Argumentation is to convince people of their own views through argumentation, or to propose solutions to problems through analysis, which makes people feel reliable and feasible. You can also clarify and correct the wrong understanding by refuting other people's viewpoints, arguments and argumentation methods. Our common types of argumentative essays are: general argumentative essays, post-reading, critical essays, refuting essays, argumentative essays combining refutation with establishment, thematic essays, essays and so on. At the same time, argumentative writing should be distinguished from other rational articles, such as rational narration, rational exposition and rational prose.

First of all, the structural model of argumentative writing can be divided into two types:

(1) research structure

Ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems

(2) Display structure

Present an argument-analyze an argument-prove an argument

Second, the types and functions of demonstration methods:

(A) demonstration methods

Argumentation method: referred to as example method, it is a method to prove the correctness of views by citing some facts according to needs. The facts are required to be sufficient, conclusive and representative. The role of example argument: facts speak louder than words, and proving opinions with hard and typical facts will enhance the persuasiveness of the article.

(B) cited argument method

Citation: short for quotation, it refers to the correct scientific principles, incisive opinions, famous sayings and aphorisms in ancient and modern China and foreign countries, and theorem formulas recognized by people to prove arguments in Marxist classic works. Function: Use authoritative words to make reasoning more profound, thorough and convincing, and pay attention to the strength of theory and the ideological depth of the article.

(3) Metaphorical argument

Metaphorical argument: Metaphorical argument for short, people use familiar things as metaphors to prove their views. The function of metaphor argument: explain the viewpoint in a simple way, prove the viewpoint vividly, make the viewpoint clearer and easier for readers to understand. (4) Comparative argument: the method of comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of a thing to prove the argument. The function of comparative argument: it can make the contrast between right and wrong clear, make right and wrong more clear and give people a vivid and profound impression.

The first part discusses the methods of putting forward arguments.

In the examination room composition, whether it is propositional composition, material composition or topic composition, it involves the question of how to put forward the argument of the article. Here are some ideas for your reference.

(1) Go straight to the theme law 1: People's emotional needs call us to tear down the core wall.

Exodus 2: Pay attention to the correct method of core wall demolition.

(Title "Demolition of Core Wall") The advantage of this beginning is that it is simple and clear, easy to master, and the beginning is very clear.

In addition to using your own words, you can also directly quote a famous aphorism or idiom at the beginning of the composition, and use this sentence as the central argument of the full text.

The great teacher Lenin once said, "Without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement." When it comes to the modern history of China, this is true.

The advantage of this way of opening is to strengthen the authority of the discussion and take the lead.

(2) Material induction mainly refers to simple induction. The material can be a kind of material, also can be a variety of material, can be text material, chart material, similar material or positive and negative material. When the British philosopher Russell gave a lecture in China, he gave the students a question: 2+2=? At that time, the audience was silent and full of people. In fact, this is a question that even primary school students can answer, but the audience never expected that the answer would be so simple, so no one answered. People are superstitious about authority and often lose their self-assertion. They should have their own minds, open their eyes, use their brains and think independently.

Note: Generally, there is an analysis process from materials to arguments.

(3) Analysis and introduction methods

1. Concept discrimination method II. Causal analysis method

There is a famous saying among the teachers and students of Harvard University: "The only real purpose of education is to keep people in a state of constant questioning." The real purpose of education is to make people constantly ask questions and think about them. Problems are the starting point of scientific research and the key to any science. The traditional way of learning overemphasizes the acceptance and mastery of knowledge, but ignores the cultivation of problem consciousness, which makes students learn book knowledge only through acceptance, and students' learning becomes a purely passive process of acceptance and memory. Therefore, in order to fundamentally change the learning style, it is necessary to cultivate students' problem consciousness.

3. Positive and negative analysis methods

The method of positive and negative analysis is: if a, then b; If it's not A, it's not B. There is also an advanced and backward method, that is, when discussing the views contrary to the traditional views, in order not to cause readers' misunderstanding, the article first affirms the traditional views (retreats) and then puts forward its own views (advances).

4. Similar association law: If the young eagle flies in the sky and has to undergo the baptism of wind and rain, then the spirit of fighting the sky is its sharp eyes; If a horse gallops in the wilderness and has to go through thousands of miles of training, then the spirit of rushing to Wan Li is to help it cross the iron hoof of Qian Shan; People, if they want to stand proudly in the world, become a generation of heroes and make great achievements in the world, then the spirit of going forward is the cornerstone of their success.

(D) Rhetoric introduction method

1. Q: Perhaps it is the reason why major events attract people's attention. Generally speaking, people attach great importance to big things and often ignore small things. Can small things be despised? I don't think small things should be underestimated. 2. Metaphor introduction method

Sometimes, emotion is a fickle medicine. If it melts in the lover's glass, it will eventually taste sweet in bitterness. Sometimes, this is a double-edged sword. If you hold it in the hands of the enemy, even if you play it lightly, you will feel scarred. Friends, iron-blooded men also have feelings, and soldiers on the battlefield also have tears. Emotion dominates the mind and soul, but be careful not to let it change your judgment.

the second part

Set sub-arguments around the central argument

In argumentative writing, we know that there are various ways to put forward arguments. So, after putting forward arguments, how do you put them into words? This is mainly supported by arguments. Of course, after the central argument, we can also use analytical means (such as concept discrimination, comparative analysis, dialectical analysis, etc.) to make the argument more specific, so as to better put forward sub-arguments.

There are three kinds of arguments: elaboration, proof and supplement. Explanatory argument is the elaboration of the central argument "what" and "how to do it", while probative argument is the discussion of the central argument "why", mainly to answer questions about the reasons and purposes, and trace back to the conditions and reasons for this conclusion with the central argument as the conclusion. The supplementary argument is the elaboration of the central argument "possibility". As for the relationship between the setting order of sub-arguments and the structure of argumentative papers, we will talk about it later.

Example of exercise:

Taking "persistence is victory" as the central argument, choose a type to put forward a sub-argument.

You can put forward an argument from the perspective of "how to do it":

1, insist on toughness.

2. Insist on not falling down.

3. Insist on the need to endure loneliness and loneliness.

4. Insist on having great wisdom and courage to know that you can't do it.

Here to remind students that:

First, arguments should not be figurative sentences, but should be expressed in plain language;

Second, the material composition has the best ideas, while the open-ended proposition or topic composition should try not to follow suit;

Third, the arguments should not be broad, empty and irrelevant;

Fourth, when putting forward arguments, we should consider the development and application of sub-arguments and arguments. Otherwise, although the argument is good, there is nothing to write, only repetition, and it is futile to open the article.