Jane. Paul. Jean-Paul Sartre (65438+June 265438+0,0905-June 65438+April 65438+05,0980) is a French thinker, writer and existentialist philosopher. His masterpiece Being and Nothingness is the pinnacle of existentialism.
Jane. Paul. Sartre
Jean paul? Jean-palusartre (1905-1980) is a French philosopher and writer. Born into a naval officer's family, he lost his father at the age of two and was raised by his grandfather. 1924 was admitted to Paris Normal College. In the cradle of this French cultural giant, Sartre, Ni Zan, Aaron and other students, the most important figures in the ideological circle, became Sartre's lifelong friends and opponents.
In the 1920s, Bergson's theory introduced Sartre into the hall of philosophy, and Jean-Paul Sartre was introduced. At the same time, he was also influenced by Descartes' philosophy. During his college years, he dabbled extensively in the works of Marx, Freud and Nietzsche. After graduation, I took the teacher title examination, obtained the qualification of philosophy teacher with the first place, and met Beauvoir, who ranked second. Since then, they have become like-minded lifelong partners.
193 1 to 1933 taught in other provinces of Ren Zhongxue, 1933 went to Germany to study Husserl's theory, and began to form his own ideological system. From 65438 to 0934, he continued to teach and began to write. 1939 was drafted into the army, 1940 floated to the front line, 194 1 year was released to Paris to participate in the resistance movement. From then on, Sartre advocated "intervening in literature" and founded modern magazines, trying to study society, politics, philosophy and literature from the perspective of existentialism. After 1950s, Sartre entered the most politicized period and took a clear stand on a series of major issues at home and abroad. His outstanding political activities earned him the reputation of "the conscience of mankind in the 20th century". Sartre was blind in his later years, so he had to bid farewell to his half-century creative career and continue his theoretical movement by talking until his death.
Sartre insisted on writing all his life, leaving about 50 volumes of works for later generations. Philosophical works include Being and Nothingness (1943), Existentialism is a Humanism (1946), Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960), Methodological Problems (1969) and so on. In terms of literature, Sartre's main legacies are the novel Nausea (1938), The Road to Freedom Trilogy (1945- 1949), collections of short stories and so on. These novels vividly explain Sartre's philosophical thoughts and occupy a decisive position in the history of French literature. Especially drama creation, attracted worldwide attention. Sartre published 1 1 plays before his death, among which Fly and Confinement (1944) are regarded as classic works of modern drama. In addition, he also wrote a lot of literary comments, political comments, essays and so on.
Introduction to Jean-Paul Sartre 1964, "Because his works are rich in ideas, full of freedom and the spirit of pursuing truth, they have had a far-reaching impact on our times", was awarded by Swedish Academy to Sartre Nobel Prize in Literature, but Sartre refused to accept it.
Jane. Paul. Sartre
Jean paul? Sartre (Jean? Paul Sartre (1905— 1980) was born in Paris on1June 2, 995. 1924, he was admitted to Paris Teachers College to study philosophy. 1929, he passed the title examination of philosophy teacher with the first place in the oral examination, and met Simone? De? Beauvoir, the two became like-minded lifelong partners. In the same year 1 1 month, Sartre went to the military meteorological department for military service for one and a half years.
193 1 year, he was appointed as a philosophy teacher in le havre middle school. 1933, Sartre went to the Institut de France in Berlin as a public student to study philosophy, and studied the works of Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Husserl and Hegel under the guidance of Husserl, a famous German phenomenology professor, and gradually began to form his own existential philosophy system. 1934, he returned to China to continue teaching and writing. He was drafted into the army in September 1939, and was captured in Lorraine in June 1994. 194/kloc-0 was released in April, returned to Paris, continued to teach in middle schools, and participated in the resistance movement until 1944 resigned as a teacher, and then devoted himself to writing and organizing Modern magazine. After 1950s, Sartre entered the most politicized period and took a clear stand on a series of major issues at home and abroad, which earned him a high reputation in the world. 1955, he was still with simone? De? Beauvoir visited China together. Sartre was blind in his later years and bid farewell to his creative career for half a century. He can only continue to express his theories and opinions through conversation. 1April, 199815th, Sartre died at the hospital in Borussia at the age of 75.
Existence and nothingness
1954 In May, Sartre visited the Soviet Union at the invitation of Soviet writers and delivered a speech that he later admitted was "lying". 1955 September, Sartre and Beauvoir were invited to visit China. China is a strange country for him, but in China, people know almost nothing about Sartre except a few French literature experts. 10.2, 165438+, China People's Daily published Sartre's article "My feelings about new China", and Sartre also published an article "China in my eyes" in The French Observer, talking about his feelings about China.
