Comprehensive improvement
The government of China regards the prevention and control of industrial pollution as the focus of environmental protection. After more than 20 years of unremitting efforts, China has made great progress in the prevention and control of industrial pollution.
-Realizing the strategic transformation of industrial pollution prevention and control. In 1970s, the prevention and control of industrial pollution in China mainly focused on point source control. Since 1980s, China has taken comprehensive measures to prevent and control industrial pollution by adjusting unreasonable industrial layout, industrial structure and product structure, combining technological transformation and strengthening environmental management. By the 1990s, in the process of establishing the socialist market economy system, China changed its traditional development strategy, promoted cleaner production and took the road of sustainable development. Establish "three changes" in the guiding ideology of industrial pollution prevention and control, that is, gradually change from focusing on the end treatment of pollution to the whole process control of industrial production in the basic strategy of pollution prevention and control; In the control of pollutant discharge, from heavy concentration control to the combination of concentration and total amount control; In the way of pollution control, point source control has changed from heavy dispersion to the combination of centralized control and decentralized control.
-A system of policies and regulations for the prevention and control of industrial pollution has initially taken shape. In order to effectively prevent and control industrial pollution, the China Municipal Government has formulated three environmental protection policies, namely "prevention first, combining prevention with control", "whoever pollutes will control" and "strengthening environmental management", as well as policies such as comprehensive utilization of resources, combination of industrial pollution prevention with technological transformation, comprehensive improvement of urban environment, environmental protection technology and environmental protection industry. In the environmental protection laws and regulations promulgated, there are also clear provisions on the prevention and control of industrial pollution. Local governments at all levels have formulated local industrial pollution prevention and control policies in light of local conditions.
-Environmental supervision and management of enterprises have been strengthened. China Municipal Government has played an important role in controlling new pollution sources by implementing the environmental impact assessment and the "three simultaneities" system (the facilities for preventing and controlling environmental pollution and destruction are designed, constructed and put into operation simultaneously with the main production project). The environmental impact assessment rate and "three simultaneities" implementation rate of construction projects above the county level in China reached 60.8% and 87.3% respectively. By the end of 1995, 480 cities and 77,000 enterprises in China had registered their sewage discharge. There are 240 cities that have issued pollution discharge permits, with 6.5438+0.4 million enterprises and 6.5438+0.6 million certificates. Starting from 1979, the national sewage charge was 24.7 billion yuan.
-Measures to prevent and control industrial pollution have been gradually improved. First, a large number of pollution control projects have been completed by adjusting the industrial structure and product structure, combining with technological transformation and promoting cleaner production. Chemical, metallurgical, light industry, machinery, electric power, building materials and other industries actively promote cleaner production, speed up technological transformation, and forcibly eliminate a large number of equipment and products with heavy pollution and high energy and material consumption, so that industrial production has increased year after year, pollutant emissions have continued to decline, and benefits have increased year by year. Jilin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. is an old enterprise. Over the years, relying on scientific and technological progress, they have reformed the production equipment with serious waste of resources and large sewage discharge, and fundamentally solved the pollution of many chemicals. Second, combined with the comprehensive improvement of urban environment and regional reconstruction, a number of enterprises with serious pollution were closed, relocated and treated, which eased the pollution trend in some areas. Beijing closed the southern factory of Shougang Special Steel, which caused serious pollution, and eliminated a major pollution source in the urban area. Shanghai has strengthened pollution prevention and control in the upper reaches of Suzhou River and Huangpu River and key urban areas, so that pollution in some urban areas has been controlled. The third is to control pollution within a time limit. Since 1978, two batches of 367 deadline governance projects issued by the state and 220,000 deadline governance projects arranged by the local authorities have been basically completed. Fourth, pollution prevention and control is developing towards comprehensive improvement of regions and river basins. Since the end of 1980s, China government has comprehensively rectified the air pollution in Benxi and Baotou and the water pollution in Baiyangdian and Huaihe River basins. 65438-0995 China Municipal Government promulgated the Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Huaihe River Basin, and the prevention and control of water pollution in Huaihe River Basin is being actively promoted as planned. Fifth, vigorously promote energy conservation and consumption reduction, and improve the treatment capacity and comprehensive utilization rate of waste gas, waste water and waste residue. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period (1991-kloc-0/995), China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP decreased from 5.3 tons of standard coal in 1990 to 394 tons of standard coal in 1995, and a total of 358 million tons of standard coal was saved and used. 1995, the wastewater treatment rate of industrial enterprises above the county level was 76.8%, the smoke and dust removal rate of fuel combustion waste gas was 88.2%, the waste gas purification treatment rate of production process was 68.9%, the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste was 43.0%, and the comprehensive utilization value of industrial "three wastes" was 65.438+09 billion yuan. Li, a retired worker of Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company, led more than 20 old workers in 1983. During 10, a huge slag mountain was razed to the ground, which solved the heavy pollution source that had harmed Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company for a long time and made comprehensive use of the waste steel slag. Only 900,000 tons of scrap steel were recovered, creating a value of 654.38+60 million yuan.
