The experience used by an old horse to find his way seems unremarkable, but it is actually scientific. There is a term in psychology called cognitive map. Cognitive map theory holds that learning is the cognition of the goal of behavior, the means to achieve the goal, the way to achieve the goal and the result of achieving the goal, and the acquisition of expectations or cognitive concepts. Therefore, in the process of learning, we must attach importance to the intermediary process of learning, that is, the learning of cognitive process, and emphasize the cognition and purpose of learning.

2. Phaeton's behavior

Step 3 infer

4. learned helplessness.

5. Hawthorne effect

When performance or effort increases due to extra attention, we call it the Hawthorne effect. This is extremely common in school education. In foreign schools, every student will take an intelligence test when entering school, and according to the results of the intelligence test, students will be divided into excellent classes and ordinary classes. Results In a routine inspection, it was found that a group of students who entered school a year ago had their test scores reversed because of some mistakes, which means that the excellent classes now are actually children in ordinary classes, while the really smart children are in ordinary classes. However, this year's course performance is the same as in previous years, and the excellent class is obviously higher than the ordinary class, without exception. Originally, ordinary children were considered top students, and they themselves felt that they were excellent. Extra attention and psychological hints make the ugly duckling really become a white swan. Psychological suggestion based on Hawthorne effect can also treat various psychological diseases such as depression, inferiority and nervousness, and Hawthorne effect is also effective in enterprise management application and leadership behavior.

Hawthorne effect tells us: from the perspective of others, white lies and praises can really make a person; From your own point of view, you can be who you think you are. (Chen Zhe)

6. False consistent deviation

7. Retinal effect

8. Delaying meeting

9. yerkes-Dawson Law

10, attribution bias

1 1, Banan effect

People often think that a generalization and general description of personality reveals their own characteristics very accurately, which is called "Barnum effect" in psychology.

12, Diderot effect

The Diderot effect is a common "the more you get, the less you get". When you don't get something, your heart is stable, but once you get it, you are not satisfied.

13, psychological account

14, intuitive decision

15, Kahneman's law of risk

16, decimal rule

17, set theory

18, Jacques rule

19, zimbardo experiment

20. Compensation function

2 1, sleep effect

22, feedback effect

23, compensation effect

24. Fruit extraction effect

25, migration effect

26, brewing effect

27. Rosenthal effect

There is a famous experiment in pedagogy and psychology, which was designed by Professor Rosenthal, a famous American psychologist.

He randomly divided a group of mice into group A and group B, and told the breeder of group A that the mice were very clever. At the same time, he told the breeder of group B that the mice in his group had average intelligence. A few months later, the professor tested two groups of mice crossing the maze, and found that the mice in group A were indeed smarter than those in group B. They could get out of the maze first and find food.

So Professor Rosenthal was inspired. He wants to know whether this effect will also happen to people. He went to an ordinary middle school, walked casually in a class, and then circled a few names on the list of students, telling their teachers that these students had high IQ and were very smart. After a while, the professor came to this middle school again, and the miracle happened again. The students he chose have really become the best in the class now. Only then did Professor Rosenthal tell their teachers that he knew nothing about these students, which surprised them.

Why is this happening? This is the magic of expectation at work. Professor Rosenthal is a famous psychologist with high authority in people's minds. Teachers are convinced of his words, so they have positive expectations for the students he points out and regard them as smart children. These students also feel this expectation, think they are smart, improve their self-confidence and raise their standards. Finally, they really became excellent students.

This is the famous "Rosenthal effect"

Encourage your children and cultivate their self-confidence. Your expectations will largely determine their future. Believe it or not.

28. Prisoner's Dilemma

Veblen effect.

30. Murphy's Law

3 1, Bonnie's law

Helok effect.

