Newton entered Trinity College, Cambridge University, UK on 166 1, and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree on 1665. In the next two years, I escaped the plague in my hometown. During these two years, he drew a blueprint for the most important scientific creation in his life. 1667 After returning to Cambridge, he was elected as a member of Trinity College and received his master's degree the following year. Professor Lucas went from 1669 to 170 1. From 65438 to 0696, he was the director of the Royal Mint and moved to London. 1703 president of the royal society. 1706 was knighted by Queen Anna. He devoted himself to natural philosophy and theology in his later years.
Newton's most outstanding contribution to science was the creation of calculus and classical mechanics.
Lu Xun (188 1 ~ 1936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was nicknamed Zhang Shou, with Lu Xun as his main pen name. In the seventh year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (18865438+September 25th), he was born in a decadent feudal scholar-bureaucrat family in Fangkou, Duchang, Shaoxing. At the age of seven, he was enlightened by his great-uncle Zhou Yutian. Shou, 12 years old, studied in reflecting the moon in Santan for nearly 5 years. As a teenager, he received more than 65,438+00 years of traditional education and liked to read unofficial history's notes after school. Because his grandmother and other relatives and friends are in Shaoxing countryside, they can often contact the countryside and get close to farmers. /kloc-when he was 0/3 years old, Zu Fu Jie was imprisoned for the imperial examination case, and his father Boyi died, leaving his family in poverty. He often goes in and out of pawn shops and pharmacies, and feels the world is cold. Dissatisfied with the traditional feudal "right path" and "finding another way to escape from different places", he was admitted to Nanjing Jiangnan Naval Academy for 24 years free of tuition. Soon, because he hated the "cigar smoke" of this school, he transferred to the mining and metallurgy school affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi School. In Nanjing, I began to learn new things and formed a social development concept of "the future beats the past and the youth beats the old". In the spring of 28 years, he was sent to Japan to study after graduation. He first studied Japanese at Hongwen College in Tokyo and then studied medicine at Sendai Medical College. After school, he "went to halls, bookstores, rallies and lectures" and took an active part in anti-Qing revolutionary activities together with revolutionaries such as Xu Xilin, Qiu Jin and Tao. Because of China people's ignorance, in order to transform China's national character, he decided to stop studying medicine in 32 years, chose literature and art as his fighting weapon, started a revolutionary literary career, and joined the Guangfu Association. During my stay in Japan, I firmly stood on the side of the revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen, had a big debate with the reformists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, published important papers such as Moro Poetry and Cultural Deviation, and translated and introduced the literary works of small and weak ethnic groups in the world.
Xuan Tongyuan returned to China in the summer of (1909) and was invited to teach in Hangzhou and Zhejiang Normal Universities. In the summer of the following year, he served as the inspector and natural history teacher of Shaoxing affiliated middle school. After work, I collected and sorted out ancient books and rural literature, and compiled "Miscellaneous Collection of Old Books in Huiji County" and "Gougu Novel". Attend a gathering of Vietnamese youth organizations and make a speech as the chairman of the meeting. After Wuchang Uprising, he led the teachers and students of Shaoxing Fu Middle School to take to the streets to publicize, led the masses to welcome the revolutionary army to Shaoxing, and actively participated in the actual struggle to recover Shaoxing with great political enthusiasm. After the recovery of Shaoxing, Wang Jinfa, commander-in-chief of Shaoxing Military and Political Branch, appointed him as the inspector of Shanhui Primary Normal School to support the revolutionary measures taken by Shaoxing Military and Political Branch. Soon, Wang Jinfa was corrupt, and Lu Xun deeply regretted it. He supported Sheyue youth to set up The More Daily, and supervised and criticized the wrong behavior of separating the government from the army. