Matters needing attention in the description format of reference documents? Reference materials? With what? Comments? Connotation of
(1) About? Reference materials? ,
In the process of writing academic papers, we must mention other people's research results, because according to the law of scientific research, any research is carried out on the basis of previous research. This process of referring to other people's scientific research results is to refer or quote.
The interpretation of Ci Hai (1999 edition) is:? Reference: Take part in other things, and inspect when he says; Drink? ; ? Literature: originally refers to classics and sages. The latter refers to books and cultural relics with historical value. It also refers to important books and materials related to a certain subject. Today, it is the collective name of all carriers that record knowledge, that is, various carriers (such as paper, film, tape, CD-ROM, etc. ) record human knowledge in the form of words, images, symbols, audio and video. ? As for it? Reference materials? There are no special items.
Let's look at the relevant provisions of several detailed rules.
The Rules for the Description of References after Text (GB77 14-87) puts forward that references after text refer to? Relevant books and materials cited in writing or editing works? . Sure, here it is. Quote? You can quote the original text directly or indirectly, that is, learn from and absorb its ideas and viewpoints; And then what? Hou Wen? The word "two" means something that is obviously different from the text, that is, something that is placed after the text.
"China Sinology Journal Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specification (CD-ROM Edition)" is stated as: Bibliography is the bibliography that the author refers to when writing his works. ? Emphasize here? Reference? "Two words", that is, these documents, played a reference role for the author to write this article.
There is such a provision about references in the Arrangement Standard of Social Science Journals of Colleges and Universities in China (revised edition): the description of references should comply with GB77 14-87 "Rules for the Description of References after Articles" and "China Academic Journals Retrieval and Evaluation Data Standard (CD-ROM Edition)", and the sequential coding system should be adopted. In the citation, Arabic numerals should be used continuously in the order in which the cited documents appear in the paper, and the serial numbers should be placed in square brackets. If a document is repeatedly cited in the same article, it should be marked with the same serial number. If you need to indicate the specific source of the quotation, you can indicate the page number or chapter, section and article name in parentheses after the serial number, and the font size should be smaller than the text. ? From this passage, we can see that the specification does not explicitly discuss what is a reference, but basically follows the practice of the first two specifications, and clearly includes quotations in the reference.
There are several paragraphs about references in the "Specification for the Arrangement of Natural Science Journals of National Colleges and Universities" (revised edition): In order to reflect the scientific basis of the paper and the author's serious attitude of respecting other people's research results, and to provide readers with the source of relevant information, a bibliography should be listed after the conclusion (when there is no thank-you paragraph) or thank-you paragraph of the paper? ,? The list of references should generally be limited to the most important documents directly read by the author and published in official publications. ? This paper not only points out the purpose of listing references, but also puts forward some requirements for their contents.
(2) about? Comments? ：
Cihai (1999 edition): Note: Also known as? Annotation? , refers to the interpretation of words and quotations in books and articles. ? Annotation, as an attachment of books and papers, first appeared in Han Dynasty. It used to have such names as biography, annotation, reasoning, training, writing, sparseness, chapters and sentences, and interpretation, and was later called? Notes? , relative to? Bai Wen? Generally speaking. At that time? Bai Wen? In other words, it refers to the pure text of pre-Qin works, without annotation, sound training and reconciliation.
See [English]. William? Wade: Administrative Law, China Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1997, pp. 43-52. (49 pages)
As can be seen from the above examples, different magazines have different understandings of references and annotations. Even in the same magazine, some quotations (including direct quotation, indirect quotation and opinion quotation, etc.). ) are regarded as references, some as comments, and some are neither references nor comments. The randomness and confusion on this issue can be seen from this.
In a word, about? Reference materials? With what? Comments? Whether the author writes or edits an article, he will often encounter the following questions, such as: Is the citation a reference or a comment? How to absorb, learn from or indirectly quote other people's views? Do references and notes need to be specific to page numbers? How to arrange references and notes at the end of the article? Wait a minute.
The internal differences between reference and annotation in the description format of reference and the treatment of practical problems
We think the key to solve these problems lies in the inherent difference between quotation and annotation. We believe that reference objects are some ideological achievements that have been produced, that is, as Ci Hai said, right? The collective name of all carriers that record knowledge? Its function is for the author? Reference, participation? It has a potential influence or inspiration on the author's writing of this article, which is some ideological sources or foundations for the formation of this article; Annotation is the author's explanation and explanation of the relevant contents of the article (including title, author, quotation, viewpoint, etc.). ). The former is an objective view produced or formed by others or themselves. Therefore, the "Specification for the Arrangement of Natural Science Journals of National Colleges and Universities" (revised edition) stipulates? Generally, it should be limited to documents published in official journals? Confirm its objective existence; The latter expresses the author's thoughts and wishes when writing this article, that is, some further explanations and explanations of related content.
Therefore, the internal difference between references and annotations should be who contains more thoughts, opinions and wishes of the author. Although the author's own thoughts, opinions and wishes? More or less? It is impossible to distinguish accurately, but obviously, the notes should contain more thoughts of the author himself. It is precisely because of this that the "Specification for the Arrangement of Social Science Journals of National Colleges and Universities (Revised Edition)" stipulates:? When the notes are concentrated at the end of the article, the references are arranged after the notes. ? The reason why the annotation is located in the front and closer to the text implies that it contains more authors' wishes. Why don't you read the instructions again? Thanks? Further evidence can be obtained from the following treatments: Thank you is the text that the author expresses his gratitude to the organization or individual who thinks he needs to thank. It appears before notes and references, and the font should be different from the text. ? The reason is that thanks are not the text, but they are an expression of the author's clear will, so relative comments should be placed before comments. This meaning, as Tang Kong's "Book of Rites Ying Da Shu"? Qu Lishang said:? Note that it is the name of the book, but the person who interprets it is often called biography. It is said to be a righteous biography, or to inherit the imperial edict, or to learn Confucianism, so it is a cloud. Today's note takers are modest, afraid to teach, and only care about themselves. If so, pass it on, write it down and show your feelings. ?
