Basically, it is to comment on ancient poems and songs.
Very insightful
Author Wang Guowei
Wang Guowei was born in Haining, Zhejiang Province. Born in the third year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, he died in 1927 at the age of 5 1. Wang is a learned scholar in modern times. His skill is deep, his research scope is wide, and his influence in academic circles is great, which is unique in modern times. There are many works in his life, among which Zhong Wang's suicide note, Wang Jing 'an's suicide note and Wang Guantang's Complete Works are collected as complete works.
The book "The World" is a brand-new comment on China's old literature after Wang accepted the baptism of western aesthetic thought, which is of epoch-making significance and has always been highly valued by academic circles. China's classical literary theory, western philosophy and aesthetics are integrated into one furnace, with China's classical literary theory as the main one, and a set of literary theory system is established. This book is the representative work of Wang Guowei's literary criticism, which occupies an important position in the history of modern literary criticism in China and has epoch-making significance.
"The Thorn in the World" was published in 1908 "China quintessence" magazine. The classics of 19 10 were deleted into one volume. 1927, when sorting out Wang Guowei's legacy, Zhao Wanli compiled a volume of "Deleted Manuscripts of Human Ci-Hua". 1939, Xu tiaofu collated this book, and included other essay fragments, and compiled a volume of Addendum as an appendix. On the other hand, The Story of the World published by 1960 People's Literature Publishing House is divided into three parts: the appendix of The Story of the World. 1986 Qilu Bookstore published Teng Xianhui's Notes on Hua Xin, adding 13 unpublished articles.
The central topic of Thorn is "the theory of realm", which is the core content of Wang Guowei's aesthetic thought. Wang grasped the most important feature of art-realm from a strategic height. He emphasized the decisive role of the poet's emotion, interest and creative thinking in the process of artistic creation; It is also pointed out that the "realm" of vivid image, scene blending and scene harmony has artistic appeal.
The artistic theoretical attainments of Renrencihua are the product of the fusion of Chinese and western aesthetic thoughts, and Wang Guowei's Renrencihua is the crystallization of the fusion of his literary theory and creative practice. The number of Wang Guowei's works is small, including *** 1 15, most of which are minor and middle notes, and only 10 is long notes.
book review
The realm, or artistic conception, is familiar to everyone and is often mentioned when talking about poetry and painting. Originally a Buddhist term, it was later used to evaluate poetry. Wang Guowei's "Ci Hua on Earth" should be the first to understand the realm as "the foundation of literature" and make a systematic and original study of it with new theories and methods. It was first published in China National Essence magazine from June 1908 to June 1909, with three serial issues.
Wang Guowei had a deep foundation in Chinese studies when he was young. In order to save the Chinese nation from peril, he is interested in new learning. At the beginning of the 20th century, Kant's philosophy was popular in China, and Wang Guowei, Yan Fu, Zhang Taiyan and Chen Duxiu were all affected successively. At that time, intellectuals who demanded reform were tired of hearing decadent feudal dogma from an early age. The main aspect of Kant's philosophy is subjective idealism; But it also has a materialistic view of nature and a developed dialectical thought, which played a deterrent role at that time. Wang Guowei started from studying Kant's philosophy, and later learned about western romantic literary thought. German philosophers often study psychology and aesthetics. The new scientific field broadened his horizons and provided him with a new way to observe literary problems. Therefore, he applied the theories of philosophy, psychology and aesthetics to analyze literary problems and combined them with the tradition of China's ancient literary criticism. This is the goal pursued by Wang Guowei in theory, and it is also an important reason for the success of Kindness China. Thorns on Earth is a masterpiece of Wang Guowei's literary theory. It is a summary work of China's classical literary theory criticism; It is also the first masterpiece of China's bourgeois literary theory criticism. After liberation, the movement to criticize bourgeois academic thought has repeatedly involved Wang Guowei. Now we will all realize fairly that Wang Guowei, as a bourgeois enlightenment thinker and writer, has played a historical role in the anti-feudal progress and left us a valuable cultural heritage. We should re-evaluate Wang Guowei and seriously study his literary and artistic thoughts.
Precious literature
The manuscript of "The Thorn on the Earth" was written in an ordinary old notebook with a brush. There was originally the word "strange pen" on the cover, not Wang Guowei's handwriting. Wang Guowei wrote in print under these two words: words on earth. In fact, "strange writing" and "thorns on the earth" were originally easy to connect. Because this book is very innovative and contains a lot of new ideas. Commenting on the development of literary thoughts in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Guowei said: "At the beginning of the country, we learned big and refined, and Taoism replaced the new." He is sensitive to realize that innovation is the requirement of the times.