33. Zero-sum game principle

34, path dependence

35. Parkinson's law

1958, British historian and political scientist Noscott? C Northcote Parkinson published the book Parkinson's Law. After years of investigation and study, Parkinson's disease found that the time it takes a person to do one thing is so different: he can finish reading a newspaper in 10 minutes or read it for half a day; A busy person can send a stack of postcards in 20 minutes, but an idle old lady can spend a whole day to send a postcard to a distant niece: looking for postcards for an hour, looking for glasses for an hour, looking up addresses for half an hour, and writing greetings for an hour and a quarter ... Especially at work, work will automatically expand, occupying all available time. If there is enough time, he will slow down the pace of work or.

From this, we can draw a conclusion that in administrative management, the number of administrative institutions will increase like a pyramid, and the number of administrative personnel will expand. Everyone is very busy, but the organizational efficiency is getting lower and lower. This law is also called "pyramid rising" phenomenon.

36. Example effect

37. Desi effect

Psychologist Desi made an experiment in 197 1. He asked college students to be experimental subjects and solve interesting intellectual problems in the laboratory. The experiment is divided into three stages. In the first stage, all the subjects were not rewarded. In the second stage, the subjects were divided into two groups. The subjects in the experimental group were paid 1 USD for completing a difficult problem, while the subjects in the control group were the same as those in the first stage, and were not paid. In the third stage, for the rest time, subjects can move freely in the same place, and whether to continue to solve problems is an indicator of their love for this activity. The experimental group (reward group) really worked hard in the second stage, but the number of people who continued to solve problems in the third stage was very small, indicating that the degree of interest and effort was weakening, while the control group (no reward group) had more people to spend more rest time to continue to solve problems, indicating that the degree of interest and effort was increasing.

Desi found in the experiment that in some cases, when people have both external rewards and internal rewards, they will not only enhance their work motivation, but will reduce their work motivation. At this point, the intensity of motivation will become the difference between the two. People call this law the Desi effect. This result shows that if external material rewards (plus rewards) (that is, internal rewards) are provided for a pleasant activity, the attraction of this activity to participants will be reduced.

38. spectator effect

39, Peter principle

40, group pressure effect

4 1, social promotion effect

42. broken window theory

43250 law

44. Propagation distortion effect

45, * * * effect

46. Herd effect

47. Chain forming

48. Schwartz's paper

49, domino effect

50. Relevant laws

5 1, fantasy reaction

52. Target effect

53. Warm water effect

54. Follow the ear effect

55, fish tank rule

56. Karel formula

57, emotional rendering

58, horsefly effect

59, the law of watches

60. Geithner's Law

6 1, cognitive dissonance

62.PMA golden rule

63. Advantage effect

64, razor law

65, bowling theory

Tracy's law

Color effect

68, the principle of exception

69, set of cutting effect

70. Aristotle's law

7 1, contingency theory

72. Crocodile principle

73. Carol effect

74. Snooker theory

75. Hump effect

76. Lester effect

77. Attachment psychology

Pareto's law

79. Suggested effect

Effect of 80 and 3 on 1

8 1, label effect

82, porcupine rule

83, overrun effect

The famous American humorist Mark? Twain once listened to a priest's speech in church. At first, he felt that the pastor spoke very well and made people move, so he prepared to donate money. 10 minutes later, before the priest finished speaking, he got a little impatient and decided to donate only some small change. After another 10 minute, the priest hasn't finished yet and decided not to donate 1 minute. When the priest finally finished his long speech and began to raise money, mark? Because of his anger, Twain not only didn't donate money, but also stole 2 yuan's money from the plate.

Overlimit effect often appears in family education. For example, if a child fails in the exam, his parents will make the same criticism once, twice, three times or even four or five times, which will make the child feel guilty, impatient and finally disgusted. If you are "forced", you will have the rebellious psychology and behavior of "I insist on this".

Because once a child is criticized, it always takes some time to restore his psychological balance. When he is repeatedly criticized, he will whisper to himself, "Why do you always do this to me?" Children's feelings of being criticized can't be calmed down, and their resistance will be high.