China is a country with coal as its main energy source. 70% of the country's smoke and dust emissions and 90% of its sulfur dioxide emissions come from coal combustion, which leads to serious air pollution in cities with concentrated industries and populations. Acid rain has also appeared in some areas and cities and is developing. China government has adopted policies and measures to control acid rain, such as developing clean coal technology, clean combustion technology and collecting sulfur dioxide pollution fee. After years of research, acid rain experts in China have proved that the pollutants that form acid rain discharged from mainland China are mainly transported within the territory, and acid rain is mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River, east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin.
Like other developing countries, China's per capita energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are far below the world average, both now and by the end of this century. According to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, China has no specific obligation to limit carbon dioxide emissions, but in a responsible attitude towards protecting the global climate, it has adopted the policy of paying equal attention to energy conservation and developing energy industry, striving to improve energy utilization efficiency, actively adjusting energy structure, vigorously developing hydropower, moderately developing nuclear power, and strengthening research and development of new energy sources such as geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and ocean energy, so as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Since the reform and opening up, China's gross national product has quadrupled, and the growth rate of pollutant discharge is obviously lower than the economic growth rate. In some areas and cities, some environmental quality indicators have remained basically stable, and some have improved. However, China's industrialization is still in the primary development stage, the level of modern management is not high, the industrial layout and structure need to be further adjusted, and the technical equipment and production technology are relatively backward. Therefore, the prevention and control of industrial pollution is still an arduous task of environmental protection in China.
China government has always regarded cities as the focus of environmental protection. In the past 10 years, China has accelerated the process of urbanization. 19 In 80, the urban population in China was191400,000, and in 1995 it reached 35171000. 1980 There were 223 cities in China, and 1995 increased to 640; The level of urbanization increased from 19.39% in 1980 to 28.85% in 1995. Like other countries, China has also produced environmental pollution in the process of urbanization. In this regard, the China Municipal Government has taken effective measures to control pollution and made efforts to improve the urban environmental quality.
-Compiling the overall urban planning and adjusting the layout of urban functions. By the end of 1995, all 640 cities and 3 1559 towns in China had made master plans. According to the Urban Planning Law, the protection and improvement of urban ecological environment, prevention and control of pollution and other public hazards are included in the overall urban planning. According to the requirements of the master plan, many cities have adjusted the industrial layout according to the urban functional zoning, strengthened the prevention and control of industrial pollution, changed the mixed situation of factories and residents, and controlled urban environmental pollution from both production and life, and built a large number of residential quarters with reasonable layout and complete social services. China has identified 52 key cities for environmental protection and announced 99 national historical and cultural cities for key protection.
-strengthening infrastructure construction and improving pollution prevention and control capabilities. At present, the gas penetration rate of urban residents in China is 68.4%, the centralized treatment rate of urban sewage is 20%, the harmless rate of urban garbage and feces is 45.4%, and the green coverage rate of urban built-up areas is 23.8%. 1994, Beijing invested1565,438+300 million yuan for urban infrastructure construction, of which more than 5 billion yuan was used for the construction of environmental treatment facilities. Gaobeidian Sewage Treatment Plant, Datun Waste Transfer Station and Asuwei Waste Sanitary Landfill have been built one after another, greatly improving the overall environmental outlook of Beijing.
-Carry out comprehensive improvement of the urban environment and improve the quality of the urban environment. Since 1989, the government of China has carried out a nationwide quantitative assessment system for comprehensive improvement of urban environment, and the national and provincial governments have conducted quantitative assessments for 37 key cities and more than 330 cities respectively. The implementation of this system has strengthened the sense of responsibility of leaders at all levels for urban environmental protection, incorporated quantitative assessment into the government's work schedule, and initially formed a comprehensive management system and operation mechanism for urban environmental improvement with the unified leadership of the mayor, the division of responsibilities of relevant departments and the active participation of the masses. Cities across the country have increased investment in environmental improvement and accelerated the pace of construction, with remarkable results. By 1995, 1 1333 square kilometers of smoke control area and 1800 square kilometers of environmental noise standard area will be built nationwide, with an increase of 490 million square meters of public green space. A large number of urban rivers, such as Zhongdong River in Hangzhou, Funan River in Chengdu, Haihe River in Tianjin, Suzhou River in Shanghai, Qinhuai River in Nanjing and Haohe River in Nantong, have undergone large-scale overall transformation, improving the urban water environment.