(1) Overview
Shoushan Stone, named after its production in Shoushan Township, the northern suburb of Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, is one of the "four famous stones" in China. Making handicrafts with it has a long history. Archaeological data show that there are Neolithic Shoushan Stone Arrows in Fuzhou, and Shoushan Stone carvings and handicrafts unearthed in the tombs of the Southern Dynasties in Fuzhou provide a basis for studying and utilizing Shoushan Stone's development history and artistic style.
(2) Main features
1. Mineral composition
Mainly dickite, pyrophyllite, illite and sericite.
2. Classification and varieties
Generally follow the historical classification. Firstly, according to its occurrence, it can be divided into three categories: "Tiankeng Stone", "Shuikeng Stone" and "Shankeng Stone". Then it is divided into 100 varieties according to the origin, potholes and rocks.
(1) Tianshi: refers to the Shoushan stone scattered in the sand layer of the field in the south of the mountain and the downstream Shoushan River basin. It is divided into Shangban, Zhongban, Xiaban and Xiaban, with a total length of about 8km, and the land for producing tiankeng stone is only about 1 km2.
According to the research of modern testing methods, the main mineral composition of tiankeng stone is dickite or pearl clay.
According to the transparency of color and texture, tiankeng stone can be divided into different varieties: Tian Huangshi, Tian Huangdong, Bai Huangshi, Hongtian stone, Kuroda stone, Grey Datian stone, Gold Datian stone covered with silver and Gold Datian stone covered with silver. Among them, the yellow variety is the most precious, referred to as "Tian Huangshi" or "Tian Huang". It is characterized by yellow, opaque to translucent, fine stone, see radish pattern. Generally, the semi-transparent or nearly transparent Tian Huangshi is called Tian Huang Cave, which is the top grade of Tian Huang. Tianhuang can be subdivided into golden yellow, orange peel yellow, loquat yellow, ripe chestnut, osmanthus yellow and tung oil fields. Baitian is slightly yellow or egg blue and white, and radish lines are obviously as thick as red tendons. Red Square is close to orange peel, bright and bright, called orange field; There is also "braised red Tian Shi", which is artificially stewed by Tian Huangshi, forming a layer of red on the epidermis and keeping the muscles yellow. Kuroda is subdivided into three types: black skin, pure black and gray black. Black skin refers to the black cortex wrapped on the surface of Tian Huangshi. Because it looks like toad skin or crow's neck, it is also called "crow skin" and "toad skin". Pure black is black. The gray fields are grayish yellow. In addition, those with white skin and yellow inside are called "gold and silver" and those with yellow skin and white inside are called "gold and silver".
Because Tian Huangshi is particularly precious, accurate identification is of great significance. The identification method is as follows.
First of all, Tian Huangshi has a fine, knotty, warm, moist, condensed and greasy Liu De, which is an important criterion to distinguish Tian Huangshi. Secondly, it depends on whether Tian Huangshi has four characteristics: stone shape, stone skin, radish pattern, checkered pattern and red rib. Finally, and most importantly, it is necessary to determine whether its mineral composition is dickite or pearl clay by infrared spectrum or X-ray polycrystalline diffraction, which is the standard for identifying the mineral composition of Tian Huangshi. That is to say, the mineral composition of Tian Huangshi must be dickite or pearl mud, but the Yin Zhangshi composed of dickite or pearl mud is not necessarily Tian Huangshi.
(2) Shuishi: refers to the Shoushan stone produced by the pithead vein in the south of Shoushan Township, also known as "pithead stone". Most of the puddle stones produced in the pit head are translucent and have strong luster, so many "frozen" and "crystal" varieties in the stones are produced here. Generally, it is divided into many varieties according to transparency and patterns. As transparent as crystal, it is called "crystal jelly". There are three varieties: white, yellow and red. Slightly transparent and oily is called "frozen oilstone"; Call those as greasy as fish brains "fish brain jelly"; Yellow-gray, translucent, eel-like back is called eel jelly; Black-gray, translucent and horn-like people are called horny; The color is blue and the texture is pure and translucent, which is called "sky blue frozen"; The white one is more transparent, and the one with bright red spots on it is called peach blossom jelly; Translucent, agate-like jelly is called "agate jelly", which has two varieties: red and yellow; Those with small bubbles are called "ring freezing".
