(1) refers to people, things, things, places, etc. , equivalent to ". "or". . People (things, things, places). "example:
People who are close to the fortress have good skills. (person: refers to person)
(2) If the market is in the hands of people, will you sacrifice real beans for your guests?
(3) Children should abandon other grandfathers' products anyway. (speaker: refers to things. )
(4) There is a complicated sentence. If you are often taken hostage, the old woman will spit in her face!
⑤ When it is divided into north and south, the ancient Great Wall is also.
Those who get in the way and don't do things are not as good as the past.
All landowners swim at night by the watch, and more than a thousand people drown.
(8) Who is the king of this purpose? (person means person)
Pet-name ruby who is the guest? (person: refers to person)
Attending users with high root rate, if they have perennial roots, must take them when there are no stems and leaves. (Person: refers to things and medicines)
(1 1) It's strange that people are thieves, murderers, prisoners, and complacent. (person: refers to illness)?
(12) I wanted to be on the board of directors last year, too.
(2) Use words such as "if" to form phrases, or use them alone to express comparison and be equivalent to ". . The appearance of "," . Like it. " Example:
(1) However, I think it makes no difference.
(2) In a word, if you look sad.
(3) put it after the subject to express teton or judgment. Example:
① Yugong in Beishan is ninety years old.
(2) Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.
(3) Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also.
(4) Teacher, answer the question like this.
⑤ Qu Yuan's surname is Ping, and Chu's surname is Ping.
(4) After the subject, lead to the reason. Example:
(1) Those who don't take wood as the object have dense arts and sciences.
(2) However, Cao overcame salt and took the weak as the strong, which was not only suppressed by the time, but also by the geographical location.
And those who live fifty miles away have only one husband.
The beauty of my wife is my own, and I am also private.
(5) I went to visit my relatives and serve the monarch. I admire your lofty benevolence and righteousness.
6. The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. Those who are not snakes and eels in caves without food are impatient.
5] Put it at the end of the question to express doubt. Example:
who is it? There is a difference between up and down.
[6] in the hypothetical complex sentence, it means hypothesis, which is equivalent to "if". . " 、"。 . Words. "Example:
(1) you can't stay at home when you enter, and you will be invincible against foreign invasion when you leave, and your country will be ruined.
(2) Those who try their best but can't come can have no regrets.
If you don't, if you belong to it, you will be captured.
Once placed after the object of the word "you", it means Teton. Example:
(1) There is a patent for Chiang Kai-shek III.
(2) there are four Guo, kill four people.
(3) There are followers of Song Yu, Jing Ke in Chu State, who are all good at Ci and Fu, and they are all called Fu Family.
(8) Put it after numerals (when translating, add corresponding quantifiers and nouns after numerals according to the listed things). Example:
(1) or different from both, why? (both: two moods. )
(2) The number of soldiers is also. (this number: these points. )
(9) After the attribute is put behind, it is equivalent to "de". Example:
(1) Help can be reported to the Qin Dynasty, but not. (The attribute is "those who can report to Qin" and the head word is "people".
(2) Therefore, the Qi army is good at shooting, and it is off the road.
⑽ After the time word, it means pause and plays the role of adjusting syllables. Example:
(1) Close to the crime of resignation.
(2) the ancients to the world is given priority to, you as a guest.
3 Those who are far away count the world, and those who are near reach the body.
(1 1) is placed at the end of the statement, indicating the end of the statement. Example:
(1) to send accounts, because of the so-called stone clock.
(2) When the first minister explained the cow, he saw nothing but the cow.
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Ye: Eight Classics of Han Feizi: "Nothing ... and officials are selfless." "Say Yi Li": "There is no gentleman in Lu, and the words are taken from Si." They are all interpreted as "zhe", but "zhe" and "ye" in ancient books can be used interchangeably. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's Preliminary Study on Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan) 4 14)
2. What is the usage of this word in classical Chinese? The teacher said this was a judgment, not a modal particle, and she was right.
Hot day
help
(1) is used after a noun indicating time to indicate a pause.
My uncle died of a tiger before, my husband died, and now my son is dead. -Book of Rites
(2) As a sign of attributive postposition
A horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all. -Tang Hanyu's Miscellaneous Notes
(3) Used after nouns to indicate a pause in pronunciation and lead to the following, often indicating judgment.
