Abstract writing usually starts from the end of the whole paper, so as to include all the contents. However, you can also write it in advance and then make appropriate changes according to the progress of the research. When writing a paper abstract, you should pay attention to the following matters:

10, organize your materials to provide the most information in the smallest space.

1 1. Use simple and direct sentences. Avoid using idioms, common sayings or unnecessary technical terms.

12, please read it and make comments on its simplicity and completeness.

13, delete meaningless or unnecessary words. But don't go too far and delete the right words too much. For example, in English, you should not delete necessary articles, such as "an".

14, use abbreviations as little as possible. There are many cases in English, and the unit of measurement should be standardized. Special abbreviations should be defined separately when used.

15. Don't put the data not mentioned in the article in the abstract.

16. Don't put unimportant statements in the abstract to expand the layout. Even if the abstract can only be summarized in one or two sentences, let it remain like this. Don't gild the lily

17, don't list all the data in the paper, just list the average and standard deviation or other statistical indicators as the most important one.

18, don't put pictures or tables in the abstract, try to describe it in words.