Foot-binding rose because of men's addiction, and men's aesthetic distortion was out of control because of the "three-inch golden lotus", until women's destroyed feet became an important item to arouse men's sexual excitement. According to records, since the Song Dynasty, a "drinking" game has been popular in many brothels. From beginning to end, prostitutes' little feet and their little shoes stand out, and prostitutes' clients put wine glasses in prostitutes' little shoes to pass, pour and drink. Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were still some men who liked to participate in this "drinking" game and were excited about the opportunity to drink with the wine glasses in prostitutes' little shoes. As for the sour literati in the past dynasties, they regarded the discussion of feet as "learning" with great interest, and they did not hesitate to write articles and carefully evaluate them, taking pleasure in being humble, for fear that the aesthetic composition and flirting function of men playing with feet were not clearly explained. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, a scholar named Fang Xuan, who claimed to be "Dr. Xiang Lian", wrote an article "Made in Xiang Lian" and painstakingly divided the feet into five types, nine types and eighteen types, which made him famous.
As for the deformed feet with fractures, dislocated joints, bloody flesh and pus, why did they become men's sexual objects in China? This is because, in feudal society, foot-binding is a woman's extreme privacy, and people can't watch it at will except husbands and close people, which makes feet involved in sexual secrets, and even thinks that if they are not properly grasped, they will lead to fornication, and feet are "tools to attract prostitutes." According to the sour literati, little feet not only make women's gait more graceful and charming, but also make men "look more and pity more" during the day and "feel more affectionate and caress more" at night. The highest standard of beauty of little feet is also determined by them: first, fat, second, soft, third, beauty, "fat and soft can be sought after, beauty should meet God" and so on. Between the lines, there is love, admiration and worship for sick feet, and at the same time, destruction and deformity are appreciated and played as beauty, which shows how seriously China's male aesthetic concept has been corrupted under the background of traditional patriarchal culture.
However, in the Qing Dynasty, when women suffered the most and the worship of little feet was the most arrogant, a group of people of insight such as Li Ruzhen and Yu severely criticized this social vice. Li Ruzhen pointed out that "women are good" in the book "Flowers in the Mirror", while men tend to make them "artificial" and bind their feet to make them "different", and even pointed out "why are their feet incomplete and difficult to walk but beautiful?" In 1898, Kang Youwei, a well-known reformer and reformer, wrote to Emperor Guangxu "Please Prohibit Women's Foot-binding", detailing the harm of the bad habit of foot-binding to the country and the people. He thought that "the most shocking person is women's foot-binding" and clearly advocated that "women's foot-binding is prohibited". After the overthrow of the Manchu feudal dynasty, Sun Yat-sen, as the temporary president of the Republic of China, officially banned foot-binding in 19 12. During the May 4th Movement, foot-binding became the object of various revolutionary movements and radical crusades. Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and others wrote articles denouncing the destruction and oppression of foot binding on women. More importantly, more and more women are participating in the anti-foot-binding movement, which is regarded as an important task for women's liberation in China. At this time, women and men in China began to realize that little feet were not beautiful at all, but only a symbol of oppression, shame and decay.
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Viewing the same topic: China ancient female female culture.
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Female Beauty and Culture in Ancient China
Youth actor
Nowadays, China people generally evaluate beautiful women with exquisite figure, three-dimensional facial contour, big eyes and double eyelids, which is largely a westernized aesthetic. For example, before the Han Dynasty, the description of women's figure was rarely seen, and it was basically a facial description between the lines, and the posture of writing was also set off from the posture of clothing. Eyes are the core of facial aesthetics. The so-called "clever smile and beautiful eyes" and the word "Qian" use up all the charm of women's eyes.
Looking through the meticulous paintings of ladies in the past dynasties, we can see that a pair of slender and straight phoenix eyes (that is, the kind that flies on the outer corner of the eye) are basically the same characteristics as girls in Chinese painting. Emphasize exquisiteness in the collocation of five senses, such as lips: today, thick and plump lips are sexy, but in ancient times, on the contrary, cherry eloquence is crazy. At that time, girls not only didn't wear lipstick, but also deliberately put a little in the middle of their lips to create the illusion of a small mouth.
Interestingly, the beautiful women painted on the pictures of ladies in past dynasties are basically single eyelids and flat faces. Probably the reason why the China lineage of the Han nationality was relatively pure at that time (big eyes and double eyelids were related to the increase of Vietnamese lineage in the south). Moreover, the traditional face of the Han people likes a round face, and it is later that the knife face is unified throughout the country.
Nowadays, people always like to emphasize women's figure. Taking "measurements" as the scale, the measurements of chest, waist and buttocks are different in the world. Among the three, the ancients paid the most attention to the waist and directly described it. The thick waist was euphemistically called "small waist"; Thin waist is called "willow waist". In the 6th century BC, there was an allusion that King Chu Ling preferred thin-waisted women. Song Yu also described this beautiful "master's son" as "waist as plain as a bundle" in his "The Lotito". But the waist should not only be slender, but more importantly, the posture should be light and flexible, so that you can sway when walking and have the beauty of "exquisite curve".
