The Moshi Tusi originated from the Tu nationality and was rooted in the Zhuang nationality. It has been 2 1 generation for nearly 500 years since the ancestor Mo became the secretariat of Xincheng County and gradually became the ruler of Xincheng. In this long history, while inheriting and carrying forward the national culture, the chieftains of past dynasties were constantly educated and edified by the Chinese culture, which made the Zhuang culture and the Chinese culture blend with each other, and people's values, aesthetics and customs were constantly revised, gradually forming concepts and behaviors accepted by members of social groups and forming a unique chieftain culture. It has supported the history of Mohist Tusi ruling the new city for nearly 500 years.
Tusi culture has a very rich and profound connotation, which is divided into four levels: first, Tusi culture in material form; Second, the Tusi culture in institutional form; Third, the spiritual form of Tusi culture; The fourth is folk culture.
First, the material form of Tusi culture
(1) The Mothusi yamen, which is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit, has a building area of 928 1 m2, and was built by the eighth local official of the Ming Dynasty in 10 (1582). After that, local officials in the past dynasties continued to build and expand, forming a Tusi complex centered on Tusi yamen, including Tusi ancestral hall, acting Tusi mansion, Han and Tang dynasties, martial arts field, Tusi cemetery, Guantang, Sanqingguan and Guandi temple. Architecture is the product of culture. Throughout the Tusi building complex, from the aspects of site selection, construction, decoration and use, all of them imply the idea of ensuring good weather, good crops, people's well-being and being passed down from generation to generation, and also reflect the idea of Tusi loyal to the country.
1. From the site selection, the Moshi Tusi Yamen broke the traditional concept of sitting north facing south, and was built at the northern foot of Cuiping Mountain, which is safer than the traditional system except that Cuiping Mountain is recognized as a treasure house of gods. Backed by the steep and steep Cuiping Mountain and facing the wide and flat ground rich in water resources, it is an ideal base for advancing, attacking and retreating.
2. Judging from the layout of the yamen, the Tusi ancestral hall is next to the yamen in the east. Zhu, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in Family Theory: "A gentleman will camp in the palace and fill the East Ancestral Hall first", which shows the worship of his ancestors; Followed by the Sanjie Temple, "Sanjie" is the god who shelters local public security; To the west are the official brothers, the military field, the Guandi Temple and the three fixed doors to the east, west and north to ensure the safety and stability of their official positions. The forms of these buildings are almost the same as those of large-scale official buildings in the Central Plains. They are all composed of vertical courtyards and then groups of roads, which are permeated with common forms and cultures in the Central Plains.
3. From the perspective of architectural decoration, the toast architectural decoration avoids the common golden color in palace buildings, and uses a lot of red, which reflects its wealth and authority. In the decoration of buildings, besides figures, animals include bats, butterflies, deer, cranes, magpies and so on. Plants are pine, bamboo, plum, gourd, etc. The artifacts are stone drums, and the characters are "Yan" and "Shou". These decorations all reflect the toast's pursuit of "happiness, wealth and longevity".
(2) Toast clothes
Local officials in Tuxian county are hereditary officials approved by the imperial court. According to the example of the imperial court, they are given official uniforms, official hats and official belts. Local officials only wear royal robes, official hats and official ties to show their status and dignity when handling cases, making tours and receiving officials or dignitaries. Wear cotton casual clothes at ordinary times. These casual clothes are mostly cotton, linen or cloth that natives pay tribute to local officials, and their colors are mostly blue or white. Local officials wear blue cotton coats in winter and white cotton and linen in summer. Styles include double-breasted tops, round neck gowns, and shoes and socks are also made of cotton, blue or black, rough and warm. Usually dressed up, except for the color restrictions of local officials, others are no different from locals.
(3) Toast diet
The eating habits of tuxian county in Xincheng are similar to those of local officials and locals. The staple food is rice, followed by corn, wheat, potatoes and beans. During the festival, rice noodles, jiaozi, colored rice, cakes and tofu balls are cooked, and local people pay for prey, chickens, ducks, fish, meat and rice wine. When the whole family dine together, according to a certain seating order, the main seat is backed by the shrine and faces the gate, which is the senior seat for the elderly in the family. On the left and right are the second seats, where the son-in-law is seated and the back door is the last position. Usually the daughter-in-law or daughter sits last. The toast has servants to pour wine, serve rice, pass towels and fan the wind for it. Servants are not allowed to eat at the same table as local officials, nor are they allowed to sit on stools.