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), the Nanjing Provisional Government was established. A few days later, he was invited by Cai Yuanpei, chief education officer, to work in the Ministry of Education. In May of the same year, he was transferred to Beijing with the Ministry of Education as the head of the first section of the Social Education Department. In 7 years, the first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman was published in New Youth under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, which boldly exposed the feudal ethics of cannibalism. After that, he joined the editing work of New Youth and got to know Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi. In 1988, the May 4th Movement broke out and stood at the forefront of the movement, lashing out at feudal culture and feudal morality. Literary creation has achieved success. In addition to Kong Yiji, The True Story of Ah Q and other famous articles, a large number of essays were published to attack the opponents of the New Culture Movement. Starting from 1999, he made a special contribution to the cultural "encirclement and suppression" and anti-encirclement struggle 23 years later, and became a great man of China's cultural revolution. On June+10, 24, 5438, the Red Army of Workers and Peasants arrived in northern Shaanxi after the victory of the Long March. The news came that he and Mao Dunto sent a congratulatory message to the Central Committee via Paris: "The future of mankind and China depends on you." 25 years, seriously ill. At the end of April, I met with Feng Xuefeng, who came to Shanghai from northern Shaanxi at the behest of the Central Committee, to learn about the Central Committee's policy on the anti-Japanese national united front. In June, I dictated "Reply to Trotsky" to counter Trotsky's slander in the Party. In August, he dictated Answering Xu Maoyong and Talking about the Anti-Japanese United Front, indicating that he unconditionally supported and joined this front. /kloc-from 0/6 to 25 years, mainly in prose, he has compiled several monographic collections, such as Justice Collection, Three Leisure Collections, Two Hearts Collection, Pseudo-Free Book, Mobilization from South to North, Quasi-wind and Moon Talk, Lace Literature, and Seven Pavilion Prose. During this period, he also devoted himself to translating and introducing the foreign progressive literary work "Destruction", which made great contributions to spreading Marxist-Leninist literary thoughts and promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. He cares about the struggle on the education front and the growth of young students. He has been invited to give lectures in universities in Shanghai and Beijing for many times, warmly receiving visiting young people and answering questions for them. Enthusiastic advocate of fighting woodcut art, pioneer and founder of the new woodcut movement in China.
In 25 years of the Republic of China (1936), he died in Shanghai at the age of 56. His famous phrase "look down on a thousand fingers, bow down and be a willing ox" can be a portrayal of life. The body was buried in Hongqiao Wanguo Cemetery and moved to Hongkou Park on 1956. The tombstone was inscribed by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong praised Lu Xun as "the planner of China's Cultural Revolution". He is not only a great writer, but also a great thinker and revolutionary. Lu Xun's bones are the hardest. He has no servility and obsequiousness, which is the most precious character of colonial and semi-colonial people. Lu Xun is the most correct, courageous, resolute, loyal and enthusiastic unprecedented national hero on the cultural front, representing the majority of the whole nation and charging the enemy. The direction of Lu Xun is the direction of the new culture of the Chinese nation. "I have translated a lot in my life. There are many versions of The Complete Works of Lu Xun. His works have been translated into more than 50 languages and spread at home and abroad.
Li Siguang, formerly known as Li, is a world-famous scientist, geologist, educator and social activist, and the founder of modern earth science and geological work in China. /kloc-0 was born in Huanggang county, Hubei province on October 26th, 1889, 197 1 died in Beijing on April 29th. In his early years, he studied in Japan, 19 13 entered the University of Birmingham in England to study geology, 19 18 obtained a master's degree in science, and 1920 returned to China as a professor and head of the Department of Geology in Peking University, which trained a large number of geological talents for the country. 1928 director, institute of geology, Chinese academy of sciences. 193 1 received a doctor of science degree from Birmingham university, 1934 gave lectures in Britain and hosted lectures on "Geology of China" held by eight universities including London and Cambridge. From 65438 to 0947, he received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oslo, Norway. 1948 was elected as an academician of academia sinica.
/kloc-returned from England in 0/950, and served as Chairman of the Steering Committee of the National Geological Work Plan, Vice President of the China Academy of Sciences, Minister of Geology, Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Chairman geological society of china, Chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology, Director of the National Stratigraphic Committee, Director of the Institute of Geology and Paleontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the China Federation of Natural Science Specialized Societies, Director of the Quaternary Research Committee of China, Director of the China Atomic Energy Commission, Director of the Institute of Geomechanics of the Ministry of Geology, and Director of the Seismological Committee in the /kloc-0 was hired as an academician of China Academy of Sciences in 1955, and/kloc-0 was elected as a foreign academician of Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1958.