On the second page of the manuscript, there is an oval seal: "Wang Guowei is Jing 'an", written in red ink. On the cover and the last page of the manuscript, there is an inky seal that says "Wang Guowei". It was printed according to Wang Guowei's own handwriting.
This book uses straight manuscript paper, rectangular, 24 cm × 16 cm. This is the manuscript paper printed during Guangxu period, with the words "Zheng Yang Shu Shu studied" printed on it. The manuscript is * * * twenty pages, followed by nine pages of Jing 'an Library Catalogue, with six four-line poems written on the inside cover.
There are 12 1 words in the manuscript, of which 9 words were deleted by the author with a brush. He made many different marks on the manuscript. Generally speaking, most of the circled words are published in the Journal of Chinese quintessence. Although individuals have circles, they have no choice. Many words are marked with numbers. After checking, the order of publication is generally arranged according to the number of authors' goals. It can be seen that the arrangement of thorns on the earth is well thought out by the author. Wang Guowei's other manuscripts are rarely edited because of his caution. This manuscript, with different shades of ink, can be seen at a glance that it has been deleted many times after careful consideration.
Jing 'an Library has 70 kinds of books 170, including 70 kinds of lyrics and songs such as Notes to Thirteen Classics and Twenty-four History of Stone. Judging from this bibliography, Wang Guowei is obviously not a bibliophile searching for rare books, but a serious scholar with a foundation in Chinese studies.
On the Version of "The Thorn on Earth" from the Manuscript
The earliest monograph "Ci Hua on Earth" included the published "Ci Hua on Earth", which was published in February 1926 and punctuated by Yu Pingbo. Wang Guowei was still alive at that time. It should be said that this is an important version of the thorn on the earth.
1927 after Wang Guowei's death, Zhao Wanli compiled his posthumous work Unpublished Stories on Earth and Others, which was published in the third issue of Volume 19 of Novel Monthly. 1928, Luo Zhenyu compiled The Legacy of Wang Zhongjiong for the first time, which combined Wang Guowei's Ci-Hua on Earth with Zhao Wanli's unpublished Ci-Hua on Earth, and called it the first and second volumes. Later, there was a suicide note from Mr. Wang Jing 'an of Haining. This book is Wang Guowei's most complete collection of works. It follows the old rules of treating thorns on earth. This is also the pattern of the popular Ci Hua on Earth. There are also some developments, mainly compiling Wang Guowei's other remarks about Ci, and even taking it as a new volume, all of which are called "Three Volumes of Ci on Earth". ② This book was published in 1939 and reprinted after liberation. 1960, People's Literature Publishing House reprinted on the basis of Notes on Human Thorns revised by Wang You 'an.
Reading the manuscript of "Thorns on the Earth" makes people feel the true face of "Thorns on the Earth". And from this point of view, it is really necessary to consider its version.
Wang Guowei's "Thorns on Earth" published before his death should be the most authoritative material. Other materials called Three Volumes of Ci-Hua on Earth or Addendum of Ci-Hua on Earth are all works of Wang Guowei, but they should not be called Ci-Hua on Earth. It is understandable that Wang Guowei's "The Thorn on Earth" is pithy and meaningful, and its words are precious and deeply loved by people. However, his other works already have another title. Why should they all be added to Legends on Earth? Of course, these materials, as materials for studying thorns on the earth, are attached and explained, which is also beneficial to readers. Unfortunately, the collection is incomplete and accurate. Not only did Wang Guowei's manuscript contain a lot of materials; Even in the collected works published by Wang Guowei, there are many materials that can be "supplemented".
Zhao Wanli's unpublished manuscripts and other stories about the world originally had the word "and others" as the title. Later, this article was compiled into "Human Thorns", and even "Waiting for People" became "Human Thorns". In fact, there is an important article in Wang Guowei's Literary Xiaoyan, which contains a Book between the Eyebrows, a fan for Zhao Wanli, and Wang Guowei's words recorded in Zhao Wanli Diary. For example, Zhao Wanli Bing Yin Diary recorded a sentence by Wang Guowei, which was said by 1926. The thorn on earth was published more than ten years ago. Moreover, whether this sentence is directly related to the thorns is not based on Wang Guowei's own handwriting. In this case, I think I will respect the author more if I don't choose thorns.