Benevolent people are the best in the world. -Book of Rites
Uncle Yu of Beishan is ninety years old. (Modal particles mean Teton. )-"Liezi Tang Wen"
Among them, Lu Feng is a brave warrior. -Qing Xu ke "Qing paper money and war"
I don't know the family law of loyalty and sages, and my spirit is terrible, and I often stay between heaven and earth. -Spring Plum Blossom Ridge in Wang Zu
(4) Used at the end of a sentence to indicate that the tone is finished.
Adults, do not lose childlike innocence. -"Mencius"
(5) Used at the end of a sentence, collocated with interrogative words to express doubt.
Gone with the wind will not end in the morning, nor will the shower last all day. Which one? -"Lao Zi"
(6) imperative mood
Qin Tong took the horse! -"The West Chamber"
(7) express discussion.
After the chaos in the Han Dynasty, if Zhou Zhiwen's losses are appropriately reduced, Xia Zhizhong will be used. -"Han Shu"
(8) Expression comparison is equivalent to "the appearance of ..."
So the son blamed himself, as if he had no ability. -"Historical Records"
(9) The two modal particles "this also" are used together to strengthen the tone. The tone focuses on the last modal particle, and "Ye" emphasizes the affirmative tone here.
He who takes bear's paw instead of fish. -"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang"
The usage of "Qi" in classical Chinese is 1. The pronoun (1) is a third-person pronoun, which can be translated as "he (she)", "he (she)", "they", "theirs", "it" and "theirs". For example, (1) selected. It can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there". For example, his eyes are silent. After listening to the tea (the story of the nuclear ship), he will move on. He will be poor in his forest (the story of the Peach Blossom Garden), with numbers behind him. (Yu Gong Yi Shan) (2) Is there really no horse evil? I really don't know Ma Ye (Ma Shuo). The former "Qi" can be translated as "Mo" and the latter "Qi" can be translated as "I am afraid". (3) Ling Junren is a widow! Its usage as a pronoun can be divided into several situations: 1, and its usage as an attributive can be translated into "his" and "its" (including plural). Empty shell. ("Born in Worry and Died in Happiness") Tu is in a dilemma, and he is afraid of being attacked before and after. ("Wolf") When I heard a dog barking deep in the alley, my wife was startled and my husband was talking nonsense. A malnourished person is not as clever as Confucius. (Teacher's Talk) 2. The word "Qi" is used flexibly in the first person or the second person: translated as "mine", "my own" and "yours". I still haven't lost Cao's job. (Battle of Red Cliffs) I'm sorry that he can't enjoy traveling with his husband. (Traveling to the Mountain) 3 The old minister thinks that his love for Chang 'an is not as good as that of Yan Hou ("Touching the Dragon and Telling the Zhao Queen") 4. "Qi" is a demonstrative pronoun, indicating the usage of far finger: it can be translated as "that". (Peacock flies southeast) 5. Usage of demonstrative pronoun "Qi": it means near reference, which is equivalent to "this", "this" and "these". People who own the Chiang family are dedicated to the interests of the third generation. It's hard to waste the present. (it: this) 5. The usage of the demonstrative pronoun "qi" (It's: necessary) ② If you can't attack it, if you don't continue to encircle it, you will return it. ("The Candle Warns the Qin Division") 3 With your three arrows, don't forget your father's ambition! (Introduction to Lingguan) II. The use of the word "qi" strengthens the speculative tone: it is equivalent to "I am afraid", "possible", "probably" and "possible". What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Wang is very happy, so Qi is almost the same? (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius) 3. The use of the word "qi" strengthens the rhetorical tone: it is equivalent to "don't" and "how". With the strength of the old days, it is impossible to destroy a hair of this mountain. It is like a stone. (One Mountain in Gong Yu) People who can' t be the best can have no regrets. How can they be ridiculous? ("A trip to Baochan Mountain") ③ Wan Li Road, who doesn't know? (3) The usage of the word "qi" as a conjunction: 1, and the usage of the word "qi" indicates the selection relationship: equivalent to "yes or no". I really don't know anything about horses? (Ma Shuo) Whoo! Its belief is evil? Its dream evil? Is it true or not? 2. The word "qi" indicates the usage of hypothetical relationship: equivalent to "if". (1) the cause is not refined, the virtue is not complete, and the nature is not humble, so the heart is not specialized. If it rains repeatedly, his seedlings will thrive. If so, who can resist? (Mencius meets King Xiang of Liang) (4) Usage of auxiliary word "qi": It plays the role of regulating syllables without translation. (1) Liu Manman is Xiu Yuan Xi, I chase from top to bottom ("Li Sao"); 2 The powder is colorful, and Fang Feifei's badge ("Li Sao") "How" is translated into "How"; As for swearing, you have to break your hair. (Biography of Lingguan).