In ancient times, people had relatively low requirements for women's bust, and they didn't quite agree with women with plump breasts. In fact, women's breasts appreciated by ancient men are as good as clove milk. As for the buttocks, it seems that the ancients are hard to talk about. In fact, in ancient China, buttock augmentation was also advocated, but it was not convenient to say so because of the restrictions of etiquette. Generally speaking, only violent people like a thin ass, which is beside the point.
Before the Song Dynasty, the Han people knelt on the table like the Japanese today, resulting in today's Yamato nationality's "thigh", which has long been famous in the world, but I don't know if it was the same in China before. However, the traditional appreciation of women's legs by the Han people has always been in a hidden position, far less prominent than women's feet. The small aesthetic of loving feet has developed to the extreme. Since the Southern Tang Dynasty, the custom of foot binding has appeared among the Han people. The real reason for foot binding is that many people just vaguely explain that they appreciate little feet. In fact, the real reason is a variable star in the hip circumference, which can inhibit the blood flow to the lower limbs, force the lower limbs to concentrate in the middle zone, and make the buttocks huge and plump. This is undoubtedly a kind of. Wu objected to foot-binding in "Flowers in the Mirror" and said, "What's the difference between thinking carefully and making lewd tools?" In fact, it hit the nail on the head.
The Tang Dynasty was rich in material products. Wide forehead, round face and fat body become the standard of beauty, and there is a unique atmosphere that advocates eagle nose (see Zhaoling stone carving). In the Tang Dynasty, "fat" was regarded as beauty (note: in the old saying, obesity is called fat but not fat, just like the original meaning of "body" is different), but this kind of "fat" has nothing to do with today's excess fat and paunch, but a kind of beauty with uniform bones and strong muscles, which makes women fully display the luxury beauty of the East.
The atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty was also very open, with revealing clothes as the fashion. Low-cut semi-nude clothes, single-layer silk yarn and even nudity were popular in clothing. Judging from some murals in the Tang Dynasty that have been handed down to this day, there were even naked maids in the palace. There is a record in Dunhuang Ci, such as: "The snow is still light." (The Collection of Clouds and Ballads). The wind goes to the clouds ")
Such an excessive atmosphere was never seen before the Tang Dynasty, which may be related to the prevalence of Buddhism or "Hu Feng" in the Tang Dynasty. As Zhu said, "The origin of the Tang Dynasty originated from barbarians, so it is not unreasonable to disrespect boudoir." But overall, the ancient Han nationality had few taboos about sex, which is why they have been wearing open-backed pants for more than 2,000 years. This ethos began to change in the Song Dynasty, which was largely related to the invasion of nomadic people. Han people have to do this in order to protect their women. Coupled with the rise of Neo-Confucianism, women began to be wrapped up, and the conservative atmosphere reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Correspondingly, the sonorous atmosphere, simplicity, simplicity and delicacy are two sides of Chinese culture. An Shi Rebellion is an important turning point in the history of Han culture. Great changes have taken place in the social structure, and aristocratic families have disappeared (which is ultimately related to the long feudal history of China). After that, the former side gradually lost, and the other side was deformed and prosperous, and even developed to a morbid level. For example, the arts and crafts and architectural furnishings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are famous for their ornate and complicated decorative carvings. Taking calligraphy as an example, calligraphy can be divided into tablet style and post style, but after the Tang Dynasty, the simple and vigorous tablet style gradually declined, while the soft post style prevailed in the world.
These changes probably began in the Song Dynasty. The Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty effectively tossed about in the Central Plains for 100 years, which almost led to the breaking of China's historical tradition, cruel slaughter and unprecedented mental loss, which led to the unprecedented prevalence of religion. By the Ming Dynasty, most of the real Chinese culture had been lost. Although the rulers of the Ming Dynasty tried to find back some traditions, most of the royal families in Zhu Ming, which had little cultural background, could not be found back (without it, the real aristocratic class in China basically disappeared after the Tang Dynasty), and some even deteriorated.
Today, no matter China people or foreigners, when it comes to China culture, they will basically think of Peking Opera, Cheongsam, Kung Fu, Flower Porcelain, New Year Pictures, Square Table, Quyi and so on. These are the heritages of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the real culture of Han and Tang Dynasties has gone far from our vision. ...
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Interviewee: I was sad by accident-I was awarded Grade 511-1316: 58.