(3) Rock: refers to the Shoushan stone distributed in the pits within 10km of Shoushan and Fiona Fang in Yueyang Township. According to the specific origin, texture, transparency and color, it is divided into more than 70 varieties, and the main varieties are as follows. Produced in the caves of alpine mines, it is white and crystal clear, and is called "alpine crystal"; Those as delicate and transparent as jelly are called "mountain jelly". Those produced by mountains, if opaque and yellow, are called "water yellow"; People who are opaque, white and sometimes slightly yellow or green are called water white. Produced in Duchengkeng, the texture is warm and crystal clear, and it is called "strange frozen". It is called "deer eye lattice" if it is slightly transparent, ochre yellow and has white or yellow leaves in the hilly soil of Duchengkeng. It is produced in Hugangshan, and if it has tiger skin markings, it is called "Hugangshi". Produced in Yueweishan, the texture is tender and slightly transparent, and it is called "Yueweishi" with purple and green color; Those nearly as transparent as wormwood leaves are called "wormwood green at the end of the month". If it is produced in the Golden Lion Mountain and is thick, hard, yellow or red, it is called "Golden Lion Peak". Produced in Diaojian Mountain, with high transparency and tiger skin markings, it is called "tiger skin jelly". Those transparent ones with leopard skin patterns in Laoling, tan shan, are called leopard skin jelly. Produced in Leling, the texture is hard and brittle, the transparency is poor, and it is green or ochre yellow, which is called "Leling Stone". The texture produced near Leling is pure and almost transparent, and it is called "Da Shan Tong". Those at the foot of Laoling Mountain, tender, translucent and bean green, are called "bean leaf green". If it is produced in Qishan creek mud, it is delicate in texture and opaque yellow like an egg, it is called "bezoar egg". If it is pure, slightly transparent and red, white or yellow in color, it is called "hibiscus stone". In the north of Yueyang Mountain, if its color is tender, gray or pink, it is called "Emei Stone".
According to the research results in recent years, some authors put forward a classification scheme according to mineral composition (or mineral combination) (Gan, Shoushan Stone Research, doctoral thesis, 2000; Equality in Tang De, 1999) is as follows.
(1) Dikesi type: relatively pure Dikesi type (including all caves in the mountains and the end of the moon, etc.). ). Dikai stone is the main stone, mixed with a small amount of pyrophyllite (riding a horse, Du Lin, falling the flag, headless Buddha, falling the flag) and a small amount of illite (Shanbo, Yue Wei).
(2) Pyrophyllite type: It includes relatively pure pyrophyllite type (Qishan, Huzui and Dashan) and pyrophyllite, mainly mixed with a small amount of dikaishi type (Dashan and Hugang) and pyrophyllite, and mixed with a small amount of sericite (Laoling).
(3) Sericite type: sericite is the main type, mixed with a small amount of pyrophyllite (Wenyang).
(4) Illite type: relatively pure illite (Yue Wei, Shanbo).
(3) Evaluation
(1) color: the best is yellow of Tian Huangshi, followed by wormwood green, and the third is translucent to nearly transparent frozen stone.
(2) Texture: The texture should be uniform, and there should be no timely sand blocks or rock blocks with hardness greater than that of the meat cutter, and there should be no loose patches or spots that are easy to loosen into powder. Because the hardness is too big or too soft, it is not suitable for knife cutting.
(3) Transparency: No matter what kind, the one with high transparency is commonly known as "frozen stone", which is generally a boutique. Tian Huangshi Zhongtian Huangdong Cave is the best of all Shoushan stones, and it is extremely difficult to obtain. The green jelly of Artemisia argyi leaves is almost transparent, second only to Tianhuang, and it is extremely difficult to obtain.
