Mushrooms are also called winter mushrooms, and the best fruiting season is early spring and late autumn, which is when the temperature is low. If mushrooms grow in hot summer or cold winter, they need some skills. There are basically three modes of off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes: industrialized off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes; (2) Off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes in shady woodlands and orchards; (3) Cultivation of Lentinus edodes in out-of-season sunlight greenhouse and plastic greenhouse. According to the needs of mushroom farmers, based on the principles of less investment, more labor, low cost and high efficiency, the latter two technologies are mainly introduced. As the configuration, mixing, bagging, autoclaving or atmospheric sterilization and spawning culture of culture materials are all conventional technologies, they will not be introduced here, but mainly introduce the fruiting form and management of the discolored mushroom sticks. 1. Off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes in shaded woodlands and orchards There are many forms of off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes in woodlands and orchards, most of which are bagged, and some of them are covered with soil. Covering the soil to cultivate Lentinus edodes only needs to use local materials, cut the small arch shed with branches or bamboo poles, and match it with plastic film and straw curtain, without other facilities, which is beneficial to field cultivation in shaded woodland or orchard. The premise of successful off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes in summer is to create environmental conditions suitable for the growth and development of high-temperature Lentinus edodes varieties, select and make good use of superior natural conditions, which not only reduces investment, but also is easy to manage. Therefore, it is very important to choose a good place to cultivate mushrooms in late spring and early summer. (1) A large area of fast-growing poplar forest is the best place to cultivate mushrooms out of season, but good ventilation can reduce the invasion of pests and diseases; Not far from the highway, convenient transportation, can reduce all aspects of transportation costs, is conducive to the sale of fresh mushrooms; Close to the water source is the guarantee of convenient management, the water quality should be pure and pollution-free, the breeding area should have a supporting irrigation and drainage system, which can be used for irrigation in drought and drainage of waterlogged water, and the large-scale breeding should be equipped with atomization facilities system, which can greatly reduce the labor force. (2) A large-scale shaded orchard is also an alternative farming site, but it is more complicated than shaded poplar forest land. First, the irregular growth of fruit trees brings inconvenience to management; Second, when fruit trees control pests and diseases, if they encounter the growth and development period of edible fungus fruiting bodies, they must cover the fungus bed with plastic film to prevent the edible fungus fruiting bodies from being polluted when spraying liquid medicine, which will affect the health of consumers. What other problems should be paid attention to when cultivating mushrooms with shaded woodlands and orchards in summer? (1) Select suitable high-temperature varieties, such as Wuxiang 1No. (2) Don't make the border too deep, so as not to cover the soil too thick and delay the fruiting time; However, the covering soil should not be too thin or uncovered to prevent the invasion of pests and diseases, and the thickness of covering soil should be one ㎝; Off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes in solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse includes vertical bag cultivation, mulching cultivation and semi-mulching cultivation, which should be flexibly mastered according to the actual cultivation environment conditions. (3) When the color changes or changes, you can put the bag. When the bag needs to be unpacked, be careful that the mushroom sticks cannot be broken after unpacking. There should be a gap of one to two inches between the mushroom sticks, which is conducive to the close contact between the mushroom sticks and the soil. Although edible fungi have the habit of growing in the dark, their fruiting bodies grow upward and have phototropism (tend to scatter light). If the mushroom sticks are not in close contact with the soil, dig them out. (4) After the fungus stick is covered with soil, water should be poured into the border in time. First of all, the soil should be in close contact with the fungus stick. The second is to reduce the temperature of soil and fungus sticks; The third is to supplement the moisture of the mushroom sticks to promote the early fruiting of the mushroom sticks. It is more suitable to cover the soil in summer to cultivate mushrooms, and water them every four days or so. During the growth period of mushrooms, water should be sprayed into the beds three or four times a day to improve the relative humidity of the air. In case of large-scale farming, it is best to install atomization facilities, which saves labor and is convenient for management. Water spraying is usually at 5-7 in the morning. After spraying water, the plastic film and straw curtain near the small arch shed should be opened, 20-30 ㎝ from the ground. At this time, the temperature is low, which is suitable for ventilation and light supplement of mushroom fruiting body. Spray