Township enterprises are the special products of China's special times, and have made important contributions to the economic development of China. However, in recent years,
The growth rate of major economic indicators of township enterprises has dropped sharply. At the same time, the reform of the property right system of township enterprises has been basically completed. In such a transformation,
During this period, the original pattern of taking township collective enterprises as the main body evolved into taking individuals and private enterprises as the main body. Under the new property right structure, township enterprises
Therefore, it is necessary to make a new examination and reflection on the management mode of township enterprises in the transition period.
Keywords: township enterprises; Management mode; reform
Township enterprises have made important contributions to the economic development of China.
The total output value of township enterprises increased from 654.38 billion yuan to 654.38 billion yuan.
In seven years, the total social output value of the whole country increased from 654.38+000 billion to 654.38+00000.
1 100 million RMB took 3 1 year. However, more than ten years have passed.
After double-digit high-speed growth, in recent years, the main projects of township enterprises are
The growth rate of economic indicators is basically lower than 10%, or even negative. and
At the same time, the reform of the property right system of township enterprises has been basically completed, in such a
In the transitional period, the original pattern with township collective enterprises as the main body has evolved.
Individuals and private enterprises as the main body. Under the new property right structure, township enterprises
The connotation and characteristics of industry have undergone fundamental changes, so we must
It is necessary to make a new examination and reflection on the management mode of township enterprises in the transitional period.
First, the innovation of management concept.
Just like water is impermanent, there is no fixed method for writing, and the management concept is not eternal.
Change. Management idea is the soul of enterprise management mode, and it is
Carry out construction and operation under the guidance of management concept. Modern enterprise management theory
The development and change of theory fully embodies the role of management concept in enterprise management mode.
Each component and its interaction and core role in operation. township and village enterprises
Industry is a special product of China's special era, so are most leaders of township enterprises.
Finn is a local leader and an able person among farmers in essence. Therefore, from
When they first entered the market, they were bold, knowledgeable, flexible and fast.
Found a profitable space in the market. However, due to the specific institutional environment
Constraints, changes in the business environment, doomed their development is deformed.
At the same time, it caters to the production target intervention of higher authorities, and also makes itself.
Your own business can survive, that is, playing the edge ball in the cracks of the system.
Its own defects also have a negative impact on the development of enterprises. Therefore,
The first problem faced by township enterprises in the transitional period is to change their own management.
Rational concept. Many township enterprises have realized modernization through reorganization.
Enterprise system, but this kind of establishment can't solve all problems just by listing.
problem Now the leader of township enterprises-the chairman must
There is a clear understanding that the chairman is the leader and the general manager is the manager.
The functions of directors and managers should not be misplaced. Generally speaking, leaders
(Leadership) and management (management) are not the same thing, but mutual.
As an auxiliary behavior system, each has its own functions and characteristics. In today's
In the United States, most enterprises are over-managed and under-led. And our country is just right.
On the contrary, there are too many "leaders" and insufficient management. The so-called leaders here don't
Is the real right leader. Management theory holds that not all.
Everyone is good at leadership and management, and some people have the ability to be excellent.
Managers, but can't be excellent leaders; Others have more.
Strong leadership skills, but it is difficult to become an excellent manager. first
A successful enterprise often needs these two kinds of talents.
At present, Chinese township enterprises can survive in the fierce market competition.
Come, are outstanding, in a sense, they should have a.
More capable leaders, otherwise it is difficult to survive today. However, when
We put the development of township enterprises in the economic and social transformation of China.
Against the background, it is not difficult to find that township enterprises have arrived in do or die.
In the moment of survival, facing the crisis of survival. There are many reasons for this change.
Many, including accelerated technological upgrading, intensified international competition, and the government's influence on the market.
Deregulation of Market, Overcapacity in Capital-intensive Industries and Labor Structure
Change, etc. In order to survive effectively in this new environment.
Competition needs the change of management concept.
According to the traditional theory, small enterprises are simple and do not need management.
Actually, this is a wrong concept. Small enterprises, especially township enterprises, account for a large proportion.
Enterprises need more organized and systematic management. First of all, township enterprises must
We must have a set of strategies to find a special "ecosystem" for ourselves.
System ",can stand the competition. Secondly, township enterprises should put their top management in every one.