(4) Fragmentation: Generally, the bigger the fragmentation, the better. Those larger than 10kg are first-class products, and can be used if they can reach the degree of fragmentation of stamp stones.
The evaluation of Tian Huangshi should be considered from four aspects: texture, color, stone shape and weight. Clean, delicate and moist texture is the most important, and smoothness is the most important. The connoisseurs concluded that the stone was fine, clean, moist, greasy and warm, which condensed Liu De and made liu de, so it was called "the divine product". Golden yellow is the most expensive color, orange peel red is rare, loquat yellow is the most common, and tung oil field is a subordinate product. White fields are scarce and black fields are crude. Gold covered with silver and silver covered with gold are all rare treasures. "Crow skin" and "toad skin" are unique to Tian Huang. Sculptors leave their most beautiful places to distinguish authenticity, and pure colors are the best. Turbid or mixed, inferior. Tian Huangshi's stone shapes are mostly natural blocks, and those that can be slightly plump are rarely top grade, while those that are flat and exposed are inferior. If Tian Huangshi weighs less than 30 grams, it is called "Tian Huangzi" and cannot be listed. Only over 30g can become useful, and the heavier it is, the more difficult it is. It is called "Datianhuang" that can reach 250g, and some individuals find "Super Datianhuang" above 500g g, but the texture of the big Tian Huangshi is often impure. If we can achieve both quality, color, shape and village, it is rare.
(4) Origin and place of occurrence
Shoushan Stone is mainly distributed in the range of more than ten kilometers in Shoushan and Yueyang Township, Fiona Fang, and occurs in volcanic rocks.
Second, Qingtian Stone
(1) Overview
Qingtian Stone is named after it was produced in qingtian county, Zhejiang Province. The specific producing areas are Fangshan and Shankou, about 10 kilometers in the southern suburbs of qingtian county. There are Shishan, Shushan, Baiyangshan, Fengmen Mountain, Xishan Mountain and Makeng Mountain. The output of Yin Zhangshi is collectively called "Qingtian Stone".
Qingtian stone has been developed and utilized as early as 222 ~ 589 AD, with a history of 1600 years.
(2) Main features
1. Mineral composition and chemical composition
Most species of Qingtian stone are pyrophyllite, but some species are mainly composed of dickite, illite and sericite (Zhu et al., 2002). Its main chemical components are Al2O3 and SiO2, and there are a few elements such as K, Mn, Ti, Fe2+ and Fe3+.
2. Physical properties
Qingtian stone is fine in texture, slightly transparent to opaque, and mostly oily. Its colors are white, yellow, green, cyan, gray, brown and black, among which the pink-green tone is the most common.
Step 3 diversify
Qingtian stone has 148 varieties. Fine products include "crystal jelly" or "fish brain jelly" of Shoushan stone; Some yellow people are similar to the "Tian Huang" in Shoushan stone, with radish patterns. Some red ones are comparable to the "peach blossom jelly" in Shoushan stone. The most precious varieties of Qingtian stone are "Fengmenqing", "Denglv" and "multicolored frozen".
(1) Fengmen-Qingshi: It is named after being produced in Fengmen Mountain in qingtian county. Fine texture, high transparency, and green as bamboo leaves, bright and moist as light jasper.
(2) Light talc: also known as light or light green, produced in Shushu Mountain, qingtian county. Texture is like a horn. Completely transparent under the irradiation of light.
(3) Colored jelly: It is delicate in texture, almost transparent or translucent, and presents several colors on a specimen, so it is called "colored jelly".
(3) Origin and occurrence
Qingtian Stone is mainly produced in Yamaguchi, Fangshan, Tanggu, Jishan, Lingtou, Zhoucun, Shanpao, Beishan and Wuchi in the southern suburbs of qingtian county. It mainly exists in volcanic rocks.