It can be seen that parents should not criticize their children too much, but should "make a mistake and criticize them only once". If you have to criticize again, don't simply repeat it. We should put it another way. In this way, children will not feel that the same mistake has been "caught", and boredom and rebellious psychology will be reduced.

84. Threshold effect

A study by psychologists J.L.Freedman and S.C.Fraser proves that letting people accept smaller requirements first can make them gradually accept larger requirements, which is the "threshold effect". Psychologist R.B.Cialdini also found that when people refuse to accept bigger requests, cognitive disharmony drives them to establish a new balance, so it is easy to accept smaller requests. When small requirements are obviously related to big requirements and are put forward immediately after big requirements, people are more likely to accept small requirements.

85. South wind effect

The north wind and the south wind are worse. Let's see who can take off the coat of pedestrians. The north wind came first with a cold wind, biting cold. Therefore, in order to resist the attack of the north wind, pedestrians wrapped their coats tightly. The south wind blows slowly, and the sun shines suddenly. Pedestrians feel that spring warms their upper body, so they unbutton their buttons first and then take off their coats. Nanfeng won.

The law of "south wind" is also called the law of "warmth", which comes from the French writer La? Feng Dan wrote this fable. It tells us that warmth is better than cold. Applied to management practice, Nanfeng Law requires managers to respect and care for subordinates, always take subordinates as the center, pay more attention to "human touch", pay more attention to solving practical difficulties in daily life, and let subordinates really feel the warmth given by managers. In this way, out of gratitude, subordinates will work harder and actively for the enterprise and safeguard the interests of the enterprise.

86, pickle effect

87. Nash equilibrium

88. Rules of life game

89. Imprint effect

90. First cause effect

9 1, nearest effect

92. Halo effect

93, their own effects

94, packaging effect

Aronson effect.

96. Weber's law

97. Strong Henry effect

98, reference point effect

99, cold and hot water effect

100, defect effect

10 1, mutual benefit mechanism

102, plateau phenomenon

103, anchor sinking effect

104, Jensen effect

105, remarque principle.

106, Principle of Situational Similarity

107, achievement motivation

108, butterfly effect

109, placebo effect

1 10, expected effect

1 1 1 the tenth phenomenon

1 12, scallop effect

According to the fixed time of reward reinforcement, the peak and low peak of work are formed. The countermeasure is to change the types and time of rewards, thus forming interval rewards.

Without rewarding small achievements, there will be no great achievements. However, carrots sometimes don't work, and even cause a storm. Rabbit king's carrots make rabbits passionate and complain. In psychology, carrot is a kind of reinforcement and a reward for rabbits to make some expected behavior. Reward a certain behavior, which will appear frequently. This is called reinforcement. There are many ways to strengthen. One way is regular reinforcement, that is, reinforcement is provided every once in a while to strengthen behavior. Skinner, an American psychologist, found in his experiments on mice that if the mice were reinforced every 20 seconds, the reaction of the mice would stop after the reinforcement, so the reaction speed would be accelerated. Before the next reinforcement, the reaction speed would reach a peak, indicating that it had learned to respond according to the reinforcement time. The behavioral efficiency trend of mice is like scallop (scallop line in the picture), so we call it scallop effect.

So in the process of educating children, should we completely avoid this continuous and fixed-time reinforcement? Don't! Although continuous and fixed reinforcement will produce scallop effect in the long term, it is necessary in the initial learning stage of new knowledge, new behavior and new habits, which can make students easily complete the prescribed tasks and get rewards as soon as possible; Then, when students' learning or behavior reaches a certain level, it is necessary to continuously extend the interval of reinforcement until the reinforcement is finally cancelled. In the process of delayed reinforcement, the interval time can be changed, so that students can't find the changing law and avoid waiting for reinforcement.

