolution for 30 years. Before the Revolution of 1911, anti-democracy and counter-revolution were "protecting the emperor" and therefore "protecting the Qing Dynasty"; After the revolution, it was anti-democratic and counter-revolutionary, so' supporting Yuan' and' protecting the valve' attempted to maintain feudal rule. " (Wu Ze: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, p. 180) (ibid., p. 292-293) Wang Jieping's evaluation of Liang Qichao: Wang Jieping divided Liang Qichao's political thought into four stages in his long article On Reformist Liang Qichao. The first stage is from learning Kang Youwei to 1898 coup (65438+). In the second stage, from fleeing to Japan to arguing with revolutionaries (1898~ 1905), Liang Qichao turned against the revolution by rejecting the imperial system. In the third stage, from the failure of the debate to the Revolution of 1911 (1906 ~1911), it became more degenerate politically and openly resisted the bourgeois revolution. In the fourth stage, from returning to China after the Revolution of 1911 to Liang Qichao's death after the First Great Revolution (19 12~ 1929), it gradually became the backbone of the landlord comprador group, and its political thoughts became more reactionary. The author also analyzes the causes of Liang Qichao's ideological contradictions, mistakes and changes, and thinks that this is "a reflection of the despair of China's semi-colonial reformism when it went bankrupt in the imperialist stage, and a reflection of the sense of helplessness after some forces representing the landlord class were transformed into the bourgeoisie and were intricately attacked by imperialism, feudalism and revolutionary forces."
Tan Sitong and Liang Qichao commented on Tan Sitong: A comet in the ideological circle of the late Qing Dynasty There was a comet in the ideological circle of the late Qing Dynasty called Liuyang Tan Sitong. Inheritance and kindness to teenagers are parallel styles, based on a glimpse of "modern literature". The words "Wang (China), Wei (origin), Gong (self-treasure) and Wang (luck) are just talents" in his poems, which shows his yearning. He is also a good scholar of Wang Fu, who likes to talk about name and reason. Since Liang Qichao, his studies have changed. Since Yang heard about Buddhism, his knowledge has changed again. Taste a few poems, engrave them, and the title is "the old school of Ming family in Donghai thirty years ago", which shows that today is not what it used to be. His so-called "new learning" works include Benevolence, the title of which is also "A Book Written by People in Taiwan Province Province". The cover is full of contempt for the Qing court, while the fake Taiwan Province people are angry. Once a book is written, hide the manuscript and write a copy for your friend Liang Qichao; Qi Chao printed cloth in Japan and began to spread it around the world. "The Self-Report of the Benevolent Man" said: "I will cry bitterly, and I will be forced to give up, so that I can quickly disconnect from the Internet. Break the trap of wealth, folk custom, global knowledge and religion, monarch, ethics and heaven. ..... But, you can rush, there is no net; There is really no net, but it can be said that it is washed. ..... "The spiritual content of benevolence is roughly the same. Ying Naiduan advocated the theory of "breaking idols" and initiated modern science. There is its inheritor "explosive net", which is what it means. Benevolence is a bold and far-reaching plan, which combines science, philosophy and religion to make it more suitable for life. I dare not say that the plan is hopeless. But judging from the general trend of academic progress all over the world, it is still too early, and the situation is the same as that of China at that time. I studied arithmetic when I was a child, and I also tried to read the so-called "Gezhi" translation books, and applied as much scientific knowledge as I could at that time. He also took Buddhism's "only knowing Sect" and "Hua Yan Sect" as the ideological basis and passed them on to science. He also used the meanings of "peace" and "great harmony" of today's writers, and thought that "the law of the world" was an extreme track, which was applied to Buddhism. The book of inheritance is based on these three parts, and the organization is based on its own opinions. There are many complicated and naive theories, so there is no need to be taboo. Completely get rid of the shackles of old ideas, abruptly created by themselves, which was unparalleled in the previous Qing Dynasty. The inheritor fundamentally rejected the concept of respecting the ancient times and tasted it: "If the ancients were good, why are they today!" ("Benevolence" Volume) The next general criticism of China's history is: "For two thousand years of politics, Qin Zheng is also a thief; After studying for two thousand years, Xun Xue is also homesick; Only thieves use their hometown wishes, but they want to be flattered by thieves. " (Ren) At that time, Tan, Liang and Xia's arguments were all based on this, and the heirs were particularly brave. The so-called benevolent people who cut off the internet are all in the