(4) Travel of local officials
Tu County, a new city, is located in Dashi Mountain area, with high mountains and dangerous roads and inconvenient transportation. When local officials travel or engage in other social activities, they ride horses and sit in sedan chairs. Where they pass, they set up pavilions and stations for them to rest and entertain. The aborigines walked on their shoulders. Mo Zeng, a local official, built bridges such as Guyue Bridge and opened up mountain roads, which contributed to the traffic in the new town.
Second, the institutional form of Tusi culture
Tusi Moshi in Xincheng was originally used to help the central dynasty suppress the peasant uprising by force, and he stepped onto the political and historical stage. With the development of social history, the Moshi chieftain realized that it is difficult to maintain his dominant position only by "prancing", and certain laws and regulations must be formulated to govern the area under his jurisdiction. This is the progress of civilization. Tusi's rule of law includes three aspects: first, abide by the laws and regulations formulated by the state; The second is to formulate some rules to adjust its internal relations; The third is the customary laws and regulations that exist among the people.
(1) The central dynasty's rule over the Tusi region was originally intended to "govern according to its old customs", but in fact it was not at ease. Therefore, it has formulated various laws and regulations aimed at the toast and asked them to abide by them. First, there are strict rules on the succession of local officials. The inheritance of local officials must be "going to the que to be appointed". "It is necessary to examine and seal the official body of the Committee, and those who are uncontested understand that they must take the books of their branches, wait for the official to conclude them, show them, and inherit them as usual"; Second, the crime of rebellion and detention of local officials should be severely punished "or punished or demoted"; Third, the toast had no salary, and the court gave the land to people for farming, but it was stipulated that "it should not be sold". If it is sold privately, it will be sanctioned by law. Fourth, soldiers are those who were ordered to recruit and failed to arrive on time; Failing to pay tribute on schedule, according to quality, according to number, etc. Will be investigated and punished by the court. "Loyalty to the country and abiding by national laws and regulations" is the purpose of chieftains in past dynasties.
(2) While observing the national laws and regulations, the Moshi Tusi made some illegal and irregular regulations according to the needs, so as to maintain its ruling order. These provisions are divided into several aspects:
1, internal constraint of toast family. For example, the Tusi wrote "training officials", "legacy", "family training" and "family training" in the past dynasties, which was intended to persuade officials to study, reason, be loyal and filial, cultivate and weave, serve, support, learn folk art, not be idle, do business and trade, be frugal with their families, and not forget to be greedy for money.
2. Land policy. Local officials are not paid, and their business expenses and living expenses are settled by the land income of officials determined by the state. They are veritable "earth eaters". Therefore, local officials have ownership of the land under their jurisdiction and let them control it. Therefore, the toast regards a large number of fertile land as "official land" and "official land", which is cultivated by the natives and all the income belongs to himself; On the other hand, according to various working conditions, the chieftain also divided a part of the land for indigenous people to cultivate, which is called service land. For example, the toast sedan chair is given a piece of land for cultivation, which is called "sedan chair field", and a piece of land for the natives in military service is called "soldier field", as well as various fields such as "porter field", "ferry field" and "postal field". In terms of quantity, these fields can basically maintain their living needs. The other part is private land, which is owned by farmers and can be controlled by themselves. Planting and harvesting are all their own. Except for ancestral fields, most of these fields were cultivated by indigenous people.
3. Soldier's policy. Soldiers are private armed forces owned by chiefs. Local officials allocated a piece of land to the locals who served in military service. Soldiers in these places are soldiers in peacetime and wartime. If sent out, soldiers will bring their own rations and weapons, protect local public security under the leadership of local officials, obey the call of the imperial court, and cooperate with government forces to fight everywhere, and * * * will undertake the mission of defending the country.