Xia Xia, in the third grade of primary school, always answers questions without the permission of the teacher, which interferes with the teacher's teaching. The teacher told her that if she could answer this question with the teacher's permission, she would get a small red flower as a reward. Xia Xia was very happy, and sure enough, she made great progress. With the teacher's permission, the number of times she answered questions increased rapidly. After a while, the teacher encouraged her to say, you have done very well. In order to help you form such a good habit, I will observe your behavior for a period of time and reward you. I won't reward you every time this time. If you can always answer questions after permission in the meantime, I will reward you with your favorite prize. If you violate our agreement in the meantime, I won't reward you. The interval between the teacher and Xia Xia's reward is getting longer and longer. Slowly, Xia Xia formed a good habit. Even if there is no reward, she can answer questions with the teacher's permission.

1 13, Zigannik effect

1 14, Matthew effect

1 15, catfish effect

1 16, principle of reciprocity

1 17, celebrity effect

1 18, ultimatum effect

1 19, marginal diminishing effect

120, group personality disintegration

12 1, group polarization phenomenon

122, barrel effect

123, counter-suggestion effect

124, social stereotype effect

125, conformity effect

126, forbidden fruit effect

The forbidden fruit effect is also known as the Romeo and Juliet effect. The more things are forbidden, the more people will get their hands on them. This is related to people's curiosity and rebellious psychology.

127, sensational effect

128, majestic effect

129, panic effect

130, domain effect

13 1, fear of heights

132, Gaza effect

133, experimenter effect

134, authoritative effect

135, alliance effect

136, deterrent effect

137, command effect

138, surface enemy cohesion effect

139, group field effect

140, overpass effect

14 1, hype effect

142, trapped donkey effect

143, defect effect

144, tail effect

145, Stroop effect

146, film pasting effect

147, Gogstad effect

148, bat effect

149, activation effect

150, natural recovery

15 1, Bell effect

152, backlight effect

153, positioning effect

154, grand effect

155, Machiavelli effect

156, fusion effect

157, sincere effect

158, team effect

159 and ostrich effect

160, reversal effect

16 1, Hercules effect

162, obedience effect

163, temperature effect

164, Holmes carriage effect

165, implicit effect

166, Hobson selection effect

167, self-forgiveness effect

168, first digit effect

169, pig large intestine effect

170, Ji Fen effect

17 1, barter effect

172, Pareto effect

173, lage effect

Otto? Wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success is legendary. When wallach was in middle school, his parents chose a literary path for him. Unexpectedly, after a semester, the teacher wrote him this comment: "wallach is very diligent. But it is too rigid to create literary materials. " After that, his parents asked him to paint oil paintings instead, but wallach was neither good at composition nor polishing, ranking first in his class. Faced with such a clumsy student, most teachers think that he has no hope of success. Only the chemistry teacher thinks that he is meticulous and has the quality to do chemical experiments well, and advises him to learn chemistry. In this case, the spark of wallach's wisdom was suddenly ignited and finally succeeded. Wallach's success illustrates the truth that students' intellectual development is unbalanced, and they all have their own strengths and weaknesses. Once they find the best place to play their wisdom, they can achieve amazing results. Later generations called this phenomenon "wallach effect".

174, kissing effect

Once kissing occurs between the opposite sex who love each other, it is easy to develop into sexual intercourse, which is the kissing effect.

In the article "New Concept of Sexual Behavior and New Definition of Sexual Inversion", sexual behavior is divided into four stages: isolated sexual behavior (sending love letters, making phone calls and surfing the Internet), contact sexual behavior (holding hands, touching and hugging), semi-integrated sexual behavior (tongue sex, anal sex, oral sex and kissing) and fully integrated sexual behavior (sexual intercourse). Kissing is the fusion of oral mucosa and oral mucosa, which is a semi-fusion behavior. After this hurdle, sexual intercourse will naturally come.

Of course, the customs and concepts of different nationalities are different. For example, once Americans establish a relationship with each other, they can kiss soon, but there are still many procedures separated from sexual intercourse. The British are conservative, and it takes a long time for both men and women to establish a relationship and kiss. However, once couples kiss, they can have sex soon.