water before 10 in the morning, and the temperature will rise. After spraying water, put down the plastic film and straw curtain and stick them on the ground to keep the temperature and humidity in the small arch shed. At this time, it is dark in the small arch shed, and the mushroom fruiting body is allowed to sleep at a suitable temperature in the afternoon, which is the fundamental or key to cultivating mushrooms out of season. After four o'clock in the afternoon, the natural temperature is decreasing. At this time, the straw curtain and film in the small arch shed are lifted and sprayed with water. After spraying water, put down the film and straw curtain from the ground for 20-30 ㎝ ventilation and light supplement. Painting at dusk or at night-spraying water. After spraying water, put the straw curtain and film on the small arch shed to make the mushroom fruiting body grow sturdily under the natural scenery and rain from night to early morning. (5) After planting edible fungi in a large area of fast-growing poplar forest land, it is only necessary to cover the forest land or orchard with plastic film to preserve moisture, and the incompletely covered forest land or orchard can be covered with plastic film and shaded with porcelain soil, which can not only preserve moisture, but also make up for the lack of shading, and provide good conditions for the growth and development of fruiting bodies. The fungus buds that are too dense should be sparse to prevent the fruiting bodies from growing closely together, resulting in abnormal fruiting bodies and reducing the quality of goods. Furthermore, don't covet the growth of mushroom fruiting bodies, otherwise the quality and output of fruiting bodies will be reduced, and the commodity value will also be reduced. If the mushroom cover of fruiting body is laid flat or turned over, the commodity value will be completely lost, and the small arch shed covering woodland and orchard is not suitable for cultivating mushrooms in oblique bags in woodland. Cultivation of mushrooms in the forest is mainly to build a plastic greenhouse or an ordinary sunlight greenhouse in the forest, or to build a simple shed in the yard. Second, the cultivation of mushrooms in simple scaffolding, solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse is more difficult than that in solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse. Mastered, the anti-season cultivation of mushrooms in solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse will be solved. (1) cultivate Lentinus edodes out of season. Lentinus edodes has the biological characteristics of forming fruiting bodies at medium and low temperatures. The suitable temperature for fruiting of different varieties is different, and the range of 12-2℃ is generally the best. In mountainous areas with limited economic conditions, courtyard economy is an indispensable part of circular economy. Bag cultivation of Lentinus edodes is a model with low investment and quick effect, which is very suitable for courtyard development. (2) Cultivation and management of "simple shed" mushrooms. 1. Scaffolding: In late May, under limited conditions, we combined the "small shed and big bag" cultivation mode in Biyang, Henan Province with the existing conditions and built a "simple shed" in the rural courtyard. The "simple shed" is one meter long and four meters wide. Five meters, two meters high. There is a mushroom rack in the shed, which is two meters high and one meter wide. Each layer has four longitudinal fungus-carrying rods, which are placed in two rows with a spacing of three 0㎝, and each shelf has six layers. After the "simple shed" is set up, the lime water supernatant is sprayed into the shed and the mushroom rack for disinfection, and then mushroom sticks are scattered, leaving a gap of 5- 132 130 between the mushroom sticks, which is beneficial to the growth of mushrooms. About 1300- 1400 mushroom sticks can be put in this simple scaffolding. After releasing the poles, the lime water supernatant is sprayed into the shed and the poles for disinfection, which has a cooling effect. 2. Management of fruiting: The ideal fruiting temperature is May 5- 10/0, and the average temperature in October does not exceed 20-22℃. Three mercury thermometers and a thermometer are hung in the mushroom "simple shed" for daily observation and recording. It is required to record the temperature and humidity of five landing sites, 10: 00 am, 4: 00 pm and paint bar four times a day, and spray water for management. Generally, water is sprayed at 5-6 in the morning during the fruiting period. After spraying water, open the plastic film, shading porcelain, straw curtain (or insulation quilt) near the simple shed, solar greenhouse and plastic shed, and the temperature should be 20-30 ㎝ off the ground. At this time, low temperature is suitable for ventilation and light supplement of mushroom fruiting body. Spray water before 10: 00 in the morning. When the temperature rises, after spraying water, put down the plastic film, shading porcelain and straw curtain (or insulation quilt) and stick to the ground, keep the temperature and humidity in the simple shed, solar greenhouse and plastic shed, and let the mushroom fruiting body sleep at a suitable temperature for an afternoon when the shed is dark; After 4 pm, the natural temperature drops. At this time, open the straw curtain (or thermal insulation quilt) and film spray in the simple shed, sunlight greenhouse and plastic greenhouse. After spraying water, ventilate the film and the straw curtain for 20-30 ㎝ from the ground; Painting