There are many and complicated problems to be solved by ethics, but there is only one basic problem-the relationship between morality and interests, that is, the relationship between righteousness and interests.
This problem includes two aspects: on the one hand, the relationship between economic interests and morality, that is, who decides who and whether morality has a negative effect on the economy; On the other hand, it is the relationship between personal interests and the overall interests of society, that is, who is subordinate to whom.
Different answers to this basic question determine the principles and norms of various moral systems, as well as the guidelines and orientations of various moral activities.
introduce
Moral science. Also known as moralism and moral philosophy. In the west, the concept of ethics originated from the Greek word εεs, which originally meant "essence" and "personality" and was also related to the meanings of "custom" and "habit". Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, first endowed him with the meaning of ethics and virtue. The book Nicokal Ethics is the earliest ethics monograph in the West.
Later the Romans translated "ethics" with "moralis". Cicero, who introduced the word, said that it was a "rich Latin" word, which originated from the Latin word "mores" and originally meant "habit" or "custom".
The word ethics was not used in ancient China, and it was widely used after19th century. However, in hundred schools of thought's works in the pre-Qin period, there are a lot of contents about life ethics, especially filial piety. In fact, in the same period of ancient Greece, China's ethics had already risen.
Ethics takes moral phenomena as the research object, including not only moral consciousness (such as personal moral feelings), but also moral activities (such as moral behavior) and moral norms. Ethics separates moral phenomena from the actual activities of human beings, and discusses the essence, origin and development of morality, the relationship between moral level and material living standard, the highest principle and standard of moral evaluation, the system of moral norms, moral education and cultivation, the meaning of life, people's values, attitude towards life and so on.
Among them, the most important thing is the relationship between morality and economic interests, material life, personal interests and overall interests. Different answers to these questions have formed different or even opposing ethical schools.
Marxist ethics studies morality as a social and historical phenomenon, pays attention to the universal and fundamental problems in moral phenomena and reveals the law of moral development. Marxist ethics is based on historical materialism, emphasizing the class nature of morality in class society and the significance of moral practice in ethical theory.
classify
Greek and Roman ethics
Early period: Dagra School-Socrates School.
Mid-term: Socrates School-Aristotle School
Late Period: Aristotelian School —— The Rise of Christian Theology
Medieval Christian ethics
Early stage: represented by Augustine, corresponding to godfather philosophy.
Mid-term: represented by Aquinas, corresponding to scholasticism.
Later period: represented by Bacon, Dunce Scott and others, corresponding to heretical philosophy.
Renaissance ethics
The first part: Humanism ethics thought represented by Valla, Montaigne and others.
The second part: the ethical thought of religious reform represented by Calvin.
Part III: Political ethics, represented by Niccolò Machiavelli and others.
Modern ethics
17-18th century, British empiricism ethics, representative figures: Locke, Hume, etc.
17-18th century, European rationalist ethics, representative figures: Descartes, Spinoza, etc.
18th century, French enlightenment ethics, representative: Voltaire, etc.
18-19th century, German academic ethics, representative figures: Kant, Hegel, etc.
18-19th century, British utilitarian ethics, with representative figures: Bentham, Mill (also translated as Mill), Sikivik, etc.
19th century, British evolutionary ethics, representative figures: Spencer, Huxley, etc.
/kloc-In the late 9th century, German neo-Kantian ethics was represented by Li and others.
/kloc-in the late 9th century, new hegelianism ethics, represented by Green, etc.
Transitional ethics
Irrational ethics, representative figures: Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, etc.
Modern ethics
Analytical ethics (also called meta-ethics) is represented by Moore.
Husserl, the Representative of Phenomenological Ethics
Pragmatic ethics, representative figure: Dewey
Emotional ethics
Existentialist ethics, representative figures: Heidegger, Sartre, etc.
Psychoanalytic ethics, represented by Freud and others.
Personality ethics, represented by Hawking, etc.
Neo-Thomas ethics, representative figures: Maritain, etc
Neo-orthodox ethics represented by karl barth and others.
Linguistic analytical ethics, represented by Toulmin, etc.
Moral genetic ethics, represented by Piaget and others.
humanitarianism
Ethics, representative figures: Maslow, etc.
New behaviorism
Psychoethics, the representative figure: Skinner
Cosmic ethics, representative figures: tsiolkovsky, Zhang Yunfei, etc.
Basic concept editing
standard
Values, values and contrast
priority selection
Purpose, behavior, choice, consequences and risks
Precautionary principle
Choice, control, autonomy, responsibility and right to know
Paternalistic style
Justice, human rights, sympathy
Known victims and unknown victims
Next generation growth
Ethical connection of special relationship
Parent-child relationship, teacher-student relationship, employment relationship, double effect, informer exposure.