What is the "unpublished draft" of "The Thorn on the Earth"? It will be clear after reading the manuscript. There are 12 1 manuscripts on the earth. Wang Guowei published sixty-four "Human Words" before his death, and selected them. Later, Zhao Wanli selected 44 articles and published them as "unpublished drafts". 1960, when Wang You 'an revised it, he selected five articles and published them. In this way, "unpublished manuscripts" reached 49. But this time, Wang Youan changed the "unpublished draft" to "deleted draft". Presumably, its original intention was to highlight Wang Guowei's "Thorns on Earth" before his death, which was quite insightful. However, after reading the manuscript, I saw the unpublished text. There are two situations: the first one is that Wang Guowei himself deleted it with a brush, of course, nine words were deleted. The second is that the author did not delete it, but it was not published. Some of them have been carefully revised. The author may want to publish it later, may not have finished serializing it, or may choose the rest not to publish it. Let's take a wild guess. These are called "unpublished drafts" for a reason. This time, it was discovered that Wang Guowei's "Human Thorn" was selected as an unpublished manuscript. He still attaches great importance to this part of the material. In the first case, since the author deleted it himself, it seems that it should not be chosen as good. Zhao Wanli compiled the materials, but chose one. Wang Youan's revised version has also been preserved. This is a loss of preference. The published "Thorn on the Earth" refers to "unpublished manuscript" as "deleted manuscript", which is not conducive to distinguishing two different situations in the manuscript. It is indeed a good thing to compile the materials of the second situation. But strictly speaking, this kind of material belongs to the author's unfinished draft, so future generations should be careful in sorting it out.
Through the use and proofreading of the manuscript of the second volume of The Thorn on Earth, we can find that there are many changes in the compilation of Zhao Wanli. For example, everyone is familiar with it: "It is better to say that the realm is temperament charm. There is a realm, which is also; Temperament, charm, and finally. There is a realm, and both will follow. " The original text on the manuscript is: "It is better to say temperament, rhyme and charm than realm. There is a realm, which is also; Temperament, rhythm, charm and finally. " For another example, Wang Guowei cited several examples when he talked about that "poets often express their feelings with scenery, but they are better at expressing feelings". Finally, he said, "Yu Yi's draft is quite pioneering in this respect." This sentence was deleted when it was edited. This situation continued until the revised version of 1960, which has not been corrected. In fact, in order to organize other people's works, in addition to verifying materials and correcting clerical errors, we should try our best to keep the original appearance. If necessary, it should also be explained. Doing so is a respect for the original author and can also gain the trust of readers.
In Wang Guowei's manuscript, many materials to be selected are numbered in order to arrange them accordingly. There is a word marked "Twelve", which has not been published and subsequent editions have no income. This is recorded below: "Schopenhauer said:' The lyrics are also written by teenagers. Narrative poems and operas are also works in their prime. "I mean lyric poetry is a work of national innocence, and narrative poetry is a work of national prosperity. Therefore, the Song Dynasty is not here today (Yuanqu is full of sounds of nature, but the thoughts are poor and the arrangement is clumsy and monotonous, which makes people unable to eat. Up to now, the legends of the Peach Blossom Fan and the Palace of Eternal Life have all entered), but the characters are not as good as in ancient times. One is mainly based on layout, and the other must be made in fun. " This passage talks about the general characteristics of lyric poetry, and in the structure of this work, it can lead to the following concrete analysis of the work.
It seems that a copy of this manuscript will be included in the next edition of Ci Hua on Earth, which will be welcomed by readers.
Important materials for studying "thorns on the earth"
Wang Guowei summed up the historical experience of China's academic development in the article On Academic circles in recent years, and pointed out that the combination of foreign thoughts and China's traditional thoughts is an important reason for promoting China's academic development. He regards the creation of "new learning languages" as the goal of his theoretical work. The "new language" mentioned here is roughly equivalent to what we call "new concept". He said: "In recent years, there is one of the most famous phenomena in literature, so so is the input of new languages. The husband's spokesman represents a national thinker. The fineness of thought depends on the fineness of speech, and you can know his thoughts by observing his words. " This theoretical intention of creating a "new learning language" actually requires learning the social sciences of western capitalism and breaking the ideological cage of feudal society, which is of course in line with the historical trend at that time.