Third, Bahrain stone Bahrain stone
(1) Overview
Balin stone is named after its production in Bahrain grassland in Inner Mongolia, and its discovery and utilization can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. Among the ancient jades unearthed from Hongshan Culture ruins and tombs, Balin stone is the raw material, accounting for a large proportion (Shen, 200 1). However, its official mining began with 1973. Due to the importance of Bahrain stone in economy and jade culture, several monographs have been published, such as Bahrain Stone Record, Bahrain Stone Textual Research, Bahrain Stone Spectrum and China Bahrain Stone.
(2) Main features
1. Classification of Balinese
According to the local standard of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region "Balinstone" formulated by the People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Balinstone is defined as clay rock mainly composed of kaolinite and dickite. Bahrain bloodstone is defined as Bahrain stone containing cinnabar. According to its color, texture and structure, it can be divided into five categories: bahrain bloodstone, Bahrain Yellowstone, Bahrain Frozen Stone, Bahrain Colored Stone and Bahrain Patterned Stone. Bahrain bloodstone varieties are generally divided according to the color of the ground. The main varieties are (Hu Fuju, 1989) yellow frozen bloodstone, black frozen bloodstone, sheep fat frozen bloodstone, Liu bloodstone, gray frozen bloodstone, hibiscus bloodstone and Chinese white bloodstone.
2. Mineral composition
The latest research results show (Zhang Shouliang et al., 2002) that the main mineral components of Bahrain stone are kaolinite, dickite, cinnabar and diaspore.
3. Types
(1) bahrain bloodstone: All Bahrain stones with cinnabar and a certain concentration belong to this category. According to the overall texture and color, it is divided into rosy clouds, sunset red, emerald red, peach red, white jade red, multicolored, aquatic red and other varieties. Most of the chicken blood in Bahrain is frozen. Because of its bright color, delicate texture and low yield, it is very precious.
(2) Bahrain Futian Stone: All those whose main body is yellow (pure yellow, orange, dense wax yellow, light yellow water) and transparent and translucent belong to this category, named after Liu Fu, a quarryman. There are dense wax yellow, chicken oil yellow, water yellow, quicksand yellow, golden orange yellow, tiger skin yellow and other varieties.
(3) Bahrain Frozen Stone: All Bahrain Stone with fine texture, transparency or translucency belongs to this category, and it is named because it looks like skin jelly. Precious varieties include ox horn jelly, crystal jelly, sheep fat jelly, hibiscus jelly and rose jelly, peach blossom jelly, light jelly and shrimp green jelly.
(4) colored gems, Bahrain: All opaque Bahrain gems belong to this category. It is characterized by opacity and rich colors. Its varieties are cinnabar, gold and silver stone, safflower stone, porcelain white stone, colorful stone, starry wood grain stone, black and white stone and so on.
(5) Bahrain stone: Bahrain stone with natural scenery patterns and certain ornamental value belongs to this category. The design of Bahrain stone can be a natural stone surface pattern, or a natural pattern after cutting or polishing. Colorful and rich in forms. Among them, the precious species are aquatic plants and pine branches.
(3) Origin and occurrence
Produced in Bahrain Right Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, produced in volcanic rocks.
Fourthly, Changhua bloodstone fossil.
(1) Overview
Changhua bloodstone is named after it was produced in Changhua, Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province. According to the existing written records, its development and utilization began in the Yuan Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a history of more than 600 years.
(2) Main features
1. Mineral composition and chemical composition
The blood in bloodstone is mainly cinnabar and a small amount of black cinnabar. Its structural mineral composition used to be pyrophyllite. Modern tests show that the main minerals of bloodstone structure are kaolinite, dickite and alunite.
The main chemical composition of the texture is 42.3 1% ~ 48.56%, Al2O3 is 337.03% ~ 39.82%, and the loss on ignition is mostly 13.27% ~ 15.34%. In addition, it also contains a small amount of oxides, such as Fe2O3 and TiO2.
2. Texture
The texture is sandy, and there are often hard stones that are not completely altered, but occasionally "frozen stones" with fine texture and different colors are produced. Texture can be divided into soft ground (2 ~ 3), hard ground (3 ~ 5) and hard ground (greater than 5) according to hardness.
