Interior design is one of the activities that human beings carry out to create and beautify their living environment. The following is my graduation thesis on interior design for your reference.

Graduation thesis of interior design: graduation thesis of interior design

The types of lighting sources are introduced: centralized light source, auxiliary light source and ordinary light source. Problems that should be paid attention to before setting lighting: the environment type of the scene, the use of lighting, the treatment of special lighting, and reference materials; Problems that should be paid attention to during erection: background light, key light and supplementary light; Problems to be considered after erection: whether the method to solve the problem is simple and necessary, whether there are objects to be excluded from the light source, and whether some other techniques can be used to make the scene more realistic.

Key words: the types of lights and the problems that need attention vary from owner to owner during erection.

introduce

Lighting serves the environment in order to coordinate the relationship between people and the environment, so it emphasizes the coordination of light quality.

Visually, we should use the color characteristics of different light sources to correctly judge the environmental color and mislead and strengthen it. Such as incandescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, etc., can strengthen the decoration of warm colors such as red, orange and yellow to make it more vivid. But it can also mislead almost all light and cool colors and turn them into dark and gray. Another example is the fluorescent lamp, which can dilute the warm colors such as red, orange and yellow, make the general light color and yellow slightly yellowish green, or make the cold ribbon gray, but it can strengthen the green component.

The second is artistic conception, with an area of over 30 square meters, or a length of over 7 meters, or the space between the living room and the dining room is composed of an iron fence or an antique shelf. You can create a far-reaching, unpredictable, private and quiet artistic conception by comparing the lightness between near light and far dark, and you may feel another kind of interest when you are in it.

Thirdly, fluency, with the organic cooperation of luminous ceiling, acousto-optic dynamic murals and potted flowers, forms a smooth, harmonious and natural landscape, which makes people living in metropolis seem to be in the long-awaited vast nature.

A kind of light

According to the nature of light sources, it can be divided into three types: centralized light source, auxiliary light source and illumination light source, all of which are indispensable and should be used in a cross-combination, with a brightness ratio of about 5∶3∶ 1.

Centralized light source: the light of centralized light source is direct light, which shines in a limited area with concentrated direct light, so that you can see the ongoing action more clearly, especially when working, reading, cooking and dining. Because the shape of the lampshade and the position of the lamp determine the size of the light beam, direct lamps are generally equipped with hoods or cooling holes, and the lampshade is opaque, such as spotlights, track lamps and work lamps.

Auxiliary light source: centralized light source has high illumination, and eyes are easy to get tired in this environment for a long time. At this time, you need auxiliary light sources, such as floor lamps and book lamps, to adjust the indoor light difference and make your eyes feel comfortable. The lighting of the auxiliary light source belongs to diffuse light, and the light it spreads to every corner of the house is the same. Generally speaking, a lamp that scatters light should use direct light.

Floodlight source: The ceiling lamp is a floodlight source. Usually, it is the main light in the room, also known as background light, which can turn the room.

The light source in the room is raised to a certain brightness to provide the same light for the whole room, so there is no obvious shadow, and there is no serious contrast between the place where the light shines and the place where it does not shine. But because it must be used with other lights, it should not be very bright. Compared with other light sources in the home, it has the lowest brightness.

Second, the problems that should be paid attention to before lighting erection

2. 1 What kind of environment should we pay attention to in the scene?

Scene lighting is usually divided into three types: natural light, artificial light and their combinations.

The typical natural light is sunlight. When using natural light, there are several other questions to consider: what time of day is it now; Is it clear or cloudy in Wan Li? Besides, how much light is reflected in the environment?

Artificial light can be in almost any form. Any environment illuminated by electric lights, fire or both can be considered man-made. Artificial light is probably the most common of the three light sources. You also need to consider where the light comes from and its quality. If there are several light sources, which one is the main light source? It is also important to determine whether to use colored light. Almost all light sources are colored, not pure white.

The last kind of lighting is a combination of natural light and artificial light. When shooting movies in bright outdoor, photographers and lighting engineers sometimes use mirrors or auxiliary lights to alleviate harsh shadows.

