The psychological development of children of families serving sentences is briefly described as follows:
Because one or both parents are imprisoned, it is difficult to fulfill their due guardianship and support obligations, and the carrier family on which minors depend for survival is incomplete or even disintegrated. The minor children who should have lived under the care of their parents lost the bath of love, and the original state of survival and education has undergone tremendous changes. Children from families serving sentences face a series of cruel situations, which will have a serious impact on their psychological development.
Sentence keywords; Children; Psychological development
I. Ecosystem theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner believes that the natural environment is a major factor affecting human development. From direct environment to indirect environment, developing individuals are in the center or nested in several environmental systems. Each system interacts with other systems and individuals, affecting many important aspects of development. The environmental levels are microsystem, intermediate system, outer system, macro system and time system from the inside out, among which microsystem is limited to family, and the people in the family and their relationship will have a direct impact on children, while the other four systems are inseparable from family factors.
Family is very much like human body, and it is a whole structure composed of related parts, in which each part affects and is influenced by other parts, and each part contributes to the whole function. On the contrary, if a part of the family is missing, it will have a great impact on the whole family.
Second, the psychological development of children of families serving sentences.
(A) the impact of family economic difficulties on psychological development
The imprisonment of parents directly leads to the reduction of family labor force, especially when the father is imprisoned and becomes the main source of family income, the family economy will be in trouble immediately, the living expenses of children will not be guaranteed, and the living conditions will be obviously reduced. This is the most important and common situation of families serving sentences, and even most teenagers drop out of school, and some wander the streets begging for a living.
First of all, children from economically disadvantaged families, especially those who have been in poverty for a long time in their early life, are more likely to show the development results under the standard system: cognitive defects and low academic performance, anxiety and sadness, inferiority complex and aggressive antisocial behavior. Secondly, financial difficulties will also have a great impact on parents' parenting style. Due to financial difficulties, parents will become sad, which will lead to family conflicts, which will lead to the reduction of their energy in the process of raising children. Third, teenagers dropping out of school because of financial difficulties will have a serious negative impact on their healthy physical and mental growth, making it difficult for them to establish a correct outlook on life and values. They can't get proper formal and effective education in time, which will make them feel different from other normal children. And this kind of inequality that the inner world feels about social differences will deepen their sense of discrimination and opposition, which is likely to produce opposition to the whole society. These children who grow up in discrimination and exclusion and live on the edge of society may also form new serious social hidden dangers.
(2) Personality
The imprisonment of single parents leads to single-parent families, and single-parent factors have a negative impact on children's personality, which will hinder children from adapting to life and form personality defects.
1. Inferiority. Inferiority is one of the personality defects of children in single-parent families. Children with strong inferiority complex are taciturn, not good at communicating with others, often feel inferior and blame themselves, treat themselves negatively and are afraid of difficulties. If you don't make any efforts in the face of difficulties, you will easily give up your goals and hold a self-denial attitude. Their self-denial is often accompanied by negative emotional experiences, such as anxiety, guilt, shyness and disappointment. With the growth of age, bad stimulation or major setbacks will often stimulate their negative emotional experience, trigger their inferiority complex and form their inferiority complex.
2. Withdraw. Autism is also one of the common personality defects of children from single-parent families. People who are withdrawn and have a strong sense of inferiority are afraid to associate with others because they are always afraid of being despised and rejected. Although they have a desire to be close to others, when fear exceeds desire, they will take the method of restraining desire and show indifference and rejection to others, thus forming their unsociable and withdrawn character.
3. Loose and laissez-faire, irritable. Single-parent children are often in an unorganized and irregular state due to lack of care or overindulgence, showing a lax and laissez-faire attitude and poor self-control ability. At the same time, because their repressed emotions have nowhere to vent, they are often short-tempered, impulsive, and even have aggressive behaviors such as hitting people and swearing.
In addition, some single-parent children will show cowardice, timidity, emotional fragility, panic and so on.
(3) Emotion
Compared with two-parent families, children in single-parent families seldom feel the warmth and understanding of their parents because of the changes in family life and sudden changes in family emotions. They think they are abandoned children from the bottom of their hearts, feel inferior and feel sorry for themselves, and have bad emotions.
1. Depression and anxiety. Children in single-parent families can't accept the fact of family changes at first, and often feel depressed, showing obvious depression, anxiety and uneasiness, fearing that others will speak ill of themselves in front of everyone, and showing shrinking behavior.
