1 range
2 Terms and definitions
2. 1 plagiarism
2.2 Forgery
2.3 tampering and forgery
2.4 Improper signature, improper signature
2.5 Multi-input/Multi-input for one manuscript
2.6 Repeated publication of overlapping publications
2.7 Split Publishing Publications
3 plagiarism
3. 1 plagiarism
3.2 Data plagiarism
3.3 picture plagiarism
3.4 Plagiarism research (experiment) method
3.5 plagiarism written expression
3.6 Overall (massive) plagiarism
3.7 Self-plagiarism
3.8 Copying unpublished Results
4 forgery
5 tampering
6 improper signature
7 multi-contribution for one manuscript
8 Repeated publication
9 Split publications
10 related research ethics issues
1 1 others In order to further improve the quality of academic journals, respect and maintain academic publishing norms, give full play to the role of academic journals in regulating scientific research behavior and purifying academic environment, and promote the construction of scientific ethics and scientific research integrity, China HowNet specially organized and compiled the Definition Standard for Misconduct in Academic Journals (hereinafter referred to as "this standard"). This standard summarizes the types of misconduct that the authors of academic journals may be involved in, and gives the basic definition principles and standards by enumerating the main manifestations of various misconduct.
This standard is based on the Copyright Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Regulations on the Implementation of the Copyright Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and other laws and regulations, and refers to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the China Association for Science and Technology and other departments, and draws on the relevant academic ethics of important international organizations and academic groups, as well as the latest research results of overseas scholars in China. This standard is as consistent as possible with the general norms of international academic journals in terms of scope coverage, content expression and behavior definition, taking into account the special situation in the writing and publishing of academic journals in China.
The standard fully considers the characteristics of sci-tech journals and humanities and social sciences journals, covering natural science, engineering technology and humanities and social sciences. Sci-tech journals and humanities and social sciences journals can formulate more detailed identification rules according to this standard and combined with their own disciplinary characteristics. This standard is written in accordance with the principles of accuracy, conciseness and practicality, and strives to facilitate access and use.
Definition standard of misconduct in academic journals This standard covers all kinds of misconduct that authors of academic journals may be involved in, excluding editors, publishing units and reviewers of academic journals. According to the characteristics of the misconduct that the authors of academic journals may be involved in, the standard covers the following three types of misconduct: the misconduct of the paper itself, the misconduct of the author's signature, and the misconduct in the process of submission and publication. Specifically, it includes plagiarism, forgery, tampering, improper signature, multiple submissions, repeated publication, split publication, and related research ethics issues.
Standards are a guide for academic journal authors to avoid misconduct when writing and submitting academic papers, and also a guide for academic journal editors to find and deal with misconduct, and can also provide reference for research institutions, funding institutions and academic groups to judge corresponding misconduct.
2 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
2. 1 plagiarism
Directly publish other people's or existing ideas, opinions, data, images, research methods, written expressions, etc. In one's own name without quoting or explaining; Overquoting other people's published literature.
2.2 Forgery
Fabricate or fabricate data or facts.
2.3 tampering and forgery
Deliberately changing data and facts to make them lose their authenticity.
2.4 Improper signature, improper signature
The signature is inconsistent with the actual submission of the paper.
2.5 Multi-input/Multi-input for one manuscript
The same paper or several papers with slight differences (such as the title, keywords, abstract, authors rank, author's unit or a small amount of content in the paper) are submitted to multiple journals within the agreed or legal time limit, or transferred to other journals.
2.6 Repeated publication of overlapping publications
Without proper explanation, I repeated a lot of my published works in my paper.
2.7 split release release
Research results based on the same theme, data and materials can be published at the same time, divided into several publishable units and published as multiple papers.
3 plagiarism
3. 1 plagiarism
3. 1. 1 directly use the arguments, opinions and conclusions in other people's published documents, but without quotation marks and quotations.
3. 1.2 Retell other people's arguments, viewpoints and conclusions without changing the original intention, but without quoting.