Wang Guowei has gone through a process of exploration in creating a "new academic language" for literature and art, and "Thorns on Earth" is his mature work. It is no accident that he chose the form of Ci-Hua to create a "new learning language". In the Qing dynasty, the collation and research of ci was very popular, and the study of ci developed and had a great influence. Wang Guowei is confident in his own writing and has personal creative experience. He also carefully collated some thesaurus and made an in-depth study of lyrics and songs. However, the form of using words and phrases also has its limitations. It can't fully display the "new language". Wang Guowei's Ci Hua on Earth is carefully arranged. However, in the future unpublished manuscripts, the rest are arranged in the order of the original manuscripts. In this way, if you want to see the context of the author's whole literary thought, you have to think. In this respect, manuscripts are helpful to us. The first sentence we saw in the manuscript was: "Jia Jian is the poem that impressed us the most." In other words, the author begins by commenting on specific works and gradually clarifies theoretical issues. At present, the opening paragraph 3 1 of "Ci Hua on Earth" is a manuscript. The author put it in the first place, which shows that he organized the word with the "realm" as the center. Theoretically, the words "realm" in the manuscript are next to each other. After these words, it further developed from the perspective of historical development. This makes us see that Wang Guowei regards "realm" as the foundation and "essence" of literature and emphasizes it. Focusing on the theory of realm, this paper discusses the creation, criticism and development of ci realm. Although the "thorn on the earth" is composed of many fragments, its internal background can be found. Manuscripts can also help us understand the key points emphasized by the author. For example, "the realm created by great poets must conform to nature, and the realm written must be adjacent to the ideal." The author drew a circle next to each word. Another example is: "Without me, people can only get it in silence. There is my realm, and I get it when I am quiet, so it is beautiful and grand. " In the manuscript, most figures are circled. This is of course the author's focus, or his favorite pen.
Wang Guowei attaches importance to the realm. How to create a realm? Wang Guowei advocates originality and respects the writer's personality. This is really thought-provoking for the feudal literature and art that was carved and imitated at that time. Unfortunately, the current version has many omissions in this respect. For example, Wang Guowei was happy when someone commented on his poem "Land where the lyricist has never been". He said: "I claim to be inferior to the ancients, but fighting for the first meaning is not as good as my intention." ⑤ The "first meaning" here is what he called "meta-singing" and "initiative". He emphasized originality and opposed the monotony of singing. He doesn't want to be praised, even if there is a chorus occasionally, because "I have strengths, and I would rather call my world gentleman by other words." Wang Guowei objected to the piecemeal filling of poems according to their topics, and even thought that "poems have topics and poems die". On the surface, this is a bit extreme; Essentially, it emphasizes originality. He said: "The theme of poetry is nature and life. Since ancient times, people have mistakenly thought that beauty is a thorn, a gift, a celebration of history and a nostalgia for the past. The title is wrong and the poem is not good. Later generations are not as good as the ancients. Everyone saw that there were such works in ancient capitals, so they left their own originality. However, if we study this kind of works, we will no longer know the original intention of poetry, so heroes will have to change their physique, such as Chu Ci, five-character poems in Han Dynasty, poems in Tang and Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, such literature is untitled. " The idea here is great. If poetry is to be original, it must start with the title. Only by grasping the big topic of "nature and life" will there be a vast world of originality. If you always follow the footsteps of the ancients, you can't be original, and you don't understand the original intention of poetry. If we consider Wang Guowei's words at that time, ignore "nature and life" and flaunt what is "sustenance", so that the meaning of the words becomes vague, we will further understand Wang Guowei's assertion, which is very grand and to the point. Wang Guowei attaches importance to "nature and life", reveals that literature and art keep pace with the times, and shows that there are materialistic factors in his aesthetic thought. He emphasized that the realm is intuitive, "arousing our intuition", ⑥ describing the characteristics of artistic images; But no social source can reveal the artistic image. He emphasized the author's thoughts and feelings when explaining the contents of artistic images. However, he can't understand that people's thoughts and feelings are ultimately a reflection of social life. On the fundamental issue of the relationship between literature and art and social life, he failed to break through the barrier of idealism. Of course, this should be explained by the historical conditions at that time.
Wang Guowei attaches importance to artistic originality, but does not exclude learning from the ancients. He proposed to deal with the relationship between "good creation" and "good industry" and advocated that "the ancients were not used by us unless they had their own realm." There is another passage in the manuscript that deserves our attention: "The style of Chu Ci was not created by Qu Zi. Canglang Fengxi's songs are different from 300. However, Qu Zi is the best. The May 7th Law began in Qi and Liang Dynasties and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty, but it developed greatly in the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, the most diligent literature is not only beneficial to creation, but also beneficial to career. " Wang Guowei attaches importance to the relationship between "good manufacturing" and "good industry", which can also be seen from his comments on his own words. He appreciated the word "Xi Qian Ying" and criticized that "it is very poetic, so you must read Tang poetry". In order to emphasize originality, Wang Guowei criticized the tendency of "copying books into poems by mistake" and "the sound of warblers stealing birds". He pointedly pointed out: "During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the early years of the country were not without epigrams; However, the embarrassed person is trapped in carving. The writing after Jia Dao is not harmonious and beautiful; But shallow people are hopeless, and their intentions are exhausted in imitation. " From the actual situation at that time, we can see that Wang Guowei emphasized originality, which contained many dialectical views. After reading the manuscript, I felt more deeply.