When the Soviet army invaded Hungary in 1956, Sartre condemned the Soviet army and the French leaders who supported the intervention. Break with * *. But he is still left in political inclination. 1957, in the special issue of Modern magazine about Hungary, Sartre wrote the article "The Ghost of Stalin" to oppose Soviet interference. But he also believes that the Soviet Union is still a flesh-and-blood socialism. 1954 Sartre openly opposed the war between France and Algeria. Support the secret publication "For Truth", and in the Declaration of the Right to Disobey Orders in the Algerian War (the main content is that French soldiers have the right to disobey orders and refuse to participate in the Algerian War. Because the signer * * * has 12 1 person, it is also called "statement of 12 1 person"). At the same time, he made a speech that "the left should unite with the Algerian National Liberation Front". Therefore, it was accused by the authorities of "endangering national security." 1960 In late February, Sartre and Beauvoir visited Cuba at the invitation of the editor-in-chief of Revolution, Cuba's largest newspaper, praising Cuba as a "direct democracy" and lamenting that "this is the honeymoon of the revolution". 1960 In August, Sartre and He were invited to visit Brazil, and they directly attacked De Gaulle and malraux at the University of Rio de Janeiro, which was very popular. But at the same time, Sartre was regarded as a traitor and an enemy of France. The veterans shouted "Kill Sartre" on the Champs Elysé es. Sartre was sued shortly after he returned to France. But because of its influence, it went away. Sartre was constantly threatened with assassination, but he still stood his ground and personally took to the streets to participate in * * * and * * * *.
1960, Sartre completed the first part of his second important philosophical work, Critique of Dialectical Reason-Practical Holism. The second part was never finished. Sartre thought that the philosophy discussed in this book was abandoned after Marxism came into being. Some people think that this is Sartre's attempt to analyze Marxist dialectics with existentialism and psychoanalysis to illustrate its feasibility. Therefore, Sartre is regarded as a representative of Marxist school. But in his later years, Sartre denied that his book belonged to Marxism, thinking that it was only close to Marxism in some fields. 1963, Modern magazine published Sartre's autobiographical novel Le *** ots. Many people think that this book marks Sartre's return to literature. In this book, Sartre describes the time until his childhood and before his mother remarried at the age of 12. Sartre wrote this book because he owed money to the publishing house. Sartre was nominated by Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964, and finally won the prize. But Sartre refused to accept the prize on the grounds that he always refused to give up the official honor. However, in his later years, he refused to accept the prize because it divided writers and literature into grades.
In the 1960s, the United States intervened in the Vietnam War, and Sartre resolutely opposed it. As executive chairman, he participated in a court that tried American war crimes in Vietnam. The honorary president of the court is.
1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. Sartre made a speech, calling the Soviet Union a war criminal and renouncing relations with the Soviet Union. His original scripts "Fly" and "Dirty Hands", which meant opposing the German fascist occupation, were staged in the Czech Republic, becoming the spokesmen against the Soviet occupation and were warmly cheered by Czechs. 1968 in may, riots broke out in French universities, opposing the Vietnam war and school rules. Sartre, Beauvoir and others issued statements in support of students' actions. Then I went to the university to give a speech. After the May storm, Sartre continued to keep in touch with leftists, participated in newspapers run by proletarian leftists and distributed them in the streets. From 65438 to 0973, Sartre was the editor-in-chief of another leftist newspaper, Libération, which was the largest leftist newspaper in France and the third largest national daily newspaper.
In the early 1970s, Sartre's body began to show some obvious symptoms. At this time, he was writing at home "* * *-Gustav? Flaubert 1973 Sartre's eyes are almost completely blind. His life is made up of Simon? Bova and his adopted daughter will take care of it. 1980 Sartre died in April. His "life partner" Simon? After Sartre's death, Beauvoir (an important figure in the French ideological circle, a feminist, and the author of The Second Sex) wrote the Farewell Ceremony and Letters to Beaver and others according to Sartre's last 10 years of life.
Jane. Paul. Sartre cartoon
Sartre's philosophy is a radical liberalism. This theory is contrary to determinism, which holds that human beings have absolute freedom. Nietzsche's famous saying "God is dead" can be regarded as a basic premise of Sartre's philosophy. As a result, people were abandoned. Because people can't find anything to rely on inside and outside. People have no reason to exist. And if it is true that existence precedes essence, people can't explain their behavior with a natural human nature; In other words, there is no determinism. Man is free. Man is freedom. On the other hand, if God does not exist, people have no value and discipline to prove their actions. There is no value field. There is no excuse for loneliness. This is what Sartre meant by "man is judged to be free". Because a person does not voluntarily exist in the world, but once he exists, he is free; But at the same time, he is also responsible for everything he has done.