book, and they can't attract them. Let's give a few examples. Black children teach names unscrupulously, saying, "If you are a vulgar teacher, you can teach by name ... If you teach by name, your teaching is the real object, but it is by no means true. In addition, celebrities are created by people, and high-level officials have to serve them, so the terrible disaster of the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanent Members for thousands of years will be taken away. ..... If you say "benevolence", there will be * * *, and your father will be responsible for your officials, and your officials can also be contrary to your father, which is inconvenient for restraint, so it is necessary to have the name of "loyalty, filial piety and honesty". ..... Loyalty and filial piety are the proper names of courtiers, but not the opposite. Although he had some evidence and wanted to complain, he finally lost to the name of loyalty and filial piety. ..... Where the name is, it is not only its mouth that makes it afraid to speak, but it makes its heart unable to think. ..... "Heitong has a special opinion on good and evil, and thinks that" there is no evil between heaven and earth, and the evil is named, which is not true ",and that" the vulgar Confucianism takes righteousness as good, and people want evil, but they don't know that no one wants righteousness ". He wants to apply his theory of "evil begins with name", but it is a very bizarre theory, saying: "evil is the greatest murder." ..... men and women constitute a beautiful name, and this name is also obscene. Since the birth of the people, lewdness has been around for a long time. If you don't change your name, your habit will be called evil. From making people alive, that is, learning to treat prostitution as a feast, to temples in various dynasties, to cities, to all kinds of people, such as China's longbow kneeling, western countries' waist kissing, who knows who is the wicked? Killing for life is also called killing. If killing is evil, then killing is evil. People kill people unjustly. How can tigers, wolves, cows, horses, chickens and dolphins be killers? Why can't they be evil? Or, "people have the same ears." But tigers and wolves are different from people. Tigers and wolves kill people, so they are called evil. People kill tigers and wolves, why don't celebrities do evil? ..... "This argument is close to sophistry, but the spirit of doubt and the courage of liberation can be observed. The second part of Ren is more about politics. His first article "The Origin of the Country and the Principles of People's Governance" (not quoted in the article) was the fundamental program of Tan and Liang schools at that time, and he tried to spread it in the spirit of martyrdom. From today's perspective, its theory is also mediocre and broad. However, at that time, Lu Sao did not dream of the name of "The Covenant of Human Relations", but his ideals coincided, which was not as effective as emancipating his mind. His advocacy of revolution is also full and his words are sharp. Yue: "The world is the private property of the monarch, and it is not the case today ... But who knew that Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing were guilty? Its soil is filthy, its people are fertile, its heart is poultry, and its vulgarity is lust. It's a shame to show off its murderous intentions and seize the jade of the children of the Central Plains. Close his eyes and ears, bind his hands and feet, suppress his thoughts and frustrate his integrity. ..... Fang Ming said: It is only natural to eat wool and practice soil. Who eats whose hair? Who practices whose land? ..... "And he said," I in China should be careful not to mention Washington and Napoleon. People with lofty ideals and benevolence seek Chen She and Yang Xuangan to drive away saints. I have no regrets when I die. If there is no chance, it is Ren Xia (assassination), which is enough to stretch the morale of the people and advocate the wind of bravery. "These words, written on bamboo and silk, have been written for 15 or 16 years since the League of Alliance and the Guangfu Association. Ren's political theory belongs to "cosmopolitanism", which says: "There should be no country between heaven and earth because of the unification of Spring and Autumn. "He also said," You vowed not only to save your country, but also to save the lives of your prosperous western countries and your husband. Everything is measured ... you can't say that you are a certain country, it depends on all countries, all countries and all people. "There are many such theories in this article, which were advocated by the literary school at that time and today. Later, Liang Qichao lived in the East and was gradually influenced by European and Japanese customs. He advocated narrow nationalism and was ashamed of his dead friends. The heir was killed at the age of 33, so the school will not be able to measure his whereabouts in such a fake year. There was only one roll left in this area, and I vomited it all, and it passed at a glance, but the cleaning power was not stronger than that of Beijing, so I was stronger than all comets.