Because of this difference in concept, some misunderstandings have arisen.

Americans can kiss each other when they fall in love with someone. Therefore, if an American man has a crush on an English girl, he has to kiss. The English girl was kissed. She was surprised because she skipped many traditional procedures. She felt that since she gave him the best first kiss, she had to force Ban Qiu to have sex with him on the spot, but she had a feeling of being played. American men don't understand this, but think that English girls are too frivolous: she goes to bed so easily, because Americans have to go through 25 procedures to kiss and make love!

China's habits are more conservative than Britain's, so the kissing effect is more prominent.

It is worth mentioning that the current telephone love and online love seem to be isolated sexual behaviors, but as long as the word "kiss" is in each other's words and language, it is possible to kiss after meeting. So the kissing effect began to work again. Therefore, boys and girls must be alert to online dating and resist the temptation of kissing effect.

175, heterosexual effect

In interpersonal relationships, heterosexual contact will produce a special kind of mutual attraction and motivation, and can experience unspeakable emotional pursuit from it, which usually has a positive impact on people's activities and learning. This phenomenon is called heterosexuality effect.

Heterosexual effect has its own conditions. In a collective, the composition of the number of people of the opposite sex, no matter which side, can not be less than the required minimum ratio-20%, and the age difference is not big. With the physical and mental maturity of students, they pay special attention to the evaluation of the opposite sex and seek opportunities to express themselves. In front of the opposite sex, pay attention to personal appearance and costume, and maintain your self-esteem more strongly. This is itself a moral education mechanism with moral binding force and heterosexual effect, and this is the key.

The moral strength of the opposite sex effect is also reflected in the formation of students' aesthetics. Generally speaking, girls understand beauty earlier. After puberty, extensive communication between the opposite sex leads to emotional proximity and psychological attachment. As an important aspect of communication, the choice and pursuit of beauty has undergone fundamental changes. From the beauty of human body to the beauty of temperament, this change has a certain direction and obeys a specific model.

Another moral function of heterosexual effect is to strengthen the cohesion of collective life. It is found that in a group composed entirely of men or women, friction often occurs because of some small things, which leads to contradictions and affects the school atmosphere. The heterosexual effect can alleviate and avoid this situation, promote students' mutual concern and interpersonal understanding, and its basis is the mutual attraction between the two sexes. The so-called interpersonal understanding is essentially mutual understanding, sympathy and allowing each other's personality. On this basis, the psychological communication between students of the opposite sex establishes real friendship and constitutes collective cohesion. At the same time, the differences between the sexes are complementary, which makes the collective life rich and colorful.

The most direct moral influence of heterosexual effect lies in strengthening students' awareness of gender roles. In school, the communication between students of the opposite sex is long-term, involving all aspects of study and labor. With the growth of age, students' experience of their own gender role characteristics continues to deepen. Modern science believes that man's behavior is largely determined by his role. In front of our world composed of men and women, the opposite sex effect helps students understand the society, reveal the truth of social life, further expand their role scope, and form their social morality, sexual morality and love morality.

Heterosexual effect also occurs in the teaching relationship. Female teachers are generally gentle and kind. Rude gay men learn to accept the discipline of female teachers unexpectedly and are willing to obey. Female students, on the other hand, like to discuss political and life issues with male teachers, and their academic performance is easy to get higher evaluation from male teachers. This is the magic of the opposite sex effect.

"frontispiece effect"

This is the phenomenon corresponding to the "foot-in-the-door effect" and "low ball technique". It refers to the phenomenon that people's acceptance of a smaller request increases after rejecting a larger request. Accordingly, in order to achieve the lowest return of sales promotion, first put forward a larger request that you know others will refuse, which can improve the possibility of customers accepting smaller requests. In daily life, the seller's clear price tag and bargaining is the application of this technology.