With the rapid economic development, urban construction is getting better and better, and high-rise buildings have become the main direction of urban development. With the increase of the number of high-rise buildings in the city, the image of the city has been effectively improved. Modern architectural design is becoming more and more exquisite, especially some designs are very novel and unique, which meet people's aesthetic visual needs and decorate the urban landscape. However, there are construction problems in high-rise buildings in terms of fire protection, which inevitably bury many security risks. When people work and live in high-rise buildings, the first thing they need to ensure is safety, and the threat of fire to high-rise buildings is growing. Only by comprehensively strengthening the fire management ability of high-rise buildings and strengthening supervision and management can we fundamentally ensure the safety of high-rise buildings, comprehensively safeguard social stability and promote the healthy development of regional economy.
1 fire characteristics of high-rise buildings
1. 1 There are many fire hazards in high-rise buildings.
High-rise buildings are too dense and the carrying capacity is getting bigger and bigger. With the increase of the use function of high-rise buildings, offices, supermarkets, processing and living quarters have been formed. There are many people and articles in high-rise buildings, which is the particularity of different multi-storey buildings in high-rise buildings. These people and articles can't be effectively controlled, which has buried many security risks. The decoration of high-rise buildings will also use a lot of materials, some of which fail to pass the standard test and fail to meet the basic requirements of fire prevention. If there is a fire, it will lead to more serious accidents. There are also building partitions inside high-rise buildings. On the whole, the indoor situation is complex, the flammable points are too scattered, and all kinds of fire hazards in the building are great, which can not effectively guarantee the safety of high-rise buildings.
1.2 The fire spread very quickly.
The design structure of high-rise building is complex, and there are many points inside the building. Simply relying on fire isolation can not effectively achieve the goal, let alone achieve full coverage of the high-rise interior. In case of fire, the fire will spread rapidly, affecting the safety of high-rise buildings. At the same time, a large number of pipelines will cross each other during construction. In order to be beautiful when decorating, the pipeline will be fenced. The lines are complicated and it is impossible to grasp the direction. When a fire breaks out, it will spread along the pipeline, making the fire bigger. Wind effect will appear in the structure of high-rise buildings. When a fire breaks out, it will form a strong wind pressure, which will easily lead to the rapid spread of smoke. However, the smoke in high-rise buildings can not be effectively discharged, and the fire can not be controlled in a short time. The fire will change at any time, and it will spread very fast.
1.3 personnel cannot be evacuated effectively.
The number of high-rise buildings and super-high-rise buildings is increasing. On the whole, the straight evacuation distance is long, and it takes a lot of time to reach the bottom from the top of high-rise buildings. After the fire, it is difficult for people who work and live in high-rise buildings to evacuate quickly. In the process of evacuation, there will be chaos. It is impossible to reach the lower level quickly. Long path, long time and slow speed often cause secondary casualties and increase mortality for no reason. People can only escape by taking the stairs, because the power supply will be cut off after the fire, all power supplies will be cut off soon, and the elevator will not work normally. People rushing into the stairwell will cause congestion, and smoking is not allowed in the stairwell. Although firefighters can implement rescue measures in time, due to the limitation of equipment, they can't quickly achieve the purpose of evacuation, and the rescue work is very difficult.
1.4 The fire rescue of high-rise buildings is more difficult.
The construction speed of high-rise buildings exceeds the renewal speed of fire-fighting equipment, and there are many floors in high-rise buildings, but fire-fighting equipment is difficult to reach. When carrying out external rescue, there is no better equipment and facilities, which increases the difficulty of rescue. At present, the vehicles and facilities equipped by fire-fighting units at all levels cannot meet the fire-fighting needs of high-rise buildings. The fire in high-rise buildings is mainly solved from the inside, and the rescue cannot be carried out effectively, which makes it more and more difficult.
2 high-rise building fire bad phenomenon
2. 1 Fire protection design does not pay attention.
In the process of market access, high-rise buildings only care about the appearance design to meet the aesthetic requirements, while ignoring other aspects, especially fire protection, which can not meet the requirements from the design. Fire control work is often a mere formality and perfunctory. The examination and approval management units at all levels also focus on appearance structure, and cannot review high-level drawings from the perspective of safety. At present, there are many design problems in high-rise buildings, and the design of some key parts is not paid attention to, which can not meet the needs of fire control work. In order to increase the area and save the cost, some necessary space is often given up in the design, which reduces the fire fighting conditions. At the same time, we don't pay attention to the key directions in the building, ignore the safety factors, and bury many fire hazards. Some construction units started construction blindly without approval in order to seize the construction period, and their own management has problems, let alone effective fire control work.
2.2 illegal construction continues to emerge.
