Keywords: highway engineering supervision
1 formation of supervision system
As early as the16th century before the industrial revolution, with the development of European commodity economy and the specialized division of labor in the field of architecture, some architects turned to provide consultation for owners, answer difficult questions, or be supervised and managed by companies, and engineering supervision appeared from then on.
In the past two decades, the supervision system in western developed industrial countries is developing in the direction of legalization and procedure. The supervision system has gradually formed an important part of the engineering construction organization system, and the basic pattern of tripartite confrontation among the owner, contractor and supervision engineer has been formed in the western engineering construction.
After 1980s, some developing countries began to follow the example of western developed countries. According to our own reality, China has introduced and established a social supervision mechanism to carry out construction supervision on engineering construction.
2. Highway construction mode
In China's highway construction, it can be roughly divided into three construction modes, one is the trinity of construction, construction and maintenance, the other is the construction mode in which local governments participate in investment management and highway departments are responsible for supervision, and the third is the construction mode in which construction, construction and maintenance are separated. These three modes have their own characteristics and advantages, which are discussed separately below.
2. 1 is a trinity of construction, construction and maintenance. This model is the product of planned economy and was adopted in Guangxi construction before 1985. The main constraints of management are administrative orders and self-management of construction units. After 1985, the construction unit began to introduce quality management mechanism and set up a special quality inspection system and QC quality management team. The advantages of this model are mainly reflected in:
2. 1. 1 Engineering construction is mainly based on administrative management, because the performance of employees is related to the promotion and appointment of employees, and employees are more active, diligent and have a sense of ownership;
2. 1.2 There is a relatively complete total quality management system, which is the QC quality management team, and all technical problems can be tackled by the QC team.
2. 1.3 can concentrate superior forces to fight tough battles. However, there are many problems in this model, mainly reflected in: the construction period is not guaranteed. Because construction, construction and maintenance are all their own, there is no strong sense of urgency for the construction period and no constraint on when it will be completed.
2. 1.4 Investment is bottomless. The project investment will often increase due to the delay of construction period, the change of material price and the change of some project contents, resulting in the situation that the final accounts of the project are far greater than the investment estimate.
The quality is not guaranteed. Although there is a QC quality management team, the quality of the project mainly depends on the consciousness of the person in charge of construction. If you have a strong sense of responsibility, you may hand in a high-quality project. If the sense of responsibility is not strong, it is difficult to ensure the quality of the project.
2.2 Local governments participate in investment and management, and highway departments are responsible for quality supervision. This model can be said to be the product of market economy. With the development of market economy, "If you want to be rich, build roads first" has become common sense. Local governments began to invest in expressways, which changed the original single investment pattern. And began to introduce a supervision system. The advantages of this model are mainly reflected in:
2.2. 1 Due to the intervention of local funds, the local government came forward to requisition land and demolish houses. It ensures the smooth progress of the project, thus creating conditions for shortening the construction period;
2.2.2 The local government will try its best to control the price of local materials, and can reduce the mineral resource tax such as sandstone according to the policy, thus reducing the cost of the whole project;
The introduction of supervision mechanism ensures the project quality to a certain extent, but there are also several problems in this model: ① the role of supervision has not been strengthened, and the supervision project has no veto power in finance. ② The quality of supervision engineer needs to be improved. There is no independent monitoring team. (3) The selected construction team did not check its qualification and technical strength. 2.3 separation mode of engineering construction and construction supervision This mode strengthens the role of supervision engineer, who has the right and responsibility. The advantages of this model are mainly reflected in:
2.3. 1 Selecting a construction team through bidding has greater initiative in reviewing its qualifications and technical strength;
2.3.2 Strengthen the quality control of supervision engineers, who have certain financial veto power;
The supervision engineer has certain control over the progress of the project. However, there are also several problems, mainly as follows: ① The construction unit and the supervision unit are not really separated, which will lead to the direct management of the project by the construction unit and become administrative intervention. ② The supervision team is not an independent legal person organization team. The supervisors are all temporarily transferred, and the quality of supervision needs to be improved and strengthened.
To sum up, the three modes mentioned above all have their own advantages and problems. The first model is the product of planned economy. In China, it will exist for a long time, and it has won many high-quality projects. At present, the highway infrastructure projects in most provinces and cities in China still adopt this model. The second and the third are essentially a model, but the investors have changed. If these two modes can solve their own problems and really adopt FIDIC clauses for supervision and operation, they are both good modes.
3 the inevitability of the implementation of construction supervision
Construction supervision is an internal supervision mechanism. According to FIDIC clause of international practice, construction supervision can be understood as:
3. 1 The power of the supervision engineer is given in the contract signed with the owner. It is clear in the contract signed between the owner and the contractor that both the owner and the contractor must obey. If there is any objection, it can only be submitted to the arbitration organ for arbitration;
3.2 Obligations entrusted by the Owner to supervise and manage the contractor;
3.3 remind the owner to solve the construction conditions;
3.4 examine and approve the contractor's completion project payment;
3.5 The owner gives feedback instructions to the contractor through the supervision engineer;
3.6 When one party breaches the contract, the supervision engineer shall make a notarization award according to the contract to determine the losses caused by the breach.
The above six points basically reflect the superiority of the supervision system, vigorously promote the construction supervision system and reduce the direct participation of the administration in the process. Conducive to the normal development of engineering construction. This is the inevitable product of building a market when the market economy has developed to a certain stage.
4. Accelerate the construction of supervision units
Although highway supervision began as early as 1985, it seems that the supervisors have not yet formed a stable team. The supervision engineer is only hired temporarily according to the needs of the project, and then returns to the original unit after the project is completed. It is difficult to improve the quality of such supervisors. Only by setting up a special supervision company can the situation of large turnover of personnel be fundamentally solved. The supervision company can explore the following forms:
4. 1 Establish a supervision company led by the Communications Department, and set up independent branches from various units: design institutes, scientific research institutes, schools, road and bridge companies, district highway bureaus, local highway bureaus, etc. Form a loose group company. Each branch has an independent legal personality and is administratively under the jurisdiction of the competent units. Can independently carry out supervision activities. Branches will only contact when they accept the supervision task of the head office.
4.2 The Communications Department does not have a supervision company, but is set up by each unit according to its own ability, with free development and equal competition. The affiliation is still managed by the competent unit. The Communications Department will set up a supervision company, and then gradually set up several branches according to the future development. In a word, there are many forms to form a supervision company, and no matter what form it takes, there are certain conditions at present. Highway engineering is a whole, and highway engineering supervision is an effective control of quality, progress and cost around contract management. With the introduction and application of highway engineering construction supervision system in practice, the management mode suitable for China's national conditions will continue to develop and improve, and increasingly show its superiority.