According to this important idea, many problems have been solved:
1. Is the reference a reference or a comment?
The purpose of quotation is to demonstrate or explain a point of view and indicate the source of quotation. Notes? ; Original? Notes? That's it. Most of the previous papers and works were treated in this way. However, this practice is not appropriate. Because the author's own thoughts contained in the quotation are obviously few. Direct quotation is often to put forward an idea to prove or explain the author's own point of view. Although the author's will is implied in the process of quotation, it is not clear after all, and the reason why the author adopts the form of direct quotation is to try to explain that this view is not his own, so as to show scientific objectivity. The same is true of indirect speech. Although the author did some treatment to the original text when quoting, such as summing up and changing words, the point of view is still others', at least it has been produced before. Therefore, citing in the form of references can better reflect the author's objectivity and fairness, as well as respect for others and historical achievements. Because of this, more and more rules clearly regard citation as reference, which is also adopted by more and more journals. Moreover, we can also consider introducing this practice into the works in the next step to facilitate the informationization and standardization of scientific research results.
However, people who hold different opinions think that this practice? In fact, it makes the reference take on some functions that originally belonged to annotations, and at the same time downplays the due role of the reference itself. ? [1] We believe that this statement is debatable: First, the current practice does take the function of indicating the source of quotations as a part of annotations, but this function is not annotations at all. ? Notes? What is the original intention of? Describe it, explain it? ("Ji Yun? Meet rhyme), that is? Explain the words in the book? , biography, annotation, reason, training, writing, sparseness, chapters and sentences, interpretation and other names all mean this. Isn't it enough to point out the source of the quotation? Notes? Yes Ci Hai (version 1999) thinks that the annotations include? A description of the sources of quotations in books and articles? Is it wrong, or is it right? Notes? With what? Release? The explanations of these two words are inconsistent. Second, will this practice? Desalinate the function of the citation itself? . The reference is just one? Drinking inspirational? There is no doubt that the quotation in this paper has played this role. As for it? It may not be the object cited in the article, but it may only have certain reference value for the author to write this article, or it may have potential influence or inspiration? There may be many references, but definitely not many. Considering all aspects, it is more appropriate to include quotations in references.
2. What should I do to absorb, draw lessons from or indirectly quote other people's opinions?
This problem is actually an indirect reference problem. As mentioned above, it should be indicated by reference. The writing of a paper must be based on the scientific research achievements of countless predecessors. In order to show respect for the achievements of predecessors, all articles adopt other people's views (especially relatively new ones). Of course, it can't be all views, because some views may have become recognized views and there is no need to mark them at all. Even if it is put forward in the article, it should be indicated in the form of references. Now there are more and more periodicals dealing with this problem.
3. Is it necessary for references and notes to be specific to page numbers?
We believe that all quotations (whether direct or indirect) should be as specific as possible to the page number, which is conducive to truly indicating intellectual property rights, reducing second-hand materials, preventing plagiarism, and also conducive to readers' further understanding. However, some of the opinions quoted in this paper may come from the generalization of a certain work, and some works or opinions may only inspire the author to a certain extent, without being specific to the page number.
Annotations generally do not have the problem of indicating page numbers, because annotations are originally the expression of some ideas and opinions of the author when writing this article, but they are only in a special form. When we look at Weber's Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism, don't annotations play an important role in the text and express many important thoughts of the author? Which page number does this note need to indicate?
4. How to arrange the position of references and notes in the text?
If there is basically no objection, the references are generally attached at the end of the article. And comments can be placed at the end of the page, that is? Footnotes? ; It can also be arranged in the text, that is? Editing notes? ; Or at the end of the article, right? Endnote? . The Standard for the Arrangement of Social Science Journals of Colleges and Universities in China (Revised Edition) provides notes for different contents:? Title and author's comments are placed at the bottom of the current page; Comments on the specific content in the text can be enclosed in the text (enclosed in brackets), or arranged at the footer of the page or at the end of the text. ? The national journal of natural science in colleges and universities (revised edition) is slightly different from this: What can be marked in brackets in the article should not be listed separately as far as possible. ; For comments not listed in the article, please mark the symbol in the upper right corner of the word, phrase or sentence that needs to be commented. Comments should be placed at the bottom of the page and separated from the text by a main line. ? "China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specification" stipulates: Citation? Are they generally listed in the text? ; Comments? Is it usually printed at the bottom of the page? . In addition, when comments and references are placed at the end of the article, comments should be placed in front of references.
As for the specific operation, we think it is necessary to analyze the specific problems, because each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Take various forms of labeling as an example. In terms of saving space, the notes in the article are relatively favorable; As far as the visual pleasure of reading itself is concerned, endnotes appear? Open your eyes? ; But in terms of reading and using academic papers efficiently, footnotes are more important? Down to earth? Moreover, readers can refer to each other when reading the text. Everyone knows that the text and notes are on the same page. Once there is a little problem, there is nowhere to hide. In fact, it will greatly promote the rigor and self-discipline of academic research itself and contribute to the further development of objective and fair academic criticism. ?
In a word, references and notes in scientific research papers are an important part, especially? Reference is one of the important information sources for statistics and analysis of citations in periodical papers? . So? The principles of conciseness, simplicity, practicality, computer processing, data retrieval and statistical accuracy are based on relevant international and national standards, and full consideration is given to the consistency of standardized documents related to the research group of domestic academic journals? It is of great practical significance to clearly define and implement the references and annotations in scientific research papers.