1953, Li Siguang proposed the "Neocathaysian tectonic system". 1954, he personally organized a team to carry out oil survey in Songliao Plain and North China Plain. After several years' efforts, Daqing Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield and Dagang Oilfield were discovered one after another ... Then, Li Siguang cooperated with other geologists, which enabled China to quickly find tungsten, chromium, uranium, diamond, coal and rare metal deposits, and was developing geothermal, groundwater and groundwater.
Li Siguang has made extensive research and great achievements in paleontology and glaciology. His research on Quaternary glacial remains overturned the previous conclusion that there was no Quaternary glacier in China. In the study of geological theory, the most important work is to create geomechanics. He studied the laws of crustal movement and mineral distribution from the mechanical point of view, and regarded various structures as the results of in-situ stress. With regard to the geological characteristics of eastern China, Li Siguang analyzed it with the theory of geomechanics. He believes that the three subsidence zones of the Neocathaysian system have broad prospects for oil exploration, thus denying China's view of being poor in oil. In earthquake research, Li Siguang emphasized that we should carefully observe the change of ground stress on the basis of studying the activity of geological structures.
Li Siguang devoted his life to earth science. Diligent, knowledgeable, memorizing, practical, studious, and innovative, * * * published more than 70 scientific and technological papers and monographs (departments) in/kloc-0, which made many pioneering work for the development of earth science and services for national economic construction and environmental governance, and made significant contributions in many aspects:
The geomechanics he founded put forward a new concept of tectonic system, which opened up a new way for studying crustal structure, crustal movement and geological work. The identification method and classification standard of Odonata fossils put forward by him are still in use today, which opens up a new way for the study of microfossils. The Quaternary Glaciology in China, which he founded, opened up new ideas for Quaternary geological research, especially stratigraphic division, climate evolution, environmental management and resource exploration. He always dedicates his intelligence to the motherland and people. In order to solve the urgent energy problem in construction, he used his own geomechanics theory and method to organize and guide petroleum geological work. On the basis of analyzing the geological structure characteristics of China, he pointed out that the three subsidence zones of the Neocathaysian system have broad oil and gas exploration prospects. In the early 1950s, he proposed that the exploration and discovery of a series of large oil fields in East China, such as Daqing, Shengli and Dagang, was worth carrying out. He guided the exploration of uranium and other radioactive minerals to make breakthrough progress, made important contributions to the development of China's nuclear industry and "two bombs and one satellite", and vigorously promoted the development and utilization of geothermal resources in China; After the Xingtai earthquake, at the critical moment when people's lives and property are greatly threatened, it is proposed to carry out in-situ stress measurement and current tectonic stress field analysis to study the law of earthquake occurrence and development, which points out the direction for earthquake prediction. He also applied these theories and methods to the study of regional crustal stability, the search and construction of "safe islands" in crustal active zones, and the prediction and prevention of various disasters. Until his death, he devoted himself to the development of earth science, national construction and people's safety.
Nie Er (19 12- 1935), formerly known as Nie Shouxin, was a purple artist, whose pen names were Zeng You, Noisy Sen, and Wang Daping. Yuxi, Yunnan, was born in Kunming. I like lanterns, Yunnan opera and other folk music since I was a child, and I know a variety of national musical instruments.
During the Great Revolution, he took part in the progressive student movement, went to Shanghai at the age of eighteen, and was admitted to the Yue Ming Song and Dance Troupe the following year to learn composition from Li Jinhui. Dissatisfied with the troupe's policy, he quit on 1932 and went to Peiping and Li to carry out revolutionary music activities. Later, he returned to Shanghai to participate in the troupe music group, and initiated and organized the China Emerging Music Research Association. He also works for Lianhua Film Company and EMI Records Company, composing music for left-wing progressive films, plays and stage plays. 1933, he made his first creative attempt, and created Mine Song and Bao Song, which was refreshing. 1934 is his "year of music", and songs such as Lu Ge, Pioneer, Graduation Song, New Woman, Docker Song, Song of Progress, Beating the Yangtze River, and other national instrumental music such as Dance of the Golden Snake and Dawn of the Green Lake were all completed in this year. 1935 He wrote Mei Niang Song, Song of Comfort, Village Maid beyond the Great Wall, Song of Self-defense, Song of Singing Girl under Iron Shoes and March of Volunteers, which was designated as the national anthem after the founding of the People's Republic of China. He has only been engaged in music creation for about two years, but he has created twenty theme songs or episodes for eight films, three plays and one stage play. Together with fifteen other songs, four national instrumental ensembles and two harpsichords adapted from folk music, * * * has created forty-one music works. In addition, he has published fifteen combative music papers such as Poems Written by Li Jinhui on Banana Leaves, Song and Dance by China, and three screenplays such as Time Boy (unpublished before his death).