2.2 What is the purpose of lighting?

What is the purpose of lighting? In other words, what is the tone and atmosphere of the scene? It is very important to express a hue in light for the appearance of the whole image. In some cases, the only goal is to see one or several objects clearly, but this is usually not the case, and the actual goal is quite complicated.

Lighting helps to express an emotion or guide the audience's eyes to a specific position. It can provide more depth for the scene and display rich layers. So, when creating lights for a scene, you can ask yourself, what is the keynote to express? Did the lighting you set enhance the story?

2.3 What if there are special lighting effects in the scene?

If there are special lighting effects in the scene, should we use lighting or create them by other special means?

In addition to the common lighting types, many 3D animation softwares also provide many special effects in the form of incandescent lamps, stereoscopic light sources and special material properties. Although strictly speaking, some are not light types, they are usually added to the appearance of visible light effects in scenes. A simple example is the flicker or luminescence of a visible light source. Since these effects cannot be generated automatically in 3d, you need to include them in the rendering and consider their appearance and advantages.

2.4 Are there any reference materials from creative sources?

When creating realistic scenes, we should get into the habit of drawing materials from actual photos and movies. Good reference materials can provide you with some clues to know what specific objects and environments look like at different times of the day or under specific conditions.

By carefully analyzing the positions of highlights and shadows in a photo, it is usually possible to reconstruct the basic position and intensity of light that affects the image. You can also learn a lot by using the existing original materials to reconstruct the lighting layout.

Three problems that should be paid attention to when installing lamps and lanterns

3. 1 key light

In a scene, its main light source is usually called the main light. The key light is not necessarily just the light source, but it must be the main light source for lighting. Similarly, a highlight light may not be fixed in one place like a point light source.

Although the point light source is usually placed at three-quarters of the position (rotated 45 degrees from the front of the object and 45 degrees upward from the center line, which is often used as a fixed position), it can also come from below or behind the object or any other position according to the needs of specific scenes. The main light is usually the first light placed to create a preliminary lighting effect in the scene.

Although the initial placement provides a good way to illuminate the object, the result is indeed a monotonous image. Shadows are usually rough and obvious. Similarly, the scene always looks too dark, because there is no natural ambient light to highlight the shadow area. This situation is very useful in some scenes, such as night scenes, but it is somewhat inappropriate for most pictures.

3.2 auxiliary lights

Supplementary light is used to fill the dark and shadow areas of the scene. The main light is the most eye-catching light source in the scene, but the auxiliary light can provide depth of field and realism.

The more important supplementary light comes from natural diffuse reflection, which is usually called ambient light. This type of light is important in part because it improves the brightness of the whole scene. Unfortunately, the ambient light of most renderers is evenly applied to the whole scene. It reduces the overall darkness of the scene, eliminates some possible features, and cannot model any light and shadow on the illuminated object, which is the main reason why the scene looks unreal.

A better way to simulate ambient light is to place low-intensity spotlights or floodlights in a reasonable position in the scene. This kind of auxiliary light should reduce the shadow area and add some light to the lower side and the corner where the key light can't be directed directly.

In addition to the natural scattered light or ambient light in the scene, supplementary light is used to illuminate areas that are too dark or to emphasize certain parts of the scene. They can be placed opposite the main light to soften the shadows.

3.3 background light

Background light is usually used as? Edge light? It separates the target object from the background by illuminating the edge of the object. It is often placed in the position facing three-quarters of the bond light and acts on the edge of the object, resulting in a small reflective highlight area. If the model in a 3d scene consists of many small round edges, this highlight can increase the credibility of the scene.

Problems to be considered after setting lights

4. 1 Is the applied solution simple and necessary?

The lighting in the scene is different from the real lighting, so more efforts need to be made in rendering time. The more complex the lighting settings, the longer the rendering time and the more difficult the lighting management will become. You should ask yourself whether every kind of lighting is necessary for the image you create.