2. Emotional excitability and instability. For single-parent families, children often lose their temper, throw toys, are unwilling to associate with others, and can't sleep well. They also have bad feelings towards their parents, which lead to the intensification of parent-child conflicts, which are manifested as crying, excitability, constant fear and feeling unhappy in life. Boys are emotional, stubborn, unstable and volatile, while girls are anxious, irritable, crying, depressed, lonely and afraid.
3. Feeling sensitive, suspicious and depressed. Single parents are more sensitive than ordinary children. They care about other people's conversations, worry about others saying bad things about themselves, and care about other people's comments. At the same time, they will complain that they can't get a complete family and miss the good times of living with their parents, which will easily lead to their depression.
(4) learning
Good family education plays a fundamental role in children's normal development and better learning status. Children in single-parent families are hit by family events, and single parents either spoil their children and leave them alone, or pin their hopes on them and strictly restrain them, so they cannot provide good family education for their children, which will lead to the normal and all-round development of children in single-parent families, so it is easy to get into trouble in their studies.
1. language. Children in single-parent families are incoherent, have much difficulty in dealing with emotional problems, have poor ability to express their feelings, have poor reaction ability, and lack vocabulary or feelings in language expression. It may be because the strong inferiority complex hinders the normal work of the part of their brain responsible for language learning system, which not only affects the information of words and sentences they express, but also affects the communication with others.
2. behavior Behavior is closely related to academic performance. Children with bad behavior often show learning problems such as fear of going to school, truancy, unwillingness to ask or answer questions in class, inattention, disturbing classroom order, sloppy homework, copying homework or even not completing homework, which leads them to become class members? Poor students? Or? Individual students? . Coupled with the mental pain caused by single parents, single-parent children are often depressed and have poor adaptability, which has brought many troubles to their studies. The starting point of their decline in grades is basically before and after family changes.
(e) Social development
In the United States, 30%-60% of juvenile delinquents come from single-parent families, while in China, about 10%-30% of juvenile delinquents come from single-parent families, which also shows that the social development of children in single-parent families is poor to some extent, and this poor development is highlighted in peer relations.
Peer relationship refers to a kind of interpersonal relationship established and developed between children of the same age or the same level of psychological development through the process of * * * activities and mutual cooperation. The lack of family will have a certain impact on children's peer relationship. First of all, in cognition, limited by the objective environment, children from single-parent families lack social experience, can not fully contact with society, and are prone to one-sidedness in cognition. At the same time, they often use their own ideals to determine the criteria for choosing friends, so once the results are inconsistent with their ideals, they will often have a psychological gap, thus creating obstacles in interpersonal communication. Secondly, in terms of emotion, as an important part of interpersonal relationship, emotion plays an important role in peer relationship. If there is no emotion, it will hinder communication behavior. Sometimes, they are too sensitive to people and things, not objective, and perceptual factors dominate, so interpersonal communication lacks stability. Thirdly, in terms of personality, lively and cheerful students are easy to make friends and often travel in groups of three or five, while introverted and boring students are not easy to make too many friends. For children from single-parent families, interpersonal conflicts are easy to occur in peer communication. At the same time, because of their poor language skills, they often want to care about people but don't know where to start. They want to praise people but can't open their mouths and express their feelings. Some people will blush or even panic when talking to others. Children from single-parent families will face various obstacles in peer communication and lack good interpersonal skills, which will affect their study and life.
Third, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions
First, economic issues. We should advocate that the society should pay more attention to families serving sentences, and the community can organize donations to provide support and help to families with financial difficulties and improve their living environment.
Secondly, for children whose father or mother is missing, we can consciously supplement their other roles and try our best to fill the blank of their father or mother. For a single mother or a single father, we should not only strive to maintain a good relationship with children, but also encourage children to make more friends and reduce the harm caused by the lack of parents.
Thirdly, the imprisonment of parents leads to the change of family structure, which undoubtedly brings great trauma to children. At this time, it is very important for children to freely and fully express their reactions to changes in family structure. Parents can take the initiative to find opportunities to communicate with their children, sincerely listen to their children's voices, let them learn to make decisions, and at the same time build their self-confidence, and will not be ashamed to say their thoughts or the life experiences of single-parent families. Only in this way can children accept the trauma of family changes and develop normally. In addition, parents should consult with their children on the way of family management and cooperate according to their needs, so that children can understand their parents' difficulties more easily and share family affairs with their parents, and the parent-child relationship can be improved.
Finally, parents, schools and society need to pay attention to the children of this special family, give guidance and help to their interpersonal communication, life study and future development, cultivate their independent personality and good habits, and work hard for their good interpersonal relationship and healthy development in the future.
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