Ergonomics and environmental psychology are both emerging comprehensive disciplines developed in recent decades. In the past, people often treated people and things, people and the environment separately, thinking that people are people, things are things, and the environment is the environment, or simply asking people to adapt to things and the environment. Modern indoor environment design pays more and more attention to the coordination of people, things and environment, with people as the main body and science as the basis. Therefore, indoor environment design still attaches great importance to the design of visual environment, but also attaches great importance to the research and design of physical environment, physiological environment and psychological environment, and has begun to apply it to design practice.

Section 1 The meaning and development of ergonomics

Ergonomics, also known as ergonomics, ergonomics or ergonomics. Ergonomics Ergonomis originated from the Greek word "Ergo", that is, "work, labor" and "nomos", that is, "law and effect", that is, to explore the regularity of human labor, work effect and efficiency.

Ergonomics originated in Europe and America. It turns out that in the industrial society, when a large number of mechanical facilities are produced and used, the harmonious relationship between man and machinery is explored. As an independent discipline, it has a history of more than 40 years. Military science and technology in World War II began to apply the principles and methods of ergonomics. In the design of tanks and aircraft, how to make people operate and fight effectively in the cabin and reduce fatigue in a narrow space for as long as possible, that is, how to deal with the harmonious relationship between people, machines and environment. After World War II, countries quickly and effectively applied the practice and research results of ergonomics to space technology, industrial production, architecture and interior design, and established the International Association of Ergonomics in 1960.

Today, social development is in transition to post-industrial society and information society, emphasizing people-oriented and serving people. Ergonomics emphasizes a new idea of comprehensive analysis of people's clothing, food, shelter, transportation and all life and production activities on the premise of taking people as the main body.

Professor Ogara of Chiba University in Japan believes that ergonomics is to explore the working ability and limit of human body, so that people's work tends to adapt to various characteristics of human anatomy, physiology and psychology. "

In fact, people-things-environment is a closely linked system, and it is expected that ergonomics will actively and efficiently dominate the living environment in the future.

Ergonomics is related to interior design, which means: taking people as the main body, using anthropometry, physiology, psychological measurement and other means and methods to study the reasonable coordination between human structure, function, psychology, mechanics and indoor environment, so as to meet the requirements of people's physical and mental activities and obtain the best use efficiency, and its goal should be safety, health, efficiency and comfort. The relationship between ergonomics and related disciplines, and the relationship between people, indoor environment and facilities in ergonomics.

Section 2 Basic Data and Measurement Methods of Ergonomics

First, the basic data of human body

The basic data of human body mainly includes the following three aspects, namely, data about human body structure, human body scale and human body scope.

1, human body structure

The most closely related to ergonomics are the bones, joints and muscles in the exercise system, which enable all parts of the human body to complete a series of actions under the control of the nervous system. Skeleton consists of three parts: skull, trunk and limbs. The spine is the pillar of the human body, which can carry out a variety of sports. Joints can connect bones and move. Skeletal muscles in muscles contract or relax under the command of the nervous system, so that all parts of the human body coordinate their actions.

2, the human body scale

Human body scale is one of the most basic data in ergonomics research.

3, the human body action domain

The scope of people's indoor work and life activities, that is, the action domain, is one of the important factors that determine the indoor space scale. The field of human motion measured by various measurement methods is also the basic data of ergonomics research. If the scale of human body is static and relatively fixed data, then the scale of human body scope is dynamic, and its dynamic scale is related to the state of active scene.

When choosing the specific data size of human body size in interior design, we should consider the safety of people's actions and activities in different spaces and enclosure conditions, as well as the size suitable for most people, emphasizing safety is the premise.

For example, the height of the door, the clear height of the stairs and the height of the handrail should be the upper limit of the male height, and the ergonomic margin should be designed appropriately; The step height, shelf height or suspension structure should be designed according to the average height of women's bodies.

Second, the human physiological measurement

According to the changes of physiological state when human body is engaged in various activities, it is measured objectively and scientifically by measuring methods, so as to analyze the energy and load of human body during activities.

Human physiological measurement methods mainly include:

1, electromyography

The state of muscle expansion and contraction during human activities is recorded by electrogram, so that the intensity and load of human activities can be determined quantitatively.

