Sinology, also known as Sinology, can be translated as "Guo Xue" and "Sinology" (free translation refers to Sinology and Sinology, which are controversial because they are different from Sinology). In a narrow sense, it refers to China's traditional ideology, culture and scholarship dominated by Confucianism, including ancient schools of thought contending. Broadly speaking, it mainly expands its extension and connotation according to Hu Shi's statement that "China changed all the history and culture in the past", that is, it covers Confucian classics (Han Dynasty), metaphysics (Wei and Jin Dynasties), Buddhism (Sui and Tang Dynasties), Neo-Confucianism (Song and Ming Dynasties) and Han Fu, Parallel Prose and Poetry (Tang and Song Dynasties) in the same period. Therefore, China's outstanding standardization and academic achievements, including history, thought, philosophy, geography, politics, economy, painting and calligraphy, music, martial arts, medicine, astrology, architecture, etc. They are all involved in Chinese studies. In addition, Sinology also refers to institutions of higher learning, such as imperial academy and imperial academy. Sinology is also a science, which rose at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, and only flourished in1920s. In a word, Sinology is China Studies and an excellent traditional civilization in China.
Since then, dynasties have changed, and Chinese studies have gradually evolved from primary schools to institutions of higher learning.
By the end of Qing Dynasty, Chinese studies had become the highest level school in China. "After the Boxer Rebellion, western forces expanded in China, and more and more scholars studied the West, and more and more western books were translated. The theories of philosophy, ethics and politics are different from the old ones. Therefore, this kind of book is called "new learning", while the inherent knowledge is called "old learning". On the other hand, in the name of old learning, I despised my own inherent scholarship, so I published a magazine called Journal of Chinese quintessence to compete with western academics. The name of' national quintessence' followed. " (Wang Zichen Lecture Notes on Chinese Studies, World Bookstore 1935) 190 1 year, Liang Qichao mentioned the word "quintessence of Chinese culture" in China's historical narrative. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/902, Liang Qichao wrote a letter to Huang Zunxian, proposing to establish the Journal of Chinese Studies with the title of Chinese Studies. A few months later, Liang Qichao wrote "On the General Trend of China's Academic Thought Change", in which "Sinology" was mentioned many times. Zhang Taiyan launched the "Sinology Research Association" in Tokyo on September 1906, and soon established the Sinology Promotion Association on this basis. Its "advertisement" said: "This society is set up to revitalize Chinese studies and carry forward national glory. It publishes lectures every month and has six volumes throughout the year. The contents are divided into six categories: (1) hundred schools of thought; (2) the history of literature; (3) institutionalism; (4) internal code; (5) Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties; (6) The history of China. "
At this point, the word "Sinology" is also in China.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, western learning had spread to the east, and culture had changed. There are different views on "Chinese studies". Strictly speaking, academic circles have not given us a unified and clear definition of Chinese studies so far.
Generally speaking, Deng Shi, the quintessence of Chinese culture, wrote in 1906: "What is a China scholar? A country's learning is also. Life with land is on it, because there is a country, and people with a country have their own knowledge. Learning to be excellent is an official, learning to be excellent is an official, and governing the country is safe. " Lecture on Chinese Studies, Chinese Cooking Magazine. 19) Mr. Deng's concept of Chinese studies is very broad, but he mainly emphasizes the practicality of Chinese studies.
Zhang Taiyan said in Introduction to Chinese Studies: The noumenon of Chinese Studies is classic non-myth, classic non-religion and historical non-fiction; The method of governing the country is to distinguish the authenticity of secretaries, to know primary schools, to know geography, to know the changes of human feelings in ancient and modern times, and to use literary talents.
Wu Mi thinks: "The so-called China scholars refer to the whole academic culture of China";
Hu Shi believes: "All the past cultural history of China is our' national heritage'; The knowledge of studying all these past history and culture is a' national heritage', and the province is called Sinology. " Hu Shi's viewpoint has the most extensive influence because of its lofty position in academic circles. Modern people's understanding of "Chinese studies" mostly evolved from Hu Shi.
Now, Chinese studies can also be called national heritage. It is based on the pre-Qin Confucian Classics and various schools of thought, and covers a set of unique and complete cultural and academic systems such as Confucian Classics in Han Dynasty, Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, Parallel Prose in Six Dynasties, Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties, Novels in Yuan Dynasty and Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It constitutes four magnificent classics, history, philosophers and collections.
Sinology rose in the early 20th century and flourished in the 1920s. In the 1980s, the craze of "seeking roots" appeared, and in the 1990s, the craze of "national studies" rose again, which is the reflection and face-up of modern people on traditional culture. Today is the repositioning of traditional culture in today's multicultural China and even the world.
Generally speaking, Sinology refers to the traditional culture and scholarship of China with Confucianism as the main body. Since Sinology is a traditional culture and academic in China, it undoubtedly includes medicine, drama, calligraphy and painting, astrology, mathematics, etc. It certainly belongs to the category of Sinology, but it can also be said to be an extension of Sinology.
Chinese studies should be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, customs, textual research, ethics, edition and so on. , with Confucian philosophy as the mainstream; Ideologically, it should be divided into three schools: pre-Qin philosophers, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Confucianism runs through and dominates the history of China's thoughts, and everything else is subordinate. Sinology is divided into four parts: classics, history, philosophy and history, but the classics and philosophers are the main ones, especially the classics.
Sikuquanshu is the largest series of books in ancient China. It was compiled in Qianlong period and was completed by first-class scholars Ji Xiaolan, Wang Niansun and Dai Zhen at that time. "Four Treasures of the Study" refers to classics, history, books and collections, and "Daquan" refers to all the collected books.
