Sun Wu realized that war is not an isolated thing, but is closely related to other things in society. He pointed out that the victory of the war needs five preconditions ("five things"), and through the comparison and investigation of these five things, we can predict the victory or defeat of the enemy and ourselves. Among the five conditions, the first is that the ruler must make the people consistent with his will and "make the people consistent with the people" (Tao). Followed by favorable weather ("days"). Followed by favorable geography ("land"). Secondly, there are good commanders ("generals"). Secondly, there is a good organizational discipline ("law"). These five conditions cover a wide range, involving many natural phenomena and many social phenomena, all of which are related to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, among which political conditions and people's hearts are the most important.
Therefore, when Sun Wu inspected the war, he did not fall into a purely military perspective. He initially realized that military affairs could not be divorced from politics. Military is an extension of politics, and soldiers are used to solve political problems, not to fight for the sake of fighting. So the best way is to solve the problem politically first. He said: "where the law of using troops is adopted, the whole country comes first, followed by breaking the country;" The whole army comes first, followed by Pojun. ..... Therefore, winning every battle is not good; Defeat the enemy's soldiers without fighting, and the good ones are also. " ("Seeking Attack") "If you win, the world will be good, and those who are not good will be good. "Therefore, he said, the best strategy is to crush the enemy's intention to wage war against us. The second strategy is to use international contradictions to isolate the enemy and make him afraid to wage war ("breaking off diplomatic relations for the second time"). The second strategy is to use troops ("two cuts"). The bottom is siege ("siege below"). (See "Plot to Attack")
Sun Wu pointed out that to win the war, we must first have a comprehensive understanding of both sides of the contradiction, that is, the enemy and ourselves. So he said, "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle. If you don't know who you are, you will win and lose. If you don't know each other and your friends don't know each other, every battle will be dangerous. " ("Planning for Attack") "Knowing that our soldiers can strike, I don't know that the enemy can't strike, and I won half the battle. Knowing that the enemy can strike, but not knowing that our soldiers can't strike, get twice the result with half the effort. Knowing that the enemy can strike, knowing that our soldiers can strike, knowing that the terrain is invincible, is half the battle. Therefore, knowing soldiers is not lost, but not poor. Therefore, know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible. " (topography)
Sun Wu's principle of "knowing yourself and yourself" is still a scientific truth today. It is based entirely on simple materialism.
"Sun Tzu's Art of War" said: "Therefore, sages and sages will win people, and they will become a prophet. Prophets should not be taken from ghosts and gods, nor should they be like things, nor should they be measured. They must learn from each other and understand the feelings of the enemy. " In other words, neither ghosts nor gods, nor superficial phenomena of things, nor subjective speculation are reliable. Here, Sun Wu neither believes in destiny nor ghosts and gods. In his view, the sky is just "yin and yang, cold and heat, and time system." Kyrgyzstan, like the earth, is a material and natural thing. It is only one of the objective conditions that determines the outcome. This materialistic truth can be clearly put forward more than two thousand years ago, which is really commendable.
Details are as follows:
Sun Wu was a great military scientist in ancient China, the founder of ancient military theory, and a general of Wu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Also called grandson. The word Changqing. Lean (now Shandong Huimin, called Boxing, or Guangrao) people. According to the ancient books after the Tang Dynasty, he was a descendant of Qi Guotian (Chen), and his grandfather made great contributions to the cutting of Ju (now Ju County), so he was given the surname, and later generations were named after him.
In the 13th year of King Jing of Zhou (532 BC), civil strife broke out in Qi, Tian and Bao fought Luan and Gao, and Sun Wu fled to Wu. In the turbulent world of hegemony by princes, annexation by other countries, power struggle by doctors and social change, in order to seek ways and means to stop wars by war and defend the country, he lived in seclusion for a long time after entering Wu, devoted himself to military science, summed up the war experience in the Spring and Autumn Period and before, and wrote thirteen books and made arguments. Prince He Lv acceded to the throne. With the help of Wu Zixu, the Pacer, he reorganized the army, strengthened the national strength, and wanted to break Chu and seek hegemony. Wu Zixu recommended him for many times and sent thirteen articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War to He Lv, the prince of Wu, which won the appreciation of He Lv and was appointed as a general. Legend has it that he once trained in the Wu Palace and beheaded Wang Er, who violated military orders, to show the strictness of running the army.
