Writing requirements of literature review
Literature review is an important academic paper, which plays an irreplaceable role in postgraduate thesis writing, project declaration and writing, and scientific research writing ability training. Therefore, mastering this writing skill is of great benefit to improving scientific research ability. Only by reconstructing the theoretical system of literature review related knowledge according to the basic characteristics of literature review can we write a literature review with clear thinking, informative content and concise language, and provide reference for scientific research. Therefore, according to the concept and characteristics of literature review, the author puts forward some requirements for writing literature review. But when writing a literature review, you need to answer the following basic questions first:
1. What research have domestic and foreign researchers done on a certain topic (or content)? Answer the question "What did you learn?" .
Second, how do domestic and foreign researchers study a certain topic? This is the answer to the question "How to learn".
Third, what is the relevance of the research results of domestic and foreign researchers? That is to answer, "What are the differences and connections between correlation studies?" .
Fourth, what is the outstanding contribution or effect of this research? What did later generations say about this research? Answer the question "How was the research?" .
The above issues are the core issues in the conceptual literature review. If you can answer clearly, the main content of this literature review will basically take shape. However, to write a high-quality and high-level literature review, we should pay attention to the following principles.
(A) the "three most" principle of selecting documents
When writing literature review, the collection and selection of literature is the premise. Based on the author's experience, this paper summarizes the "three most" principles when selecting documents, that is, the "most authoritative, classic and latest" principles. "The most authoritative" refers to the most influential and well-known works, papers, conference papers and other documents at home and abroad, mainly academic papers; "The most classic" refers to world famous books, mainly books, which have stood the test of history and society in the process of historical and cultural development at home and abroad. "Latest" refers to all kinds of articles published in recent years (generally 5 years by default). The "latest" information is mainly reflected in newspapers, because the information updating speed and information carrying capacity of newspapers are relatively large, and they are updated every day.
Let's take the literature review of "higher education" as an example. The "most classic" literature is a series of world famous books on higher education published by Zhejiang Education Press in 2000 12, such as The Philosophy of Higher Education by John S. brubeck. Such a masterpiece is an academic monograph that can stand the test of history and the world, so it has great cultural and ideological value. If you don't even collect this very important document when thinking and writing literature review, then your research lacks important theoretical support, and its research results can be expected and known. The "most authoritative" papers are academic papers published in Higher Education Research and Educational Research, which represent the research development status and the most cutting-edge academic trends in this field. The "latest" documents are educational knowledge or reports spread by People's Daily, Guangming Daily, China Social Science Online, Education Newspaper, Teacher's Newspaper and other newspapers. Following this "three most" principle will provide the most precious and valuable literature for the follow-up research, which is beneficial to the research.
(B) the principle of loyalty in literary reading
After selecting the document, it is to read the document. Literature is not only the material of research, but also the object of criticism. When reading documents, we can read them in the order of "history-writing-theory", so that we can get closer to the understanding of the original text and distinguish who is the author's viewpoint, who is the predecessor's viewpoint, which is descriptive and which is argumentative. In particular, some researchers advocate the reading method of On History, and the author slightly adjusts the order of the three and advocates reading in the order of "history-writing-theory". The reasons are as follows: there is a significant difference between "writing" and "discussing". The works are more original, with wider knowledge coverage and stronger logical relevance, while the knowledge coverage of the paper is limited, and more works are only interpretations or explanations of the works, which are considered as relatively minor works. The foundation of its research has always been based on other people's literature, and its works, especially academic monographs, more reflect the author's originality and rely more on long-term educational life practice, so its research results are more targeted and effective in guiding practice.
In the process of research, in order to publish papers quickly and economically, some researchers began to write without collecting all the documents or really understanding the meaning of the documents, which violated the principle of objectivity and seeking truth from facts. Be faithful to the original point of view. Especially some foreign language materials. It is not easy to realize the principle of loyalty. The literature of some disciplines or disciplines is not the most original or first-hand information that ordinary researchers or the public can obtain. The reasons for this research are: first, the identity and status of researchers; Second, the preciousness of literature; The third is the characteristics of the discipline. Due to the above reasons, the implementation and enforcement of the loyalty principle will be greatly reduced.
(3) The principle of combining summary with writing.
When writing literature review, we should combine "synthesis" with "narration". Literature review should be described and commented, and the cited literature should be refined and analyzed, so as to avoid making a general introduction to the cited literature. On the basis of extensive collection of reading literature, this paper makes a reasonable comment on the existing research results, which provides the direction and basis for further research. Some researchers do not systematically review the existing research literature to find suitable questions or predictable assumptions, but claim that some studies lack literature, thus admitting that their research is exploratory. This selective literature review has obvious subjective bias.
"Comprehensive" means collecting the words of "a hundred schools of thought contend" and comprehensively analyzing and sorting them out; "Narration" is to describe and comment on the viewpoints and conclusions of the literature by combining the author's viewpoints and practical experience. Only a reasonable combination of the two can be regarded as a qualified literature review. If your research topic is about moral education, you can find that the literature collection on moral education is comprehensive by searching HowNet, Wanfang, VIP, NPC Copy, An Baili Library and Gourgue Academic Library. I don't know that there are still some important documents that haven't entered your field of vision. For example, China University Humanities and Social Sciences Network's academic papers on moral education research. The papers on this website are mainly published in the journal Moral Education Research sponsored by the Institute of Moral Education of Nanjing Normal University, but these papers and research results can't be consulted on the above-mentioned websites that we often use.
(D) the reader's consciousness when writing
Literature review is a kind of academic papers, and its readership is quite special. Mainly for universities, scientific research institutions, periodical agencies, research and development centers, enterprises and institutions and other researchers or teaching staff to read, in short, mainly for peer exchanges. For this special group of readers, when writing literature review, we should consider the cultural needs of this group, learn to put ourselves in other's shoes, and write in professional and plain language on the premise of observing academic norms and professional ethics, so that readers can understand and understand the true meaning of the author.
The so-called reader consciousness is the imaginary reader in the writing process and the target group to talk or communicate in the writing process. There is always a "hidden reader" in the author's creative process, and this "reader" exists in any link of the author's creation. Another meaning of reader's consciousness in writing is to learn to put yourself in others' shoes. If I am a reader, what can I gain from reading other people's literature reviews? What is the novelty and uniqueness of this literature review? Is there a feeling of deja vu? Sometimes you can find deja vu by reading literature reviews written by others. In fact, most of these articles belong to low-level and high-repetition articles. If you can find the feeling that you can shine at the moment or can't finish reading others' literature reviews, then this kind of literature review is considered to be superior. Empathy, that is, in rational analysis and comparative analysis, stands in the reader's point of view to understand what it is like to review your own literature. Imagine what kind of first impression it will leave on readers. If we are good at thinking in this way, we will find the direction for the revision of literature review, so as to continuously improve the level and quality of our papers.
To sum up, the more appropriate way to write literature review is to maintain the "golden mean"-impartiality. Because no one can say with complete certainty that his research is perfect, and no one can evaluate other people's research as worthless. Of course, we should also pay attention to moderation in this "golden mean" approach. If we master accurate and reliable literature and make a rational analysis of the research problems, we should be brave enough to break the balance of the "golden mean".
(This article is not original, reprinted from WeChat WeChat official account "Social Science Academic Circle", author Wang Zibo)
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