3. 1.3 Use arguments, viewpoints and conclusions. Delete the others after part of the content, but there is no reference.
3. 1.4 Use other people's arguments, viewpoints and conclusions. After splitting or reassembling, but don't quote them.
3. 1.5 Use it after adding some contents to other people's arguments, viewpoints and conclusions. , but there is no reference.
3.2 Data plagiarism
3.2. 1 directly use the data in other people's published documents without quoting.
3.2.2 Use the data in other people's published documents, with slight modification and without quotation.
3.2.3 Use the data in other people's published documents, and make some supplements, but don't quote them.
3.2.4 Do not quote the data in other people's published literature, and use it after partial deletion.
3.2.5 Change the original arrangement order of data in other people's published documents, and use them without reference.
3.2.6 Use it after changing the presentation of data in other people's published documents, such as converting charts into text expressions or converting text expressions into charts without quotation marks.
3.3 picture plagiarism
3.3. 1 Use the images in other people's published documents with permission, but without permission.
3.3.2 Use images that can be used without permission in other people's published documents, but they shall not be quoted.
3.3.3 Use the pictures in other people's published documents with slight modification, but don't quote them.
3.3.4 Add some contents to the images in other people's published documents and use them without reference.
3.3.5 Use it after deleting part of the pictures in other people's published documents, but don't quote them.
3.3.6 Use some contents of pictures in documents published by others after enhancement, but don't quote them.
3.3.7 Weaken some contents of pictures in other people's published documents and use them, but don't quote them.
3.4 Plagiarism research (experiment) method
3.4. 1 Use the original research (experimental) methods in other people's published documents directly, but don't quote them.
3.4.2 Some non-core elements of research methods in other people's published documents have been modified and used without quoting.
3.5 plagiarism written expression
3.5. 1 Use the written expressions in other people's published documents directly without quoting.
3.5.2 Subparagraph uses written statements in other people's published documents. Although it is quoted, the text used is not quoted, or the font has not changed, or it is displayed in a specific arrangement.
3.5.3 Written expressions in published documents are used in many places, but only marked in one or several places.
3.5.4 Use written statements from multiple documents continuously, and only indicate the source of one or several of them.
3.5.5 Retelling the written expression in other people's published documents without changing its original intention, including generalizing and simplifying the written expression in other people's published documents, or changing the sentence pattern of the written table in other people's published documents, or replacing the written expression in other people's published documents with similar words synonymously without quoting.
3.5.6 Before use, add some words to the written expression in other people's published documents, but don't quote them.
3.5.7 Use written expressions in other people's published documents after deleting some words, but don't quote them.
3.5.8 Directly apply the argumentation structure of other people's published documents, and only change the methods, data, conclusions and other contents.
3.6 Overall (massive) plagiarism
3.6. 1 Directly use all or most documents published by others.
3.6.2 Use it after adding some contents on the basis of published documents of others, such as adding some data or adding some new analysis.
3.6.3 Use it after shortening all or most of the published documents of others.
3.6.4 Use after replacing the research object in other people's published literature.
3.6.5 Use it after changing the structure and paragraph order of other people's published documents.
3.6.6 Splicing several published documents of others into one paper for publication.
3.6.7 Directly use all or most of the references of other people's published documents.
3.6.8 Use the references in other people's published documents directly after adding or subtracting them.
3.7 Self-plagiarism
3.7. 1 Use the contents of the literature published by yourself (or yourself as one of the authors) in the paper without quoting.
3.7.2 Co-authors use their own (or one of the authors) published literature content in their papers without quoting.
3.7.3 Use the contents of the paper that you have passed the defense in your paper, but don't quote.
3.7.4 The main content of the thesis comes from the dissertation that has passed the defense, but it is not explained.
3.8 Copying unpublished Results
3.8. 1 Unauthorized use of unpublished opinions, research methods, data, pictures, etc. Others (including reports at academic conferences).