4. About the usage and significance of "zhe" in classical Chinese. "Zhe" as an auxiliary word has many uses. The basic grammatical function is to form a word structure after a word or phrase, which means "person" and "thing". It can be divided into two categories: "predicate component+person", such as "forgive to persuade the monarch". After the pronoun "zhe" is added to the predicate component, the predicate component can be nominalized. B "Noun component (noun, word structure)+zhe" plays the role of naming part-of-speech components, so that this noun component is emphasized. Such as "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people also." The "agent" structure represents the agent.
This word "zhe" is attached. Always put after the same phrase or clause. To judge its specific usage or transformation, we must make clear the types and properties of the words, phrases and clauses before it. There are five kinds of attachment of "zhe": one is to attach to adjectives, verbs or verb-object phrases to form noun phrases, also known as "zhe" structure. "Zhe" is translated into "person", "thing" and "thing". For example, it made the latecomers feel sad. Second, after the subject of judgment. It means Teton. Help judge. Such as Zhu Gekongming and Wolong. Third, after the clause indicating the result, the table indicates Teton, which can usually be translated as "the reason of …", for example, it is not wood-oriented, and it is dense in arts and sciences. Fourth, after the hypothetical clause, Teton's expression can often be translated into "... Fifth, after the postattributive, it plays the role of symbol and Teton. In addition, the word "zhe" is often added after the words indicating time, which plays a language auxiliary role and cannot be translated. Used after numerals, it means "several people" and "several things", which can be translated into "a" and "an".
From the above analysis, it seems that the "post-viewer" should belong to the noun structure.
5. What are the seven usages of "one" as a pronoun in classical Chinese? The usage of "yi" as a pronoun in classical Chinese does not answer: ① use; Use.
Shejiang: "Loyalty is not necessary, and sages are not necessary." 2 do it.
Luz, Ceng Yong, You Ran and Gong Xihua sat down: "If you know me, why?" 3 thinking. Zou Ji satirized Xu Shu, King of Qi: "Everyone is more beautiful than Xu Gong.
(4) refers to the tools and methods used or relied on by actions, which can be translated as "taking", "using", "relying on" and "handling" as appropriate. Lian Po Lin Xiangru biography: "I would like to invite Yibi with fifteen cities."
Play the role of guest star, which can be translated as "Ba". Lian Po Lin Xiangru biography: "Qin did not give Zhao the city, Zhao did not give Qin Bi.
⑥ indicates the reason for action, which can be translated as "because" and "because". The Snake Catcher said: "And I live by catching snakes alone."
Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "You can't rebel against the joy of Qin." ⑦ indicates the time and place of the action, which can be translated as "in" and "from".
Biography of Su Wu: "Wuyi arrived in the capital in the spring of the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty." The usage of the action object is the same as that of "He", which can be translated as "He" and "He"; Sometimes it can be translated as "lead, lead".
"Warring States Policy Zhou Ce": "The world changed, the king cut Hanzhong and made peace with Chu." "Xinlingjun steals the symbol to save Zhao": (Gongzi) wants to be a guest and die with Zhao.
Pet-name ruby indicates a parallel or progressive relationship, which can be translated as "and", "you" and "etc" or omitted. Youbaochan: "There are many tourists in the near future; The farther the risk, the less. "
Participation indicates inheritance, and the action before "one" is often the means and way of the later action, which can be translated as "er" or omitted. Travel to Baochan: "Light a fire for four people."