In order to ensure the safety of high-rise buildings, China has clearly formulated relevant legal provisions and made comprehensive requirements for fire safety. However, in the process of urban development, some construction units cannot strictly implement the system standards in order to attract businessmen to settle in, and there are many illegal problems in the specific construction. Local governments connive at builders and turn a blind eye. As long as they start working, other work can be rectified slowly. However, the phenomenon that construction units exploit legal loopholes often happens, and so does the design. Change the design after passing the examination, and there are potential safety hazards. The fire escape and fire spacing of high-rise buildings can't meet the needs of fire fighting and can't meet the national standards. Illegal construction and illegal construction are chaotic. In addition, with the development of the times, the requirements for fire protection have also changed. During the renovation of unfinished buildings in some cities, many problems have been caused by historical and environmental factors. When the stopped project was rebuilt, the design was even more unreasonable, the fire spacing was insufficient, and the number of evacuation stairs was insufficient, which buried more security risks.
2.3 Use flammable materials for decoration.
The application and popularization of new materials and technologies make some decoration complicated. With the improvement of people's living standards, people are more willing to use new materials in decoration and improve the decoration grade. Some high-end and high-grade materials are generally recognized and widely used in home improvement and tooling. Most of these new materials and substances are polymer materials and scientific and technological products. Although it looks beautiful and high-end, its nature determines its flammability, and the material has a low ignition point. If there is an open flame, it is very easy to burn quickly. The use of new materials increases the probability of fire. If there is a fire, it will become the driving force of the fire, increase the fire and increase the difficulty of rescue. The fire in high-rise buildings is difficult to control.
2.4 the contractor does not work according to the standard
Market economy has promoted the development of productive forces. Some enterprises are optimistic about the real estate industry and have stepped in, but the construction qualification is not guaranteed. Some unqualified construction units obtained the project by illegal means and started construction when the construction qualification was unqualified. Facing the new design concept, the construction unit can't fully understand the drawing design ideas, especially the technical grasp, and can't effectively deal with it. Facing the complicated design and structure of high-rise buildings, the construction can't meet the technical requirements. At the same time, the poor quality of relevant technicians, the use of inferior building materials and the unreasonable technology of the construction unit will increase the hidden danger of high-rise fire.
2.5 false system, lack of safety awareness.
At present, the building fire department can't take the initiative to carry out the work, go deep into the grass-roots level and fully understand the building situation, and there are many phenomena of prevarication, inaction and lack of responsibility. Only the complaint rules of the fire department can not effectively play the management and supervision role of functional departments, and the implementation of the system is not strict and in place, which makes more and more high-level fire problems. There are many kinds of fire-fighting facilities in high-rise buildings, which are also complicated. If all kinds of fire-fighting facilities can't be fully maintained regularly, they will lose their function. There are many phenomena of fire-fighting equipment damage in high-rise buildings, and such problems often appear during inspection. High-rise buildings are leased to multiple owners for use, so it is impossible to form a unified fire protection. Relevant personnel lack basic safety awareness, and fire safety awareness is weak. Problems cannot be solved quickly and coordinately, which may easily lead to major accidents. With the increase of high-rise owners, the division of fire control responsibilities is unclear, and fire control work can not be effectively controlled. The system of some high-rise buildings is incomplete, and there is no person in charge of fire safety management. When an accident happens, it will be mishandled and poorly controlled, and often major accidents are formed in this way.
3 Coping methods
In order to ensure the safety of high-rise buildings in an all-round way, we need to find solutions while sorting out the problems.
3. 1 Strictly control the design quality
Relevant management units should strengthen management, control quality from the source of high-rise building design, constantly strengthen architectural design concepts, and organically combine new concepts and methods with fire control work. Review the qualification of the construction unit. For example, the design unit must meet the qualification requirements of the Design Certificate of Special Fire Protection Facilities, consider the design appearance of high-rise buildings, and make arrangements for high-rise structures, heating and ventilation, electricity, water supply and drainage, etc. To ensure that the fire protection design is reasonable and effective.
3.2 Do a good job in auditing at all levels.
It is necessary to control the process and fully implement the mandatory review system for fire protection design of high-rise buildings, so as to quickly implement the responsibility system for fire safety and embody the basic principle of who reviews and who is responsible. Construction projects need to be strictly audited before they can be allowed to start, eliminating fire hazards. In the process of fire protection installation of high-rise buildings, the requirements should be strictly stipulated, and the fire protection construction should be done in combination with the standards, and the design should not be changed at will.
3.3 Actively carry out publicity
Management units at all levels need to strengthen publicity and education, improve the fire awareness of all staff, do a good job in fire safety education through effective channels such as TV, newspapers, WeChat, billboards, etc., form the fire awareness of all staff, strengthen point control, and ensure the safety of all areas of high-rise buildings. Conclusion High-rise building is the development direction of urban architecture in the future. While meeting the demand, more and more high-rise buildings need to pay attention to fire safety. Through management, publicity and other means, we will continuously strengthen the awareness of fire prevention, effectively improve the safety prevention ability of high-rise buildings, and achieve the fire safety goal of high-rise buildings.
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