Foot-binding first began in Li Yu's reign in the Southern Tang Dynasty (969-975). A young girl in Li Houzhu is very clever. She wrapped her feet in a crescent shape with silk and danced on the golden lotus to please the emperor. Later, this custom spread to the people and the wind of foot binding gradually spread to people's homes. However, some people think that foot-binding appeared as early as 770-476 BC during the Warring States Period, which may be traced back to the earlier Shang Dynasty. In a word, foot-binding has a long history, which has hurt countless women in China for thousands of years. It can be said that foot-binding is one of the most prominent manifestations of "men are superior to women" under the patriarchal tradition. According to records, folk women began to bind their feet at the age of four or five, and when they reached adulthood, if their feet were less than three inches long, they became the highly respected "three-inch golden lotus". At that time, such little feet were considered as an important aspect of "female beauty". Even a woman with good looks and figure will be laughed at if her feet are not small enough, so she can't get married. "Good bigfoot" has also become the most unpleasant word to insult and humiliate women. In fact, the "beauty" of little feet is based on the premise that women's body and mind are destroyed. The method of foot binding is to cruelly cause dislocation or fracture of metatarsal bone of female foot by artificial force, then fold it on the sole of foot, and then wrap it tightly with foot binding cloth layer by layer. Women who bind their feet have difficulty walking and great pain, and are more likely to cause disability and death. The folk saying "a pair of little feet and a jar of tears" is a concentrated reflection of women's suffering for thousands of years. Once the natural feet are entangled into a "three-inch golden lotus", women must be very inconvenient and greatly restricted in labor and communication. Only when you are trapped at home, you should stand against the wall when you stand and walk. Not only is it natural that "men dominate outside and women dominate inside", but "men are strong and women are weak" has become a fact. It is even more difficult for women to be dissatisfied, resist and elope, but they must submit to humiliation. In fact, this kind of "beauty", which is against nature and health and based on destroying women's bodies, is not only an extreme distortion and metamorphosis of beauty, but also has the practical effect of strengthening the oppression and control of women in a patriarchal society, as the Daughter Classic says: "I am afraid that he or she will leave home lightly and be bound by thousands of layers."
Foot-binding rose because of men's addiction, and men's aesthetic distortion was out of control because of the "three-inch golden lotus", until women's destroyed feet became an important item to arouse men's sexual excitement. According to records, since the Song Dynasty, a "drinking" game has been popular in many brothels. From beginning to end, prostitutes' little feet and their little shoes stand out, and prostitutes' clients put wine glasses in prostitutes' little shoes to pass, pour and drink. Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were still some men who liked to participate in this "drinking" game and were excited about the opportunity to drink with the wine glasses in prostitutes' little shoes. As for the sour literati in the past dynasties, they regarded the discussion of feet as "learning" with great interest, and spared no expense in writing articles and evaluating them carefully, for fear of not explaining clearly the aesthetic composition and flirting function of men playing with feet. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, a scholar named Fang Xuan, who claimed to be "Dr. Xiang Lian", wrote an article "Made in Xiang Lian" and painstakingly divided the feet into five types, nine types and eighteen types, which made him famous.
As for the deformed feet with fractures, dislocated joints, bloody flesh and pus, why did they become men's sexual objects in China? This is because, in feudal society, foot-binding is a woman's extreme privacy, and people can't watch it at will except husbands and close people, which makes feet involved in sexual secrets, and even thinks that if they are not properly grasped, they will lead to fornication, and feet are "tools to attract prostitutes." Sour literati believe that little feet not only make women's gait more graceful and charming, but also make men "look more and pity more" during the day and "be more affectionate and caress more" at night. The highest standard of beauty of little feet is also determined by them: first, fat, second, soft, third, beauty, "fat and soft can be sought after, beauty should meet God" and so on. Between the lines, there is love, admiration and worship for sick feet, and at the same time, destruction and deformity are appreciated and played as beauty, which shows how seriously China's male aesthetic concept has been corrupted under the background of traditional patriarchal culture.
However, in the Qing Dynasty, when women suffered the most and the worship of little feet was the most arrogant, a group of people of insight such as Li Ruzhen and Yu severely criticized this social vice. Li Ruzhen pointed out that "women are good" in the book "Flowers in the Mirror", while men tend to make them "artificial" and bind their feet to make them "different", and even pointed out "why are their feet incomplete and difficult to walk but beautiful?" In 1898, Kang Youwei, a well-known reformer and reformer, wrote to Emperor Guangxu "Please Prohibit Women's Foot-binding", detailing the harm of the bad habit of foot-binding to the country and the people. He thought that "the most shocking person is women's foot-binding" and clearly advocated that "women's foot-binding is prohibited". After the overthrow of the Manchu feudal dynasty, Sun Yat-sen, as the temporary president of the Republic of China, officially banned foot-binding in 19 12. During the May 4th Movement, foot-binding became the object of various revolutionary movements and radical crusades. Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and others wrote articles denouncing the destruction and oppression of foot binding on women. More importantly, more and more women are participating in the anti-foot-binding movement, which is regarded as an important task for women's liberation in China. At this time, women and men in China began to realize that little feet were not beautiful at all, but only a symbol of oppression, shame and decay.