4. Tusi education system. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were no schools and educational administrative institutions in the new town. Although there was a county school in the early Ming Dynasty, few people attended it, so it was closed. It has been almost 400 years since this example was established. During this period, only the Tusi managed the school library, and Professor Yan was the official's son. In the Qing Dynasty, local official Mo Zhenguo set up three voluntary schools in Tusi Prefecture, and formulated the rules and regulations for priests to hang in the mansion for people to learn and feel. Sixteen Rules for Priests is an excellent teaching paper of the local officials of Mohs, which not only reflects the author's profound attainments in Confucian classics and history, but also has a good study on teaching. What all students learn, how to learn and how to do it are clear and concrete, and strictness and compassion coexist, and warnings and expectations coexist.
5. Folk customs. Because there is no culture among aborigines, it is difficult to form written rules. It is their tradition to teach children by example. Diligence is the most important moral standard for aborigines to measure people. There is a folk song among the natives: "If you are not rich, you will be full, and if you are lazy, you will be hungry." Praising diligence and despising laziness are the standards of social moral education. It is forbidden to steal, rob, incest and damage public property, which is praised by local people as the virtue of respecting the old and caring for the young, helping the poor and helping the poor, and it is proud of it and continues to be passed down.
Third, the spiritual form of Tusi culture.
Spiritual Tusi culture is the core content of Tusi culture, including ideas, values, customs, interpersonal relationships and so on. All spiritual things affect the value orientation and moral feelings of internal members and reflect their individual characteristics. It is not difficult to see his thoughts and values from the rules and regulations and poetry couplets preserved by Mo Tusi in past dynasties.
(1) Respect Confucius and Mencius and follow "loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and love".
It is recorded in the Genealogy of Tusi of Mo's that Mo has written Li Tian Zhen, Guan Zhen, Yi Tian Yi Yi, Guan, Yi Xun, Quan Guan Zu, Si Duo Gui, Zhou Zhi Jia Xun, poetry couplets and so on, all of which are permeated with respect for Confucianism. For example, in the official proverb, "the son is hereditary, afraid of inheriting your grace, going in and out through the stars, and not having enough to eat", "being close to the people and loving things is the root of the official"; "Practicing Yin Officials" has a foundation for officials, and prudence is self-cultivation. "Ancestors and parents are very grateful"; "Discipline of Taoist" "The origin of Taoism is the basis of discipline. Yao, Shun, Tang, Wen and Confucius began to gather the achievements of saints ... The spread of Taoism is now very clear. " ; In the Book of Temple Blessing, the view that "Emperor Hermon is kind-hearted, but he can't do everything in the world to make it less effective" is the idea of the Moshi chieftain to maintain his dominant position.
(two) agriculture-oriented, thrift.
The new town is a mountainous area, and agriculture is the main economic source. Therefore, all the chieftains in the past dynasties attached great importance to the development of agricultural production and advocated agriculture-oriented and thrifty housekeeping. For example, Li Tianzhen, written by the ancestor of the Mohs after moving to the new city, said: "If you plow and hoe with your strength, you will eat the sky instead of abandoning the land. Don't waste it on fun, all mountains and rivers are golden beads, don't waste it on industry, and cultivation and harvest are fundamental. " It warns future generations to take agriculture as the foundation and work hard. The example of land distribution: "Any official brother, no matter how humble, occupies the land and supports the third generation, will still give the land to the official", encouraging the official brother to develop resources, develop production and start a business as soon as possible for future generations. "Yin Guan Lian" said that "Tian Li is barren, but it also has autumn", and "Persuading Guan Zuxian" said: "It is not important to plow and support." Wait a minute, Mo Weizhen once thought of building a "parking place to persuade farmers" to encourage local people to cultivate. We should link agricultural production with people's moral concepts, settle down and inherit our ancestral business. "Xunyin Guan" also wrote: "10,000 a day, only full, 100,000 is warm. Zhuyu is not clothes, and treasures are not food. Whew! It is better to be simple than luxurious. " Warn future generations not to be greedy and to be frugal.
(3) When dealing with people, we should treat each other with courtesy and make promises with our hearts.