In the eighth week (the first 5 12), He Lv mobilized troops to attack Chuba, hoping to attack the capital of Chu. Sun Wu has the overall situation in mind. He thinks that Chu is very powerful, and the time for attacking Chu on a large scale is not yet ripe. He advocates accumulating strength and waiting for the opportunity. In the following years, according to the strategy of dividing Wu Jun into three parts, Wu Zixu repeatedly sent troops to harass the Chu Army between Jianghuai, forcing the Chu Army to be on the run and weakening its combat power. In fourteen years, he and Wu Zixu * * * used the contradiction between Tang (now northwest of Suizhou, Hubei Province) and Cai (now Xincai, Henan Province) as allies of the State of Wu, and fought for it. Even if the State of Chu was isolated, it was also the enemy of the State of Chu. Immediately with Wu Zixu, Taizaibo? When he Lu led the army to attack Chu, he avoided the frontier of Chu's defense and marched along the Huaihe River in a roundabout way. The weak northeast of Chu garrison directly drove Jianghan area in the center of Chu, breaking the strategic deployment of Chu army, then mobilized Chu army from a favorable position, defeated Chu army in Baiju (now northeast of Macheng, Hubei Province, now north of Hanchuan), pursued Lien Chan Lian Shengwen and captured Ying City (now northwest of Jiangling, Jingsha City). Wu Guoxi broke the northern strong Chu, Jin and became a famous vassal, "Sun Zi is strong and Yan" (Historical Records and Biography of Sun Qi).
Thirteen articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War, as well as bamboo slips and wooden slips unearthed from Han tombs, all concentrated Sun Wu's rich and profound military thoughts. In the military history of China and the world, Sun Wu took the lead in discussing the overall situation of war and strategy. At first, he revealed the universal laws guiding the war, such as "know yourself and know yourself, and fight in a hundred battles", "win first and then fight", "make people not for others" and "win because of the enemy", and profoundly summarized "surprise victory", "attack by surprise" and "fight in a hundred battles". Sun Tzu's Art of War shines through the ages with its profound strategic theory, which is well-known at home and abroad, while Sun Wu is known as a "soldier saint".
His military thoughts are embodied in thirteen chapters of Sun Tzu's Art of War:
1. View of war. Sun Wu attached great importance to the study of war, pointing out: "Soldiers, the important events of the country, the place of life and death, and the way of survival must be observed." (Sun) believes that "the national subjugation cannot be revived, and the dead cannot be resurrected", so he advocates "caution" and "vigilance" in dealing with war issues, and advocates "the way to secure the country and the law of the whole army" (Sun Tzu's fire attack). "Caution" means not to start a war easily, warning that "the Lord should not be angry and start a division, and he should not fight if he is angry"; "Police" is to strengthen combat readiness, enhance strength, and demand "not relying on it, relying on us, etc.; If you don't rely on it, you won't attack, and if you don't rely on it, you won't attack "("Nine Changes of Sun Tzu "). In order to explore the method of predicting the outcome, Sun Wu correctly expounded the subjective and objective factors and their dialectical relationship. He summarized the objective factors as Tao, Heaven, Earth, General and Law. The "Tao" at the top of the "five things" not only refers to the cultivation of politics ("cultivating the law and protecting the law"), but also includes winning the hearts of the people ("sharing the same desire") and boosting morale ("joining forces"). He attached great importance to the important role of politics in the war and touched on the master-slave relationship between politics and military affairs. In wartime, Sun Wu dissuaded the prince of Wu from temporarily attacking Chu by saying that "the people have to work, but they can't do it for themselves" (Historical Records Wu Taibo Family), which further showed that he realized the importance of cherishing private capital and winning the hearts of the people. He also attached great importance to the important role of military power in the war, emphasizing that "if the overlord's soldiers attack a big country, the people cannot gather;" If you threaten the enemy, you will not get along. Therefore, we do not dispute the friendship between the two countries, do not trust the power of the world, believe in our own self-interest and threaten the enemy, so our city can be pulled out, so our country can be destroyed "(Sun Tzu's Art of War, Nine Places). He discussed military strength, paid attention to economic factors, and put forward "the degree of health, the degree of health, the number of health, the number of health" (Sun Zixing), and calculated the strength of military strength from three aspects: land, property and military resources. According to the bamboo slips "Wu Wen" recorded in Yinqueshan Han Tomb, he predicted the political fate of the six Qing Dynasties in the State of Jin, and also made a judgment on the scale of the mu system, the tax rate and the number of recruits in the six Qing Dynasties. He used "form" to express objective military strength, and "the winner will turn against the people, and if it depends on the flow of thousands of miles, its form will also be", which vividly explained its connotation and function. He also fully affirmed the role of subjective ability in the war, pointing out: "it is the general trend to use it to help others;" "Those in power will control power for the benefit." (Sun) That is to say, through subjective efforts, we can actively create and use favorable situations.