at dusk or at night-spraying water. After spraying water, both the straw curtain (or insulation quilt) and the film are placed one meter away from the ground, so that the mushroom fruiting body can receive natural scenery and rain from night to the next morning. The cultivation and management methods of plastic greenhouse, ordinary sunlight greenhouse and plastic greenhouse in shady woodland are the same as the above requirements. When the temperature of mushroom sticks is reduced to the same as the normal temperature in the greenhouse, you can "scare the mushrooms" by gently patting the mushroom sticks with small wooden boards, and reduce the temperature difference by spraying water to promote the early fruiting. After a week of management, mushroom buds appeared and grew normally. At the beginning of land reclamation, in order to facilitate the management of mushroom production, mushroom sticks were unpacked. Mushrooms are cultivated in summer. Due to the high temperature, mushrooms grow rapidly, with long stalks, easy to open umbrellas, easy to flip the lid and pop up spores. Therefore, in management, the fruiting body of mushrooms must not be greedy. After the fruiting body opens the umbrella, it will not only reduce the quality of the goods. In management, due to high temperature and low humidity, the mushroom sticks on the upper shelf in the shed are not easy to grow, and the lower shelf is not easy to grow due to dim light. Therefore, in cultivation management, the upper and lower layers of mushroom sticks should always be poured on the middle shelf, and then the middle layer of mushroom sticks should be poured on the upper and lower shelves for a day or two before being processed, so as to wait for the next mushroom to appear. Other management as above. 3. Mushroom picking standards: According to different varieties of mushrooms, different fruiting body cap diameters, that is, different mushroom sizes, have different picking standards. Small solid varieties such as Wuxiang 1 are picked when the diameter of mushrooms grows to about 4 ㎝. Hold the stem with your thumb and forefinger and gently rotate it to take it out. Never pull out the mushroom sticks to prevent damage, which is not conducive to the next wave of mushroom production, and is not conducive to preventing mixed bacteria pollution. 4. Replenishing method of mushroom sticks: The harvested mushroom sticks are easy to lose water, so the mushroom sticks should be replenished in time. (1) Fill the mushroom sticks with water with a water injector to replenish water. The lower the water temperature, the more favorable it is for mushroom growth. (2) Water-soaking and water-replenishing: Under the condition that there is neither a water injector nor running water, a pit can be dug in the container or on the ground, and the pit is lined with plastic film to hold water. After soaking for two or four hours, take it out, and bacteria buds will appear on the third or fourth day. After the germ buds appear, the standard of picking can be reached in one day and night by spraying water according to the above requirements. After midsummer, with the slow decrease of temperature, it is more and more suitable for the growth and development of mushrooms. 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0. In the later stage, 1% sugar can be added in the process of replenishing water to the mushroom sticks, and the fruiting effect will be better and the yield will be higher under suitable temperature and humidity conditions. (3) The "simple shed" off-season cultivation of Lentinus edodes is suitable for developing courtyard economy in mountainous areas. The fruiting season of Lentinus edodes cultivation is unstable with the living habits of Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes belongs to the variety of variable temperature and low temperature, and the mushroom season of off-season cultivation is the high temperature season in late spring and early summer. Therefore, the "simple shed" is a really simple anti-season cultivation mode, especially the courtyard economic cultivation mode, which has the advantages of small cultivation area, less one-time investment, low cost, quick effect, large market gap of mushrooms in summer, easy sales and high price. The management of mushroom cultivation is not complicated, as long as the growers have a strong sense of responsibility, the cultivation techniques are easy to master. (4) pest control. In late spring and early autumn in Beijing, the temperature is high, and the rainy season is in it, so cultivated mushrooms are prone to pests and diseases. Therefore, from the beginning to the end of cultivation, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. "Prevention is more important than cure". In the process of cultivation management, it is necessary to ensure the cleanliness of the cultivation site and the surrounding environment, and spray lime water supernatant for many times to prevent the pollution of green mold and other miscellaneous bacteria. Because mushroom sticks have a special smell, they are easy to be invaded and harassed by insects such as mosquitoes and flies, but it is especially important not to spray pesticides on them, especially during the fruiting period. The technology of "two boards, one board and one buffer" promoted by the Municipal Fungi Association can be used to control mosquitoes and flies, and one thousandth of DDV emulsified cloth strips can be hung in different positions of "simple shed", solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse, which can achieve the control effect.