Although Mo Tusi is the local emperor, the traditions of the Zhuang people, such as simplicity, sincerity and hospitality, still flow in their contacts with others. According to the Moshi genealogy of Xincheng, the ancestor Mo Bao said, "All people who come and go treat each other with sincerity and pity each other with righteousness." During the period of Tusi Mo Qing Ji, "At that time, men cultivated land and women could weave, and there was nothing but farming and mulberry." "Songling is not surprised to spend dogs, and Caijiang is often on board." It can be seen that the simple folk customs at that time. The toaster Mo Yingchao "treats his people with love, controls his family with leniency and severity, and is strict but not cool, which makes him feel like a loving mother". Mo Yuanxiang, a local official, wrote in "Persuading Officials" that "if you want to study, you should be reasonable, be close to your brothers, and the idea of loving respect arises spontaneously. Not only did you make a mistake, but the violent things disappeared. " The concept and behavior of Mo Tusi played an important role in changing the bad habits of Tu people and moving towards civilization.
(4) Religious belief
Since primitive times, all ethnic groups have the same religious beliefs. Moto Tusi used the beliefs of the Zhuang people in Xincheng to carry forward and support their ancestors, and established ancestral temples such as Sanqing Pavilion, Guandi Temple and Guanyin Pavilion to meet people's psychological needs. For example, offering sacrifices to "social kings" and "social altars" are all over the countryside. Every community has its own jurisdiction, and there are many residents in the jurisdiction. In the event of a dispute between right and wrong, people often swear at the society when they meet, so as to judge right and wrong. Every society has unwritten rules and taboos that people dare not cross. The Mohs worship "King Mo Yi" and call it the ancestor of Mohs. The chieftain Medog holds grand ancestor worship activities in spring and autumn every year, warning clan descendants not to forget their ancestors, strengthening clan unity and maintaining local peace. For example, the couplet in the main hall of the Tusi ancestral hall reads: "The number of books has not been forgotten in the temple, and the ancestors will always remember the merits of the three dynasties; Thanks to your kindness, Fu Chengshize often stays in the mountains and rivers. " Thinking about the couplet of Liu Yiting: "Although there are six houses, they are still ancestors; A family is like a tree. From the root, it is a family. " Chief Moshi used sacrificial activities to instill various ideas into the local people. For example, the couplet at the entrance of Chenghuang Temple reads, "Can people have a conscience? Why do you burn incense and light candles on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month? " If you do things in the middle of the night, you must guard against my chains and steel forks. "Toast Mo Jinglong also wrote" Temple Zhu Ji "and" Miaomiao Ji Ji "to warn people to remember the virtues and teachings of ancient sages, honor their ancestors and carry forward their merits.
(5) Folk culture
Gold soil 1. As a cultural work of art, gold soil is the invention of the people of Tu County, Xincheng County. It comes from the production and life of local people and reflects their desire and pursuit for a better and happier life. Gold soil is made of cotton thread as warp and all kinds of wool thread as weft. Brocade uses a bamboo cage loom. The main patterns are geometric "swastika" pattern, water ripple pattern, Yun Leiwen pattern, line pattern, rattan pattern and dot pattern; Patterns include geometric patterns, animal patterns and plant patterns; Such as dragon, phoenix, lion, tiger, deer, magpie, butterfly, chrysanthemum, plum blossom, osmanthus, camellia and so on. The main colors are black, white, yellow, blue, red and purple. The main varieties are quilt cover, jacket cover, sling core and so on.
2. Folk songs
During the reign of Tusi in Xincheng County, the natives lived a hard life, but they expressed their feelings, life and ideal pursuit with songs. Love to sing is their innate tradition, and the folk songs compiled are colorful and passed down from generation to generation. There are five-character, five-three-five-five-five sentence patterns in Xincheng folk songs, including singing and arranging in form, and political songs, labor songs, bitter love songs, custom songs and love songs in content. Every year during the Spring Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival on March 3rd, and August15th, there is a traditional habit of gathering people to sing songs, which is called Gewei.
3. Folk stories
In the production and life against nature, the natives in Xincheng County have thrived with their wisdom and sweat and created their own culture. Folk stories handed down from generation to generation in oral form are among the wonderful works. In terms of ideological content, there is a long-standing fairy tale "Bubo captures the thunder king"; Some of them reflect the Zhuang people's pursuit of ideal life, such as Carney and Kale in Two Sisters. It reflects the simple and kind folk customs of Zhuang nationality. Formally, these stories are short and capable, ups and downs, twists and turns, and easy to remember and spread.
In addition, there are teacher's play (Nuo noodle play) and color-coded play, musical instruments are bronze bells and drums, and dances include pole dance, shrimp fishing dance, tea party and lion dance.