In order to arrange these tasks properly, it is necessary to establish a "top management team".
Its members are all "part-time", and the main task is still at the functional end.
Face, but at the same time they still need to shoulder some high-level management tasks In villages and towns
In an enterprise, anyone who belongs to the management must understand the key of the enterprise.
Sex business, we must know what the goal of each key business is, we must.
Know the person in charge of each key business. Third, township enterprises must also build.
Establish a suitable control and information system. Township enterprise market
The environment is changing rapidly, and it must also keep up with its own advantages.
The possibility of some kind of "ecological status" change.
Judging from the proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises in the total number of enterprises in developed countries
You see, the United States accounts for 90%, the output value accounts for 39% of the US GDP, and Japan accounts for 39%.
98%, Germany accounts for 99.6%, and 53% of its GDP and 45.6% of its investment depend on it.
Small and medium-sized enterprises realize ②. Therefore, our country is changing the management concept of township enterprises.
In the process of reading, it is very important to change the concept of township enterprises themselves.
But what is more important is the transformation of government functions. We think what needs to be done now is
The government still needs to further improve its services to small and medium-sized enterprises.
The first is financing services. Except for a few, most township enterprises
Points are still restricted by the bottleneck of funds. Of course, this is a big system.
Engineering. The second is to improve information services. The construction of information service platform is public.
* * * products, the enterprise itself has neither so much strength nor motivation to do it.
These things, at the same time, enterprises blindly do, and will cause repeated construction, leading to
Waste resources. Third, clean up those that are restricted and unsuitable for the development of township enterprises.
Lagging policies. Judging from China's legislative practice, since the reform and opening up.
The effect is not great, but many laws and regulations are in the process of concrete implementation.
There is a big discount. Therefore, we believe that the clean-up of policies goes far beyond other aspects.
Important, making the introduction of "36 non-public economy" and equity transfer imminent.
And other major issues that really determine the life and death of township enterprises.
Second, the innovation of organizational concept.
Drucker believes that the first rule of a company is to maintain it in the form of organization.
Survival, the essence of the company is a social organization, that is, a humanistic organization. Modern Times
According to management theory, a company's organizational model must make it do better than ordinary people.
Under the guidance of continuous operation, an institution managed by one person cannot last long. Chinese
Many township enterprises have the personal characteristics of their founders. Enterprises are organizers.
We strive for the goal of * * * as a means, and the basis of modern production is
Social organization. In addition to mass production, the decisions of corporate social institutions and
The economic function is still organization, that is, the material resources for human labor as planned.
Distribution between materials. Organization is the foundation of the industry, and humanistic organization is any.
Industry is indispensable, which is an important difference between industry and factory handicraft.
Features.
For township enterprises, most of them are hard to realize this. because
Because, from the beginning of their establishment, only local government departments understand.
More effective institutional arrangements to solve financial problems. At that time and after.
For a long time, due to the shortage caused by the long-term planned economy, the township
Township enterprises make use of China's unique cheap labor and abundant market opportunities,
In the space allowed by the system, it has sprung up suddenly and created brilliant achievements. but
But until now, I am afraid that most people's understanding of township enterprises only stops here.
Stay at the level of economic function, but not rise to the level of social organization.
Therefore, in the current transformation process, the leaders of township enterprises must change.
Change your own organizational concept and enterprise organizational model. According to Drucker,
Cha, 1945, nearly half of American workers are engaged in manufacturing.
At present, the number of workers engaged in manufacturing has dropped to 10 of the total number of workers.
One third. In all developed countries, the society of 1983 has become
A society of employees.
China has a population of over 65.438+0.3 billion, including about 900 million farmers and township enterprises.
At present, there are more than 20 million businesses, most of which are scattered in the vast rural areas.
The main body of its organization is migrant workers. Township enterprises are also enterprises, and their essence is also
It is to organize people to work together with the goal of maximizing output. it
The first rule is survival. In order to achieve the goal of maximizing output, enterprises must
It is necessary to formulate policies to achieve the reasonable requirements of different management departments and different goals.
In this way, enterprises can not blindly rely on expedient measures, but should constantly adapt to the situation.
Change and adjust policies, but as far as most township enterprises in China are concerned,
It's hard to do. Therefore, the existing outdated organizational concepts are implemented.