Classics-Classics can be divided into Yi, Shu, Poetry, Rites, Spring and Autumn, Filial Piety, Group Classics, Four Books, Music, Primary School, Stone Classics and Compilation, with Confucianism as the main one. There are thirteen Confucian classics: Zhouyi, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Yili, Book of Songs, Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Guliang Zhuan, The Analects of Confucius, Xiaojing, Erya and Mencius.
History Department-History Department is divided into official history, chronicle, chronicle, miscellaneous history, imperial edict, biography, historical records, chronicle, seasonality, geography and occupation.
Subdivision-Subdivision is divided into Confucianism, military strategists, legalists, farmers, doctors, astronomical algorithms, astrology, art, music records, sage, books, series and so on. Important bibliographies include Laozi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Han Feizi, Guan Zi, Yin Wenzi, Shen Zi, Gong Sunzilong, Huai Nanzi, Bao Puzi, Liezi, Sun Zi and Gong Sunzilong.
Collection of Books-The collection of books can be divided into Chuci, Bieji, Zongji, Quge and Boudoir. The important bibliographies are Chuci, Quantang Poetry, Quan Song Poetry, Yuefu Poetry, Chuci, Wenxuan and Li.
At present, Professor Wang Furen of Shantou University has put forward the concept of "New Sinology", which he thinks is the need to adapt to the academic development of contemporary China. "New sinology advocates the overall concept of China culture, saying that Hu Shihao is good, but it does not deny the greatness of Lu Xun. Don't take the opposition of various cultures so seriously, every part is indispensable. " It regards China culture as a whole structure, which is the general name of China's academics, including China's ancient academics and China's modern and contemporary academics. "New Chinese studies emphasize that politics, economy and culture are a whole, and no one can be short of anyone."
My View on Chinese Studies (A Thousand-year-old Guest)
First of all, I think Chinese studies is a social science. It is the abbreviation of China's academic. His research scope is first of all China culture, involving all aspects of China culture.
He and literature are different concepts. Literature is not Chinese studies, history is not Chinese studies, and art is not Chinese studies. Therefore, pure literary works, artistic works and historical works are not Chinese studies in themselves. Sinology is an academic and theoretical thing. Just as literary theory is a theory and literary works are not, writers are creators of literature and theorists are researchers who dissect and analyze literary works. They are engaged in two different types of jobs. One focuses on creation and imagination, and the other focuses on scientific analysis and research. They are the relationship between each other's materials and themes. Cultural phenomena such as literature, art and history are the research objects of Chinese studies. They themselves are not called works of Chinese studies. The works written by studying them are called works of Chinese studies.
Look at the research object of Chinese studies again.
The research object of Chinese studies is not only the study of traditional classics, history, philosophers and books collection, but also its extension, such as philology, exegetics, phonology, ancient philology, classical philology, book version and falsification, cultural relics identification and so on. Formed a huge system of Chinese studies. So this is a study of classical Chinese. Studying modern China culture can also be called Sinology. It can be modern Chinese studies. For example, some cultural phenomena, such as modern literature, modern history, Buddhism, religion, Marxism, evolution, existentialism and so on. What has been integrated into China culture can be regarded as the research scope of Chinese studies, although there is no strict distinction in this respect. I won't go into details here.
Look at the evaluation criteria of Chinese studies again.
Traditional Chinese studies emphasize scientificity, logical rationality and academic rigor. Artistic quality and ideological content are not the main criteria for judging the achievements of Chinese studies.
Artistic quality and ideological quality are the criteria for judging literary and artistic works. Not applicable to the category of Chinese studies. Of course, we can also feel his artistry and ideology from the works of Chinese studies. For example, we can feel his artistic color from Wang Guowei's Ci Hua on Earth, Wang Shizhen's Yi Yan Yuan, Cao Pi's Dian Lun Thesis, Wu Zhishu's Wen Xin Diao Long, for example, and Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong. But artistry is not the main criterion to judge the quality of Chinese studies. Just like Qian Mu, he is a typical China scholar who lacks literary talent, but this does not affect his achievements in Chinese studies at all, because the views expressed in his works and the materials provided are very mature. Expressed his meaning more accurately.
So is ideology the standard to judge the level of Chinese studies? This is not an important criterion.
As a social science, we emphasize the relevance of arguments, arguments and arguments. If the argument cannot be established, then the high-sounding arguments are inferior. For example, Kang Youwei's reform of Kao Kong, Cai Yuanpei's A Dream of Red Mansions Index and Liu's Qin Xue are just academic farce. We can't say that Kang Youwei's improvement and Cai Yuanpei's revolution are wrong, but they have changed the facts and are far-fetched, which is wrong for academics. This is also why Qian Mu's Chronicle of Liu and His Son refuted Kang Youwei, and Hu Shi's textual research on A Dream of Red Mansions came into being (Hu Shi was therefore considered to have stepped on Cai Yuanpei and became a red scientist, but his academic focus was rigorous, so no one could recognize him. Recognize reason and deny people. If we say that Qian Mu's falsification has influenced the spread of Kang Youwei's reform theory and Hu Shi's textual research has influenced the spread of Cai Yuanpei's revolutionary theory, then it is only the result of their social role. But academically, we can't reverse black and white because of their social effects. For example, Liu's Qin Xue caused the popularization of A Dream of Red Mansions, which is his social effect, but does this social effect represent the scientific rigor of Qin Xue? Does it represent the achievements of Qin studies? That's not true. Maybe some conclusions or theories can't be established at all, but he has been sought after by the public for a period of time because of his innovative means and advanced thinking, but it can't prove that he is right. Just like a product that needs years of research and development, it will be destroyed by a rumor that has not been seriously demonstrated. Can you explain that this rumor is more valuable than years of research and practice and the academic papers they wrote? More correct? Obviously not.
Open classification:
China's history, traditional culture and sinology.