3.8.2 Unpublished opinions, research methods, data and pictures of others are allowed to be used. (including reports at academic conferences) without reference or explanation.
4 forgery
4. 1 fabricate data and images that are not obtained through actual investigation or experiment.
4.2 Forging samples that cannot be obtained again through repeated tests.
4.3 fabricating research methods and conclusions that are not practical or can't be verified repeatedly.
4.4 Fabricate materials or reference materials that can support the thesis.
4.5 Sources of funds for fabricating related research papers.
5 tampering
5. 1 Change the original survey or experimental data, thus changing its original intention.
5.2 Select and delete the original survey or experimental data, thus changing its original intention.
5.3 Modify the original written records, etc. , thus changing its original intention.
5.4 Splicing different images together to form an unreal image.
5.5 Delete a part from the whole image or add some fictional parts to change the interpretation of the image.
5.6 Enhance, blur and move specific parts of the image, thus changing the interpretation of the image.
5.7 Change the original intention of the documents used to make them beneficial to you.
6 improper signature
6. 1 Exclude those who have made substantial contributions to the research involved in the paper from the list of authors.
6.2 List those who have not made substantial contributions to the research involved in the paper.
6.3 Use other people's names in your own papers without authorization.
6.4 False labeling of author information.
6.5 authors rank can't correctly reflect the actual contribution.
7 multi-contribution for one manuscript
7. 1 Submit the same paper to several journals at the same time.
7.2 Submit articles to other journals again within the agreed or statutory time limit for reply.
7.3 Contribute to other journals before receiving the formal notice confirming the withdrawal.
7.4 More than slightly different papers will be submitted to multiple journals at the same time.
7.5 Before receiving the reply from the first contributing journal or within the agreed or legal time limit, the paper will be slightly revised and then submitted to other journals.
7.6 Submit the published paper by yourself (or you as one of the authors) without any explanation.
8 Repeated publication
8. 1 Use the published literature content of myself (or myself as one of the authors) in the paper, but don't explain or quote it, or only list the published literature in general in the references.
8.2 Without any explanation, I (or myself as one of the authors) extracted some contents from several published documents, spliced them into a new paper and published them again.
8.3 The permitted second publication does not indicate the source of the first publication.
8.4 Reuse a survey result, an image or an experimental result for many times without any explanation.
8.5 Papers with similar methods and conclusions will be published many times after each supplement with a small amount of experimental data or materials, which are essentially based on the same experiment or research.
8.6 In cooperative research, collaborators publish papers with obviously similar methods and conclusions on the same investigation and experimental results.
9 Split publications
9. 1 Split the results based on the same investigation, experiment or research into several papers for publication, which destroyed the integrity of the research.
9.2 Papers that should be published at one time were published in several publishable units, which destroyed the integrity of the research.
10 related research ethics issues
10. 1 The research involved in the paper has not obtained the permission of the corresponding institution according to the regulations, or the corresponding license certificate cannot be provided.
10.2 The research involved in the paper is beyond the permission of the Committee.
10.3 There are some ethical problems in the research involved in the paper, such as improper harm to research participants, maltreatment of in-vivo experimental subjects, violation of the principle of informed consent, etc.
10.4 The paper reveals the privacy of the subjects or respondents.
The paper 10.5 failed to explain the conflict of interest in the research involved according to the law or agreement.
1 1 other
1 1. 1 divulges key information of the paper to others or society in violation of the agreement or the law, thus infringing the publishing right of the contributing journal.
1 1.2 interferes with the review of journal papers.
1 1.3 Add documents that are not actually cited in the references of the paper.
1 1.4 Mark the citations of other documents as direct citations, including the citations of translated works as the citations of the original works.
1 1.5 fails to explain and acknowledge the research funds, experimental equipment, materials, data, ideas and unpublished materials provided by others in an appropriate way, unless there are special requirements.
The contents quoted in 1 1.6 constitute the main or substantial part of the paper.