Abstract: Sprint is a speed event based on physical fitness. With the continuous improvement of athletes' skills, their physical fitness level is often the key factor to determine the success or failure of the competition. Based on the principle of sports training and the characteristics of sprint events, this paper attempts to analyze their physical fitness, explore the contents and methods of sprint training, and provide reference for coaches engaged in sprint training.

[Keywords:] physical characteristics of sprint events

At present, the concept of physical fitness has not been unified at home and abroad. It is generally believed that physique is based on the energy metabolism activities of the three major energy supply systems of the human body and is expressed through the skeletal muscle system. Physical quality includes physical quality, shape and function. These three factors all have their own relatively independent functions, and they are interrelated, restricted and influenced each other, and the level of one of them will affect the overall level of physical fitness. Among them, the change of shape and function is the material basis of physical fitness, and sports quality is the external performance of physical fitness. In sports training, the development of various sports qualities is the basic content of sports training.

1 summary of the characteristics of sprint events

1. 1 sprint events generally include 60m, 100m, 200m, 400m, 4x 100m, 4x400m, etc. They are the shortest and strongest events in track and field events, which require the motor organs and internal organs of the human body to complete extreme sports under a large amount of hypoxia.

1.2 sprint is a speed event with physical fitness as the main factor, and speed ability is the main determinant of its competitive ability. The performance of the whole process depends on the reaction speed, acceleration, the ability to maintain the highest speed and the quality of technology. Although the proportions of the three are different in different distance events, they are all a complete combination of their performances. Among them, 400 meters can be regarded as a long-distance sprint, and the role of speed endurance is particularly important. However, 100 meter requires extremely high quick reaction ability and explosive force, which is reflected in the perfect combination of reaction speed and action speed; Reach the maximum displacement speed in a short time, and maintain the rapid maximum force to the end. The relay sprint is the speed of each athlete's single run, as well as the skills of passing and receiving the stick.

1.3 the characteristics of muscle work in sprint events belong to dynamic work, and the whole process is completed by muscle burst, hard start, high intensity and maximum hard sprint on the way. The working part is mainly the lower limbs, including the muscles of the thigh and calf. Although the muscles of upper limbs and trunk do not produce strength, they play an important role in maintaining posture and balance during exercise.

1.4 The competition rules of sprint events are relatively simple, and the performance is measured and judged objectively and fairly by measuring tools based on the shortest time for athletes to complete the corresponding distance.

2 Physical characteristics of sprint events

2. 1 morphological characteristics of sprint events