3. Classification and varieties
According to the differences in color, luster, transparency and texture, fossil bloodstone can be divided into two categories.
(1) Common bloodstone: referred to as bloodstone for short, it refers to a kind of bloodstone material with bright color, strong luster, dense and delicate texture and poor transparency. Among them, different varieties can be divided according to different colors and different forms and distribution characteristics of "chicken blood"
(2) Bloodstone frozen stone: refers to the bloodstone with bright color, strong luster, dense and delicate texture, good transparency and no or few defects, which is mainly composed of dickite and kaolinite. This species can be divided into different varieties according to their different colors. Such as white frozen bloodstone, black frozen bloodstone, yellow frozen bloodstone, gray frozen bloodstone, red frozen bloodstone, green frozen bloodstone and color frozen bloodstone.
Step 4 evaluate
According to the blood quality (including color, concentration, blood volume and blood shape), texture (including color, luster, transparency and hardness) and defects (including impurities and cracks) of chicken blood. Generally can be divided into four levels.
(1) Precious bloodstone: refers to the thick and bright red blood, and the blood volume is mostly 50% ~ 70%, which is massive; The texture is completely frozen, such as horn jelly; No cracks and impurities.
(2) High-grade bloodstone: refers to bright red blood with blood volume greater than 30% ~ 50%, which is blocky and banded; Frozen or soft texture; Occasionally there are cracks and impurities.
(3) Intermediate bloodstone: refers to bright red or big red blood, with blood volume greater than 65,438+00% ~ 30%, mainly banded; Soft or soft freezing alternately; Contains a small amount of cracks and impurities.
(4) Low-grade bloodstone: refers to red or dark red blood with blood volume less than 10%, which is in the form of clouds and stars; Miscellaneous soft ground, hard ground and hard ground; Common cracks and impurities.
(3) Origin and occurrence
The most famous producing areas of bloodstone are Changhua in Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province and Bahrain Grassland in Inner Mongolia. According to recent reports (Luo et al., 2002), bloodstone is also produced in China, Hubei, Xi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and the United States. Mainly produced in volcanic rocks.
5. Yangping Stone, Ningbo Stone and Baohua Stone.
In addition to the famous Qingtian stone and feldspar, there are Yangping stone, Ningbo stone and Bauxite stone in Zhejiang. Yangpingshi is named after being produced in Yangping County, Zhejiang Province. Soft texture, gray, white, yellow and red. Ningbo Stone is named after it was produced in the suburb of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province. The meat is tender and there are many black spots, also known as "big turquoise". Bao Hua is produced in Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province, so it is also called "Tiantai Stone". Tender texture, there are three varieties of red, yellow and white.
Sixth, Dongxing Stone Dongxing Stone
It is produced in Dongxing County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Colors are pink, earth red, ochre yellow and so on. , delicate texture, slightly transparent, but often with "Shi Ding".
Seven, Jingxi stone Beijing stone
Produced in Mentougou District, Beijing, it is named after massive pyrophyllite. The color is gray and the texture is delicate. In addition to carving lithographs, it is also used as an artificial diamond lining.
Think about a problem
First of all, is it right or wrong?
1. The origin of bloodstone in China is only Bahrain Grassland in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Changhua District in Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province.
2. Kaolinite, dickite and nacrite are different varieties of the same mineral species.
Second, multiple choice questions
1. The four famous stones in China are: ()
A. Shoushan Stone, Qingtian Stone, Balin Stone and Feldspar Stone
B. Shoushan Stone, Qingtian Stone, Balin Stone and Dongxing Stone
C. Chang fossil, Qingtian stone, Bahrain stone and Dongxing stone
2. The main minerals of Bahrain stone are: ()
A. Pyrophyllite, Kaolinite and Cinnabar
B. dickite, kaolinite and cinnabar
C. perlite, kaolinite and cinnabar.
Third, fill in the blanks
1. Shoushan stone can be divided into _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ stone, stony stone and stony stone.
2. Yin Zhangshi's quality evaluation is based on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.