/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the imperialist powers fought for and carved up China, which caused an unprecedented national crisis in China. This sense of crisis contributed to people's awakening, and saving the country became the most urgent requirement at that time. 1898, the bourgeois reformists failed in their reform movement, 1900, a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic boxer movement with farmers as the main body broke out. The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and quickly spread to Zhili, Tianjin and Beijing, causing panic among imperialist powers. They decided to send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion themselves. Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria organized a coalition to invade China and invaded Beijing in August. Empress Dowager Cixi fled xi with Emperor Guangxu and his cronies. The Qing Dynasty was forced to make peace with imperialism.

Eight-Nation Alliance's Japan, France, Germany and Italy all have the idea of dividing up China's territory. Russia aims to use other treaties to acquire the territory of northeast China. On the other hand, Britain and the United States put commercial interests first, hoping to keep China open, and are uneasy about Japanese and Russian ambitions. The final agreement did not require the Qing government to cede land, but only demanded huge compensation.

At that time, there was a suggestion within the Qing government to move the capital to the mainland (Xi 'an) and continue to fight with the Coalition forces. But the Qing government at that time actually had no reliable army. The Boxer Rebellion has failed, and the governors of the provinces south of Shandong reached local agreements with foreign countries as early as during the Boxer Rebellion, flouting the decision of the Qing government to support the Boxer Rebellion. So the Qing government decided to sign this treaty to save itself.

From 1900 to 10, France took the lead in proposing six requirements, such as punishing the culprits, paying compensation and dismantling the Dagu fort, as the basis for negotiations with the Qing government. After repeated meetings of ministers of various countries, on February 24th, 65438,1/China (Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands besides the eight countries) * * * proposed 12 peace talks outline to the Qing court. The Qing government fully accepted it. 190 1 (in the 27th year of Guangxu reign) On September 7th, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang formally signed the Peace Treaty between the Kingdom of Xin and Chou (named after this year is the year of Xin and Chou in the lunar calendar) on behalf of the Qing government.

The official name of the agreement is "Australia-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, the United States and China-Final Protocol on Solving 1900 Unrest" (the final agreement between China and eleven countries on compensation 1900 Unrest). Originally in French. In international law, because China did not admit that it had a formal war with other countries, the incident was caused by the Boxer Rebellion. Therefore, the Xin Chou Treaty is only an agreement, not a peace treaty.

Article 12 of the Xin Chou Treaty has 19 annexes, the main contents of which are: 1. Compensation. China repays 450 million taels of silver in 39 years, with an annual interest of 4% and principal and interest of 980 million taels, which is guaranteed by customs duties, customs duties and salt taxes. 2. Delineate the embassy district. Dongjiaomin Lane in Beijing has been designated as an embassy district and has become a "country within a country". China people are not allowed to live in the local area, and the state can send troops to station. 3. Dismantle the battery and station in the army. Dismantle Dagu and all the batteries that hinder Beijing's access to the sea. Foreign countries can station troops at 12 along the railway from Shanhaiguan to Beijing. 4. Coercing the Qing government to promise to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle. People in China are forbidden to form or join any organization that is "hostile to other countries" forever, and offenders will be put to death. Provincial officials must ensure the safety of foreigners, or they will be fired and never used again. Where the anti-imperialist struggle took place, the civil and military examinations were suspended for five years. 5. Apologize to Germany and Japan. The Qing government sent princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to express "regret" and set up a memorial archway at the place where German minister Cleander was killed. 6. Punish officials who participated in the Boxer Movement. From the central government to local governments, more than 100 officials were imprisoned, exiled and executed. 7. Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Prime Minister's Office was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was the first of the six ministries and became a specialized agency for the Qing government to negotiate with the great powers.

The Xin Chou Treaty is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation, the most serious loss of sovereignty and the deepest spiritual humiliation in China's modern history, which has brought unprecedented disasters to the people of China. Its signing marks the further deepening of China's semi-colonial status.