Self-selected "Words on Earth"
Among Wang Guowei's manuscripts, there is a self-selected "Words on Earth", with 2 1 article. This is a newspaper clipping, sorted by font number 4. At the beginning of Ci-Hua on Earth, Wang Guowei wrote the following words: "Seven or eight years ago, there were dozens of Ci-Hua in my book. The old draft is acceptable today, and the excerpt is as follows. " From this point of view, it is likely that Wang Guowei chose the album after returning from Japan. This newspaper clipping has 23 pages, entitled "Two Jessica Hester Hsuan Suilu", of which the selected "Human Thorn" accounts for three pages. This is a long reading note, mostly about Chinese characters, history and ancient literature. In his diary of 19 18, he said, "It has been more than five degrees since I lived in Kyoto in191year 10. Actually, I'm four years old in Kyoto. The remaining four years of life are the simplest in my life, but my knowledge has changed a lot. " This article reflects this change; However, he also chose "The Thorn on Earth", which shows that he still attaches great importance to it, and it is not the "silent" literature and art as Luo Zhenyu said.
Like the first eight articles, The Human Thorn selected here belongs to the realm of discussion. Except for the contents of "I have my realm" and "I have no my realm", they are all the beginning of the original work of "The Thorn on Earth". It is worth noting that Wang Guowei chose a sentence that has not been published in the magazine "China quintessence": "It is not so much a charm as a realm." Realm, this also; Gas, verve, and finally. The realm is there, and the two follow. This was published by Zhao Wanli in Unpublished Manuscripts and Others on Earth. Zhao Wanli used "speech temperament" when compiling, which is different from this manuscript. Wang Guowei chose this sentence and listed it as the second article. I thought he emphasized that realm is the foundation of literature.
The remaining thirteen points, on the ci realm of the poets. From Li Bai's Ci to Qing Dynasty's Ci. These contents are selected from Thorns on the Earth, and 15 is selected and merged into 13. This is a theory that provides readers with the history of writing development so as to understand the realm from the historical development. The value of Wang Guowei lies in his efforts to combine theoretical viewpoints with the specific historical process of literary development.
After careful consideration, Ci Hua on Earth has been carefully revised many times. For example, Bai Renfu's Wu Tongyu on an Autumn Night, Wang Guowei first rated it as "sentimental and magnificent" and later changed it to "fantastic and magnificent" and "tragic". When he chose these words, the order changed and the words were polished. One of the major changes he made was: "When asked about the difference between' separation' and' no separation', he said,' If you are less than 100 years old, you will always worry that you are a thousand years old. "The days are short and the nights are long. Why not travel by candlelight?" Seeking immortality by eating is often mistaken by medicine. Why don't you drink some wine and wear tens of thousands of sous? "Write your feelings like this, and you won't be separated. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The weather is getting better every day and the birds are back. " The sky is like the sky, and the cage covers the field. The sky is wild, the wind blows the grass and the cattle and sheep are low. "You write this scene, you won't be separated. The words are the same. For example, Ouyang Gong's "Youth Tour" sings the spring grass cloud:' Twelve withered spring alone, the sky is far away. In March and February, thousands of miles away in Wan Li, people are sad. "All languages are current, but there is no separation. To the cloud of changing the head:' On the Xiejiachi, by the Yangtze River, singing leaves the soul.' The story is not as wonderful as the first half. However, there is nothing to write before the European word, so it has to be expanded. If the whole body is like this, it will become a laughing stock. In the Southern Song Dynasty, people's words were inevitably filled with the meaning of "thanks". "This word, put the original two together, upside down, modified many times. This is very enlightening for us to understand what is "distinction and non-distinction".
A lot has been said about "The Anthurium Manuscript" on the earth. I also thought of one thing, that is, to advocate that the study of literature should start with first-hand materials, so as to have a solid foundation.
1 Wang Guowei: "Preface to the seventieth birthday of Shen Yi 'an Shangshu".
② Xu Tiao-fu: "Records of proofreading,1939,8.
③ The word "poem" in the manuscript is "time".
④ Wang Guowei: On the input of new language learning.
⑤ Wang Guowei: The Story of the World (manuscript). The following are all quoted from the manuscript, without indicating the source.
⑥ Wang Guowei: Schopenhauer's philosophy and his educational theory.
⑦ Wang Guowei: Narrative of Yin Shanfan and Hou Zhi, October of Guangxu thirty-three years.
8 Wang Guowei: Diary of Chen Bing (manuscript).