Adding a light source will naturally reduce the number of reflection points. In some cases, adding light sources will not improve the appearance of the scene, and it is difficult to distinguish the value of added light sources. You can try to view each light source individually to measure its relative value to the scene. If there is any doubt about its function, delete it.

4.2 Do some objects need to be excluded from the light source?

When rendering, excluding objects from some light sources can save time.

This principle is also correct for making shadows. It is rare that every light source in the scene is used to create shadows. Making shadows can be very expensive (especially in the case of ray tracing shadows) and sometimes harmful to the final image.

4.3 Any light can be simulated with a mapping effect instead of the actual light source.

Building light sources, lighting displays and other independent small combined light sources can sometimes be created using maps without using actual light sources.

4.4 Can you use some skills to make the scene more realistic?

For example, adding colors or maps to the light source may simply make the scene have a good atmosphere.

Five conclusions

With the development of society, people's understanding and knowledge of light has been very profound. Light and shadow have become the core elements in modern aesthetics. Reasonable layout of indoor lighting, so that lighting, walls and floors constitute a perfect and harmonious unity. As far as human vision is concerned, there is nothing without light. In the interior design of home decoration, light is not only to meet the needs of people's visual function, but also an important aesthetic factor. Light can form space, change space, or destroy space, which directly affects people's perception of the size, shape, texture and color of objects. Recent studies have proved that light can also affect cell regeneration, hormone production, gland secretion and physiological rhythms such as body temperature, physical activity and food consumption. Therefore, indoor lighting is one of the important components of home improvement interior design, which should be considered at the beginning of design.

Indoor lighting layout includes general lighting, local lighting, indirect lighting and direct lighting. It looks a bit old-fashioned, but in fact, the importance of a house's personalized lighting modeling, just like the stage lighting, can create a different kind of private space for you? Lights? Increase your sense of life and soothe the softest part of your heart. Imagine that at four o'clock at night, a bright lamp in the house can continue the vitality during the day; In the dead of night, the orange on the bed or in front of the case caters to your relaxed mood.

In this case, how to flexibly and skillfully combine the indoor lighting that acts on the self-space? The key lies in the interaction and discussion between designers and owners. Designers should create different space atmosphere according to the individual needs and emotional changes of homeowners, and enhance and strengthen the appeal and texture of design space. In addition to the general lighting in beyond the lights, we should pay special attention to some easily overlooked parts in interior design, because it is often these local details that will invisibly affect the living environment and people's emotional changes.

In daily life, lighting is an indispensable part, and only lighting can make human life more perfect. We can see the boundary of the room clearly by using light indoors, know that we are on the edge of the space and feel safe. With light, we can see whether there are obstacles ahead, and at the same time, light can drive away human fear of darkness. Different spaces have different lighting requirements. So, you can't just use one kind of light. In different spaces, besides the intensity of light, the style of lighting is equally important. For example, installing a gorgeous crystal lamp in the study will give people a feeling of being out of place.

The most obvious example of the function of lighting is that it can expand or reduce the space area, which is of course a visual effect. Light illuminates the wall and has the function of expanding space; The use of low-light lighting is easy to produce a sense of gloom and has the effect of lowering the ceiling.

refer to

[1]. China Interior Design Exchange Forum.

[2]. "Performance Techniques of Super Realistic Rendering of Interior Decoration" edited by Zhu People's Posts and Telecommunications Publishing House.

[3]. "Carry the 3d max renderings to the end" Li and other weapons industry publishing houses Beijing Hope Electronics.

Banshe

Express gratitude/gratitude

The paper was completed in just a few months, thanks to my tutor, who is meticulous and meticulous, and is an example for my work and study; His persuasive teaching and eclectic thinking have given me endless enlightenment and benefited me a lot in my study.

Graduation thesis of interior design major: model essay 2: graduation thesis of interior design

Design is a bridge between spiritual civilization and material civilization, and human beings hope to transform the world, improve the environment and improve the quality of life of human existence through design.