Innovation is imperative, which is the reason why township enterprises were not so good in the past.
Pay attention to the problem. First of all, we should pay attention to the sociality and humanity of enterprises.
The employees of the enterprise are not migrant workers, but your employees. If township enterprises want to
To be bigger and stronger, its employees must have a sense of belonging; Second, enterprises must be able to
It is enough to explore all the talents in the organization, to know people well and to use them.
Long and avoid its short; Third, we can evaluate the independence of employees in different positions.
Establish leadership ability to ensure that their failure will not affect the development of the enterprise.
Third, the innovation of human capital
When human capital economists put human health, production skills and production
Knowledge is regarded as a kind of capital stock, that is, the income increase now and in the future.
When the source is long, there is almost no difference between human capital and non-human capital.
Farewell. After more than 20 years of development, the property right reform of township enterprises has been put on the agenda.
An urgent agenda. According to the classical enterprise theory, production
Enterprises with vague rights cannot be efficient. Due to the unclear definition of property rights, management
If managers and producers are not motivated enough, hitchhiking is inevitable.
Free of charge. However, there is no clear definition of property rights for township enterprises in China.
But it has achieved extremely rapid development. Many economists believe that China
Township enterprises in China are nominally collective enterprises, but in fact they are private enterprises;
Others believe that due to political reasons, township enterprises are changing to be clearly defined.
Clear private property rights as the foundation of real capitalist enterprises have been
Strict restrictions.
Zhou Qiren believes that the key to the difference between enterprise contract and market contract lies in the enterprise.
Employment contracts include the use of labor services, and the biggest feature of labor services is buying and selling.
But he can only explain the general situation in advance and decide the details afterwards, which he regards as manpower.
Property right characteristics of capital ⑤. However, human capital naturally belongs to individuals, and
Must be alive. In barzel's view, even in personal attachment.
In the slave society with the strongest relationship, although slave owners can completely dominate slaves.
Labor and take all its output, because slaves are an active property,
It can not only run, but also actually control the supply of labor. Zhou Qiren
People think that human capital has two characteristics. On the one hand, human assets belong naturally.
Belonging to individuals; On the other hand, once the property right of human capital is damaged, it
Assets depreciate or disappear immediately. Therefore, the content of enterprise incentives, on
It is a signal of market value for the development and utilization of human capital to relevant parties.
Individuals, by their main decision in what range, what intensity to use it.
The stock of human capital determines the future direction of its human capital investment.
And strength.
It can be seen that even under the slavery system with the strongest personal dependence,
As a natural personal property, human capital is even related to personal attachment.
Under the strict legal structure of slavery, nothing can be done.
As it exists, let alone under other forms of legal rights structure. When there is a violation.
When the property right structure and social system of free trade law appear, it may lead to people
The property right of the capital is "incomplete". The incompleteness of human capital property rights means that although
Human capital belongs to individuals in law, but its property right strength is damaged.
Once the property right is incomplete, the property owner "closes" the human assets as if they never existed. This part was deleted.
The property right of capital cannot be transferred to other subjects.
Sample development and utilization, making the economic use value of this asset suddenly dropped.
A thousand feet. Therefore, in the final analysis, the innovation of human capital depends on the reform of property rights.
Degree and level.
The source of enterprise economic efficiency is the sufficiency of human capital property rights of operators.
Clearly define ⑦. In the enterprise contract composed of material capital and human capital, the enterprise contract is the same as the enterprise contract.
In the contract, only the property rights of human capital have direct incentives and constraints on the actors.
Role, and the operator as a decision-maker in the process of enterprise production and others.
Members' supervisors play an important role in the enterprise. Therefore,
The difference in the definition of human capital property rights of operators is the economic efficiency of enterprises.
The most fundamental reason for the difference. Operators and human capital owners in different enterprises
Working under the condition of ownership, his economic behavior mainly depends on his people.
Whether the property right of power capital is effectively defined and whether the property right of human capital of operators is
Whether it is fully protected, and whether the definition of the right of conduct is conducive to its business ability and
Whether the value of human capital is reasonably realized and whether the function of human capital is fully realized.
Play separately. If all these are realized, a rational operator is true.
Now, in order to maximize its utility, it will take very active work behavior.
