It means that the cited content is not listed completely and accurately, including the author, publication year, journal name, article name and other information, and it is impossible to confirm the authenticity and reliability of the citation.
This kind of behavior is not accepted in academic circles, because it not only violates academic norms, but also affects the fairness and credibility of academic research. In many academic journals and institutions, incomplete citation may be considered as a violation of academic integrity and norms, which may lead to some penalties, such as rejection of manuscripts and revocation of papers.
Therefore, when writing a paper or report, the author should list the sources of the cited documents completely and accurately to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the quotations. This is the basic requirement of the academic circle and the professional ethics that every scholar should follow.
There are three criteria for determining the amount of compensation for copyright infringement:
1. If the actual loss of the obligee can be calculated, the infringer shall compensate according to the actual loss of the obligee. The actual loss mentioned here can be calculated according to the reduction in the number of copies issued or the sales volume of infringing copies caused by infringement. The actual loss is the result of multiplying the above two quantities by the unit profit of the replica.
2. If it is difficult to calculate the actual loss, it can also be calculated according to the amount of illegal income of the infringer.
3. If neither the actual loss nor the illegal gains from infringement can be calculated, the compensation amount agreed upon by both parties can be calculated. If both parties cannot reach an agreement on the amount of compensation, the specific amount of compensation shall be decided by the court.