Starting from the three coordinate systems of natural person society, which constitute the three major elements of the world, modern design has expanded from product design to environmental design. Survival consciousness? Progress to? Environmental awareness? , like Canadian architecture Arthur? What Eriksson said:? Environmental consciousness is a kind of modern consciousness? . American architects believe that the important development in the 1980s was not this doctrine or that movement, but the universal recognition of environmental design and landscape design.

Environmental art design, including urban planning, architectural design, garden design, garden square design, sculpture and murals and other environmental art design and interior design. Interior design is an ideal content environment design to meet the material and spiritual requirements of people's life and work. It is closely related to people's lives, thus rapidly developing into a new frontier science with strong professionalism and practicality. Recently, the reporter interviewed Professor Zhang Qiman of Tsinghua University Academy of Fine Arts, the pioneer and academic leader of contemporary environmental art design in China, and asked her to analyze the new trend of interior design development. Professor Zhang believes that modern interior design can be roughly summarized into seven new trends.

Regression naturalization

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people yearn for nature, natural drinks, natural materials and living in a natural and green environment. As a result, the Scandinavian design school in northern Europe came into being, which has great influence on all countries in the world. It creates an idyllic and comfortable atmosphere in the house, emphasizes the application of natural colors and materials, and adopts many folk art techniques and styles. On this basis, designers constantly? Back to nature? Strive to create new texture effects and use concrete and abstract design techniques to make people associate with nature.

Overall artistry

With the enrichment of social material wealth, people demand learning? The accumulation of things? This liberation needs the beauty of unity and integrity among all kinds of indoor objects. Indoor environmental design is a whole art, and we should grasp the relationship between space, shape, color and reality, the relationship between functional combination, the creation of artistic conception and the coordination with the surrounding environment. Many successful examples of interior design are works that emphasize overall unity in art.

Highly modernized

With the development of science and technology, interior design adopts all modern scientific and technological means to achieve the best matching effect of sound, light, color and shape, realize high speed, high efficiency and high function, and create an admirable ideal space environment.

Highly nationalized

Only emphasizing high modernization, although people's quality of life has improved, they feel that they have lost their tradition and past. Therefore, the development trend of interior design is to pay equal attention to modernity and tradition. When we visited Japan, we saw many new environmental designs, which reflected the design embodiment of Japanese designers' commitment to the combination of high modernization and high nationalization. The interior design of Abe Yuan Hotel and office building in Tokyo, which was completed last year, is deeply impressed and inspired by its rich and novel traditional style, highly modern equipment, materials and technology, and fascinating indoor space treatment and decoration details. In shops all over Japan, restaurants, tea rooms and decorative appliances are all designed. Even if people eat in small restaurants, they can feel the careful arrangement of designers. So? The environment is beautiful everywhere, and there are designs everywhere? I left a deep impression on every member of the delegation.

Personalized

Large-scale industrial production has left the same problem for society. The same building, the same room, the same indoor equipment. In order to break identity, people pursue individuality. One design technique is to introduce nature into the room, so that indoor and outdoor are transparent or connected together. Another design technique is to break the cement box, slope, diagonal, or curve decoration, so as to break the horizontal vertical line to obtain change. You can also use colors, pictures, patterns and the reflection of glass mirrors to expand the space. Break the indifference of thousands of people and give each family room personalized characteristics through careful design.

Service facilitation

Urban population is concentrated. In order to be efficient and convenient, foreign countries attach great importance to the development of modern service facilities. In Japan, high-tech achievements are adopted to develop urban and rural automation service facilities, and there are more and more vending equipment. The use of computer inquiry, answer and guidance system, automatic ticketing and ticket checking, automatic opening and closing of access channels and other facilities in the transportation system bring people high efficiency and convenience, thus making interior design pay more attention? People? This theme aims to satisfy consumers and provide convenience for them.

High-tech and high emotion

In recent years, the interior design of advanced countries in the world is developing in the direction of high technology and high emotion. The combination of the two not only attaches importance to science and technology, but also attaches importance to human feelings. In terms of artistic style, the pursuit of frequent changes, new techniques and new theories emerge one after another, showing a rich and colorful situation of continuous exploration and innovation.