2. Energy metabolic rate method

Compared with the usual oxygen consumption, the corresponding oxygen consumption value caused by energy consumption in human activities can be used to determine the intensity of activity state, the calculation formula of energy metabolic rate and the energy metabolic rate (RMR) of different activities. The calculation formula is as follows:

Oxygen consumption during exercise-oxygen consumption at rest

Energy metabolic rate (RMR) = —————————————

Basal metabolic rate consumption

3, mental reflection current method

By measuring the amount of sweat discharged by human body due to activities through current, we can quantitatively understand the intensity of external mental factors and determine the load of human body during activities.

Third, people's psychological measurement.

Psychological measurement adopts psychophysical measurement and scale method.

1, psychophysical measurement method

By using physical methods, the minimum amount of nerve stimulation and the minimum difference of sensory stimulation are measured.

2. Scaling method

Divide psychological measures in order, such as dividing line segments on a straight line and marking comments in order.

Experts or ordinary people can evaluate beauty and ugliness, old and new, good and bad.

Section 3 Application of Ergonomics in Interior Design

As ergonomics is a new discipline, the depth and breadth of its application in indoor environment design need to be further expanded. At present, the existing applications are as follows:

First, the main basis for determining the space needed for indoor people and interpersonal activities.

According to the relevant measurement data in ergonomics, the spatial scope is determined from human scale, action field, psychological space and interpersonal communication space.

Second, the main basis for determining the shape, scale and scope of use of furniture facilities

Furniture facilities are used by people, so its shape and scale must be based on human scale; At the same time, in order to use these furniture and facilities, people must leave the minimum space for activities and use around them, and these requirements are scientifically solved by ergonomics. The smaller the indoor space, the longer the stay time, the higher the requirements for content detection in this area, such as the design of the interior space of vehicles such as carriages, carriages and engine rooms.

Third, provide the best parameters to adapt to the indoor physical environment of human body.

Indoor physical environment mainly includes indoor thermal environment, acoustic environment, light environment, gravity environment and radiation environment. With the above scientific parameters, it is possible to make correct decisions in interior design.

Fourthly, the measurement of visual elements provides a scientific basis for indoor visual environment design.

Human vision, vision, light perception and color perception are the elements of vision. Ergonomics provides scientific basis for indoor lighting design, indoor color design and optimal visual area through measured data.

Section 4 Environmental Psychology and Interior Design

Before expounding environmental psychology, let's briefly understand the concepts of "environment" and "psychology". The environment is the "surrounding situation". Compared with people, the environment can be said to be a foreign object that surrounds people and has a certain influence on people's behavior. The environment itself has a certain order, pattern and structure, which can be considered as the synthesis of a series of related relationships between various elements and people. People can change external things, and these changed things will in turn have an impact on the people of the subject. For example, people design and create a simple, bright, elegant and orderly office environment, and the corresponding environment can also make people who work in this atmosphere have a good psychological feeling and induce people to work more civilized and effectively. Psychology is a discipline that studies psychological processes such as cognition, emotion and will, and psychological characteristics such as ability and personality.

Regarding the relationship between environmental psychology and interior design, the words in the preface of Translation of Environmental Psychology can explain some problems: "Many architects are confident that architecture will determine people's behavior", but they "often ignore what kind of harm the artificial environment will bring to people and rarely consider what kind of environment is suitable for human survival and activities". In the past, psychology only focused on explaining human behavior, and paid no attention to the relationship between environment and human beings. Environmental psychology, on the other hand, uses psychological methods to explore the environment, that is, "people-oriented" between people and the environment. We should consider the research problem from the psychological characteristics of people, so that we can have a new and deeper understanding of the relationship between people and the environment and how to create indoor artificial environment.

I. Meaning

Environmental psychology is a subject that studies the relationship between environment and human behavior. It focuses on the optimization of human and environment from the perspective of psychology and behavior, that is, what kind of environment is most in line with human wishes.

Environmental psychology is a new comprehensive discipline, which is closely related to many disciplines such as medicine, psychology, environmental protection, sociology, ergonomics, anthropology, ecology, urban planning, architecture, indoor environment and so on.

Environmental psychology attaches great importance to the psychological tendency of people living in the artificial environment, combines the choice of environment with the creation of environment, and focuses on the following issues:

1. The relationship between environment and behavior;

2. How to identify the environment;

3. Utilization of environment and space;

4. How to perceive and evaluate the environment;

5. People's behaviors and feelings in the existing environment.

For interior design, the basic point of the above problems is how to organize the space, design the interface, color and lighting, and deal with the indoor environment to make it meet people's wishes.