4. Strategic thinking. Sun Wu believes that "every battle is victorious, and those who are not good are also good; Defeat the enemy's soldiers without fighting, and end up doing good "("The Art of War "), thus putting forward the" total victory "strategy of achieving political goals without direct combat. He called winning without fighting "integrity" and winning without fighting "fragmentation". Master Zhang is for the country, for the army, for the brigade, for the pawn, and for the martial arts. "All" is the best, followed by "breaking". In order to achieve the goal of total victory, we should be superior to the enemy in strategic planning. "The temple wins it, and it is too much" ("Sun Zi Ji"); In terms of strength comparison, it should be in an advantage, "winning the battle is even Thai baht"; The war preparation should be thoughtful and meticulous, "be in an invincible position first, wait for the enemy to win", and "the soldier who wins first will fight again" (Sun Zixing); In terms of implementation, it is "attack the army first, then attack the enemy, then attack the army, and then attack the city;" The method of siege is a last resort "(Sun Tzu's Art of War, Plotting for Attack). In short, it is to "defeat the enemy, not fight"; Pull out the city of people, not attack; Destroying a country does not last long. To fight for the world, so the soldiers are not tired, and the benefits can be all "("Sun Tzu seeks to attack ").
Operational guiding ideology In operational guidance, Sun Wu advocated active attack. When carrying out a strategic attack, it is necessary to make secret decisions and "concentrate on corridors and temples for punishment"; Concealed, "I am invisible for people" (Sun Tzu's virtual reality); Sudden attack, "As soon as the enemy opens and closes, he rushes in" (Sun Tzu's Art of War, Nine Places), "Take the safe way while people are unprepared, and attack them without saying hello" (ibid.); Hit the enemy's vital point, "he loves first, then waits for something" (ibid.); Boldly and profoundly "customer is expert" (ditto); Make a quick decision, "it is not expensive to win for a long time" (Sun Tzu's Art of War). In offensive operations, Sun Wu advocated quick decision and opposed protracted war, which was based on the analysis of the country's economic bearing capacity and logistics supply at that time. Because of the war of "staying together for several years", the war of "there are 700,000 people, and internal and external affairs are chaotic, and there is nothing to do" (Sun Tzu's Art of War), "the country has been short of violence for a long time", and once "the princes take advantage of it, although there are wise men, they cannot follow it well" (Sun Tzu's Art of War). And because in the rear supply, "eat the enemy for one minute and be me for twenty minutes", it is required to "eat the enemy" (ibid.). Sun Wu emphasized attack, but did not neglect defense. He believes that "it is invincible and can be defended" and requires that "those who are good at defending should hide under nine places" in order to "protect themselves and win" (Sun Zixing). If soldiers are at a disadvantage, they should also "escape" and "avoid" to save their military strength.
For the battle plan, we emphasize knowing ourselves and ourselves, knowing the sky and the earth, and "being in an invincible position first, waiting for the enemy to win" (Sun Zixing). We should see that the earth has six shapes, the law has nine changes, the spy has five rooms, and there will be five dangers and six connections. Operational command emphasizes striving for initiative, clarifying interests, knowing the number of people, distinguishing between separation and integration, examining the actual situation and being good at specialization. Tactics should confuse the enemy, be strange and changeable, and win because of the enemy.
3. I thought of running the army. Sun Wu's guiding ideology in running the army is "using words to control it, using force to control it" (Sun Tzu's March). "Wen" refers to the generous reward and love for the pawn, and "Wu" refers to heavy punishment and severe punishment. The two complement each other. "Love cannot be made, generosity cannot be made, chaos cannot be cured, and arrogance cannot be used." "If a pawn is punished without personal attachment, it is impossible and difficult to use. If the pawn has been seized, it will not be available "(ibid.). Soldiers should be strictly trained and disciplined in peacetime, so that they can keep pace and obey orders in wartime. Therefore, he advocated "teaching its people to do whatever they want". He also attached importance to the selection and appointment of generals, believing that generals are "the lives of the people" and put forward five standards of virtue and political integrity: "wisdom, faithfulness, benevolence, courage and strictness".
Sun Wu's military thought is based on simple materialism and dialectics. He emphasized "know yourself and know yourself", compared the "seven things" with the temple, emphasized the "way of war", explored the laws of war, and saw the transformation from weak to strong contradiction to its opposite, and so on. These are philosophical reflections with speculative characteristics. By understanding the categories of opposites (friend or foe, attack and defense, total destruction, etc.). In "War", Sun Wu revealed the relationship between them, which led to the description of various combat modes and promoted the development of military thought and art. Sun Wu's military thought revealed some universal laws in the military field and played an important role in guiding military practice. In modern wars, some of the laws he revealed still have their vitality, many of which have been transferred to social life fields such as enterprise management and sports competitions, which have attracted the attention of politicians, strategists and scholars in many countries in the world and are recognized as excellent military theoretical heritages in the world.
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