⑾ indicates causality, which is often used before the clause indicating the reason and can be translated as "because" and "because". "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "I am a national emergency and a personal enemy."
⑿ The relationship between surface modification and modification. "Going Home": "Trees are flourishing and spring is blooming.
(13) The relationship between items can be translated as "Er", "Lai" and "Yong". The world said: "Write the world and make it last forever."
14. indicates the boundary or range of time, direction and quantity, and its usage is the same as that of modern Chinese. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Since the princes, there is no luxury."
⒂ refers to turning to another thing when describing one thing, which can be translated as "as for". "Liu Yichuan": "Only those who agree with his heart will be wronged by the monarch, and the rest are vulgar.
Those who are careful not to be avoided by words overhear it. Are you interested? "Already" has been displayed. It's already started.
"Chen She Family": "It's strange to buy fish for cooking and get books in the belly of fish." ⒄ hand in "already".
Stop. Qi Huan Jinwen Shi: "If there is nothing, then what is a king?" ⒅ Just.
"Feng Xuan Guest Meng Changjun": "Those who have few things in your family are righteous." .
6. Pronouns in Ancient Chinese and Their Usage There are five kinds of pronouns in Ancient Chinese: personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, infinitive pronouns and auxiliary pronouns. The boundaries are unclear and cross each other.
1. Personal pronouns are divided into the first, second and third person.
Such as: I, Yu, Yu, I, I;
Well, you, if, but;
Peter, it's
Second, demonstrative pronouns are divided into near, far and side, such as:
Yes, this, this, this, this;
Peter, Dave (two tones), its;
He, it, it.
Third, interrogative pronouns refer to people, things and places, such as:
Who, who;
He, Hu,;
Ann, evil, how?
The above usage is similar to modern Chinese, and the following is unique to ancient Chinese.
Fourth, infinitive pronouns can be divided into masculine and feminine.
Yes, some people.
For example, stop after 100 steps, or stop after 50 steps, or some people.
Mo: Being the subject is: No one, nothing.
East, west, north and south, there is nowhere to escape.
Five, auxiliary pronouns are, by.
Speaker: After verbs and adjectives, they form a nominal structure and act as sentence components.
For example: Seeing is far. The smell is obvious. People who see and hear.
Therefore, the added verbs or verb phrases constitute the word structure, which is a nominal structure and acts as a sentence component.
Like what you eat, what you eat,
The highest place in the world is the Yellow Emperor.
The structure of words can be used as attributes, such as: where do you live, where do you live, where do you live as attributes.
Note: "suo" and "zhe" can't be used separately, and they must form a structure to become sentence components.
Reply if you don't understand.
7. What is the difference between the usage of "Zhi" and "Qi" in classical Chinese? The question of whether pronouns can be used generally seems simple, but it can't be explained clearly in one or two sentences.
Let's look at six situations in which it is used as a pronoun:
1. Third person pronoun. As possessive attributive, it can be translated into "his" and "its" (including plural).
(1) I followed its plan, and the king was lucky enough to forgive me. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
2. Third person pronouns. As a small subject in the subject-predicate phrase, it should be translated into "he" and "it" (including plural).
(1) The king of Qin was afraid that he would break the wall. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(2) Its smell is also solid, which comes first on me. ("Shi Shuo")
3. Flexible use of the first person or the second person. Translate it into "mine", "I (myself)" or "yours" or "yours".
(1) Today's Cao Cao should go back to the industrious villages and towns with Sue and enjoy his fame without losing his official position. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
(2) And I regret that traveling will not be extremely enjoyable. ("You Bao Chan")
(3) The veteran took Wei as a short-term plan, so he thought that he didn't love Yan Hou ("Touching the Dragon and Saying Zhao Hou")
4. demonstrative pronoun, indicating far finger. It can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there"
(1) and out, or blame it. ("You Bao Chan")
(2) today in Jingzhou, the election has its place. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
(3) If you don't marry Yi Lang, what will you do? (Peacock flies southeast)
5. Demonstrative pronouns, indicating near reference, are equivalent to "this", "this" and "these".
(1) Chiang Kai-shek, patent III. ("The Snake Catcher said")
(2) The present cannot bear to waste. (it: this)
6. The demonstrative pronoun means "among them", followed by numerals.