1935 went to Japan to study in the Soviet Union via Europe. Unfortunately, he drowned in the swamp sea of Fujisawa city while swimming. His works have distinct national characteristics and the spirit of the times, and for the first time, he created the glorious image of the proletariat in China in his songs, and he is a well-deserved revolutionary music pioneer in China.
Dance of the Golden Snake: 1934 Nie Er arranged and adapted the folk music "Dao Ba Ban" and personally directed the recording. Dao Ba Ban is a variant of Lao Liu Ban. It begins with the change and development of the tail of the latter, so it is commonly called "inverted eight boards"
In the second paragraph, the word "Gong" in the original song was changed to "Fan", and the mood became clear and warm when it was transferred to the system of focusing on public tune, so it was also called "Fan forgets Gong" or "Juegong Board". In the third paragraph, the spiral method of "snail capping" is adopted. The upper and lower sentences echo each other, the sentence width is gradually reduced, and the mood is gradually raised, reaching the climax of the whole song. Music accompanied by exciting gongs and drums adds a warm and festive atmosphere. Nie Er named it Dance of the Golden Snake, which reflected his firm belief in the new China and revolutionary optimism.
Madame Curie (1867-1934), whose original name was Marie Skoro Dovska, was a Polish physicist and the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.
Madame Curie was born in a teacher's family in Warsaw, Poland. 10 years old lost her mother and her family was poor, which made her hard-working and tireless in her studies. 189 1, went to the Faculty of Science, University of Paris, France for further study. She cherished that hard and "perfect" time and studied hard, and obtained a master's degree in physics from 1893 and a master's degree in mathematics from 1894. Almost at the same time, the fate of science drew her and pierre curie together. They got married on 1895.
1897, Madame Curie saw the report that Henry Becquerel discovered that uranium was radioactive, which aroused her great interest. After careful exploration, repeated experiments and close cooperation with Mr. Curie, she finally developed two new chemical elements, which are more radioactive than uranium. One is polonium, named after the initials of Poland by Madame Curie out of her love for her motherland. The other is "radium", which has made great efforts, wisdom, physical strength and even life for the Curie couple. In order to prove the existence of radium, they engaged in mental and hard work in a shabby shack that did not avoid hot summer and cold winter. During the four years from 1898 to 1902, they persisted, and finally extracted one tenth of the pure radium salt from dozens of tons of uranium asphalt mine waste residue, and determined the atomic weight of radium. 1903, Curie and Becquerel both won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident. Madame Curie overcame great grief with strong will and assumed all family responsibilities. Soon, she took over from Mr. Curie in the course of Paris University and directed the laboratory work.
19 1 1 year, Madame Curie participated in the election of the French Academy of Sciences, but she was defeated by one vote because someone suggested that "women cannot become academicians of the Academy of Sciences". But that didn't stop her from devoting herself to science. In February of the same year, she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Madame Curie devoted her life to science, seeking happiness for mankind, and never cared about personal interests and honors. She won 10 awards, 16 medals and 100 honorary titles. 19 14, the radium research institute was established in Paris, and she began to take charge of the Curie laboratory, training many successful scientists.
Madame Curie was full of sacrifice. During World War I, she treated the sick and wounded with X-ray equipment. She has been intensively studying radioactive elements under difficult conditions for a long time, and as a result, toxic substances have infringed on her health and suffered from various diseases in her later years. 1934 died of leukemia on July 4th.