Although "God is dead" is a basic premise of Sartre's philosophy-like contemporary western writers, there is a shadow of "God" in his thoughts. Some scholars think that he is an anti-theist, not an atheist. The following question can be borrowed from the question put forward by the Russian writer Dostoevsky in the book Brothers Karama Zuo Fu: "If there is no God, then everything is allowed." This sentence is used to express. To understand Sartre's freedom, we need to know two other important concepts: l'en-soi, or the existence of freedom; The existence of self-sufficiency "Freedom" means "being what it is" and "being what it is" means "being what it is not". For example, a knife exists for cutting things, and it exists for a purpose; However, human existence has no purpose-because "God is dead"-so human beings should create value for their existence. So "existence comes before essence". Man is a subject of "self-action" facing the future, with unlimited possibilities, not closed. Sartre also mentioned "anxiety" and "dizziness". Sartre believes that people are anxious because of their freedom. People feel free, but they have no choice. For example, a third-year college student is faced with the choice of graduate school and employment. He can't rely on anything to make a choice, including God, so nothing makes his choice inevitable. You must rely on yourself to continue your studies or employment. Dizziness is a kind of anxiety. People feel dizzy near the cliff because they realize that they can choose to commit suicide-jump, and it's up to them to decide whether to jump or not. This is the expression of human freedom. In the example of Vertigo, we can see another important concept of Sartre: "transcendence". Transcendence is manifested in that when human beings have many choices, they can imagine every possible consequence, so that human beings can make their own choices.
Another concept of Sartre is the so-called "self-deception". He described "self-deception" as a "translucent state", and his description of self-deception can be understood in connection with his refutation of the subconscious. He denied the existence of the subconscious and thought it was just a kind of "self-deception". This can also be related to its aversion to "essence" and "center". He doesn't think there is any transcendental "essence", so man is "necessarily free". He believes that self-deception is caused by people's escape and denial of freedom. A famous example is that a woman is dating a man, and the woman knows very well that this man has an attempt to approach her. Because of her freedom, she had to choose between obedience and rejection, but she deliberately denied her freedom. She only understands the superficial meaning of every word a man says.
She doesn't want to understand what people say to her. If people say to her, "I worship you too much", she will eliminate the deep meaning of this sentence ... the person who talks to her looks sincere and respectful to her, just like whether the table is round or square, and whether the wallpaper is blue or gray. (p.90 "Being and nothingness", press, 1998)
Another problem that comes with it is human responsibility. When a person makes a choice, he also recommends his choice to others. He has the freedom to choose, and he will be responsible for all the consequences. An example is a French family during World War II, where the father worked for the Germans, the eldest of the two sons died, and the youngest son stayed with his mother. The youngest son knows that he is very important to his mother and cannot leave her. On the other hand, as a Frenchman, he hopes to go to England to join the French resistance movement, liberate his motherland and avenge his brother. In this way, the youngest son was caught in a dilemma. He went to ask Sartre. And the answer is, you chose, no matter what the consequences, you will be responsible for it. In the later period, his thoughts changed and he paid more attention to the macro level of society. Also began to admit that freedom itself is limited, and it is difficult for people to be responsible for their actions. He tried to change Marx's philosophy and connect it with human studies. Its ideological content is rich. To fully understand it, we need to study Heidegger's analysis of "existence" and Husserl's structural analysis of "intentionality". He holds a vague but direct realistic view of the material world. Influenced by German philosophy, his writing is rather obscure. His philosophy has distinct personal characteristics.
Jean Paul Sartre
Sartre's achievements in literature, to a certain extent, are laid by his plays. As an image interpretation of existential philosophy, his plays have more influence than novels. He has written and adapted eleven plays, almost all of which have the color of his existentialism philosophy, among which The Fly (1943), The Confinement (1945) and The Devil and God (195 1) are his representative works.
The Fly is one of Sartre's most famous plays, and it is also the most important masterpiece to express existential philosophy in literary form. Through the ancient Greek myth that Orestes eradicated the tyrant and avenged his father, he expounded the existential philosophy, that is, existence precedes essence, and what kind of essence a person obtains depends on what kind of choice he makes, and the initiative of choice lies with himself rather than God or others. The Fly has no intention to show the process of revenge, but only shows how the protagonist decides revenge, that is, how the characters choose themselves in a specific situation. In this work, ancient myths and stories are perfectly combined with French reality, traditional classical art and typical modern philosophy in the 1940s.
Confinement is also considered as a classic of contemporary drama. Like flies, it has a very strong symbolic meaning and moral, but the difference is that flies praise the "free choice" of good, while confinement reveals the "free choice" of evil. Through the entanglements and conflicts between three men and women in hell, the play profoundly shows the closed, alert and conflicting relationship between people in the real society, and tells the famous existential saying that "others are hell".
It is a preview and declaration of Sartre's exploration and pursuit of the truth of the times, new "self-choice" and specific "intervention" after 1950 s. It reveals a philosophy through the three processes that Gotz, the hero, went through: only taking the abstract concept of good and evil as the content can not solve the problem of correct self-selection. So, in the end, he asked Gotz to carry out specific "intervention" and choose specific people who are carrying out specific social struggles. This shows that Sartre's "self-choice" has added new content and reached a new height.
In addition, Sartre's important works include The Play Comes to a Bad End (1946), The Courteous Brothel (1946), Dirty Hands (1948) and Monographs on Literary Theory (1946).
Theodor Mommsen
Jose Echegaray
Bjornstjerne Bjornson
rudolf christoph eucken
Knut Hamsun
Henri Bergson
[1] China Network Literature Alliance
[2] San Tian Ge Cultural Network