No matter what kind of property right enterprise. If the operator manpower
Capital property rights are not fully defined, and operators will use passive labor to offset them.
The utility loss caused by the incomplete definition of human capital of operators, in order to realize
People's utility is equal, thus reducing the economic efficiency of enterprises. As can be seen from the above,
The full definition of human capital property rights of managers is to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises.
key Relatively speaking, due to the institutional constraints of township enterprises, there is no country.
Some enterprises are relatively serious and small in scale. Therefore, when creating human capital,
A new definition of property rights should be carried out.
Fourth, the innovation of social capital.
Explain the most influential regional economic development with social capital theory.
Putnam (1993), in his book Let Democracy Work.
Social capital is regarded as an economic resource similar to morality.
Social capital was born and embodied in people's communication network because of long-term
Because people participate in local social, economic and political life, social capital
Gradually evolved into an economy that can make people trust each other and repay kindness with kindness.
Resources, people cooperate with each other for common interests. Putnam also believes that,
Social capital is the premise of economic development, and its strength determines it.
The difference of economic development level is analyzed. Because a region has a history of * * *
Origin and unique cultural environment, people can easily get to know each other and become a family.
Close-knit communities form a close interpersonal network. At the people's exchange
On the Internet, business ties are rooted in community and family structures.
Punish people or behaviors that undermine people's trust relationship in various ways.
And strengthened. Although social capital is an accumulated stock,
With the long-term development of trade relations between enterprises, mutual understanding and trust.
The degree will generally increase accordingly.
The core of social capital is the trust between people, that is, between members of society.
Expectations of honesty and cooperation with each other. American economist Fukuyama pet-name ruby
(Francis Fukuyama) In his famous book Trust, he used big words.
Quantitative space analyzes the importance of trust to economic development. He thinks that China people
Society is the most lacking in trust in the world. He gave many examples.
The results show that in the United States, Japan and Germany, letters between people
The degree of appointment is much higher than that of China society, including Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province in China.
In Italy and France. There are many similarities between Italy and China.
Including official corruption, market disorder and so on. He particularly emphasized that China enterprises
Family members only trust people who are directly related by blood, and do not trust people outside the family;
People in China talk about circles. Insiders trust, outsiders don't trust.
Yes In this way, the transaction in the form of organization can only stay in the family.
Can't be a big enterprise. This is the reason why China people don't have world brands.
Because.
The initial development of township enterprises once benefited from this rich social capital.
Ben. The villagers have lived in the same place for generations and lived in harmony with each other.
Be familiar with each other's behavior and characteristics, even selfish people, here.
In this long-term communication, it may also be manifested as mutual willingness to "cooperate." Congbo
From the perspective of game theory, one party's dishonesty will be encountered in the next game.
Revenge, so it is possible to form a behavior, which is phase.
They are more cooperative and trust each other. However, with the development of township enterprises
The exhibition has grown, corporate relations have developed to other places, and employees have come from all corners of the country.
The secular relationship handed down from generation to generation in rural areas has been broken, relying on the stimulation of this relationship.
The incentive mechanism has also been destroyed. In this case, the definition of rights and obligations is very clear.
A clear property right contract becomes a necessary factor for an effective incentive mechanism.
Precautions:
① Cai Fang Lin Yifu: China Economy, China Financial and Economic Publishing House.
2003 edition, page 157.
② Wu Jinglian: Economic Reform in Contemporary China, Shanghai Far East Press 1999.
Edition, page 2 16.
③ ④ Drucker: The Essence of the Company, Shanghai People's Publishing House, Shanghai Publishing House.
Social Academy Press, 2002, pp. 4 and 5.
⑤ Zhou Qiren: Enterprises in the market: a kind of human capital and non-human capital.
Special Contract, Economic Research No.6, 1996.
⑥ barzel, Yoram. 1977. Economic analysis of slavery.
Journal of Law and Economics, 17, No.1: 73-96.
⑦ Le Sheng: "The definition of property rights of managers' human capital and the economic efficiency of township enterprises"
Rate ",China Rural Survey, No.3, 2002.
Today Coleman, J. 1988, "Social capital is creating.
Human Capital, American Journal of Society 20.
9 Fukuyama: Trust: Social Virtue and Creating Economic Prosperity, Hainan Publishing House.
Press 200 1, pp. 84-96.