Abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information of the paper. The paper should reflect the author's viewpoint, the main contents of the paper, the research results and original opinions. A good abstract is easy to index and search, easy to be included in a large database and provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange. 2. Basic norms and principles of writing abstracts

(1) Thesis abstracts are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign (usually English) abstracts. Different schools and institutions have different requirements for space restrictions. Generally, Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, English abstracts should not exceed 250 substantive words, and Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent. The length of the abstract of graduation thesis can be appropriately increased.

(2) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used alone. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.

(3) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.

(4) The text should be concise and verbose, with important contents abstracted, foreword, background and other details excluded, old conclusions and original data removed, and no notes or annotations added. Use direct expression to delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the most information should be provided with the least words.

(5) The abstract does not use special characters, charts, chemical structures, and mathematical expressions composed of special characters, and does not list examples. 3. The four abstract elements

Purpose, method, result and conclusion are called the four elements of an abstract.

(1) Purpose: To point out the scope, purpose, importance, tasks and preconditions of the research, rather than simply repeating the theme.

(2) Methods: Briefly describe the work flow of the project, what main contents have been studied and what work has been done in this process, including objects, principles, conditions, procedures and means.

(3) Achievements: State the important new discoveries, achievements and values after the research, including the data and results obtained through investigation, experiment and observation, and analyze its unsatisfactory limitations.

(4) Conclusion: Through the study of this topic, the important conclusions, including the correct views confirmed from it, are analyzed and studied, and the significance of its application in real life and the value of integrating theory with practice are compared and predicted. As a special narrative, the steps of writing a summary are different from ordinary articles. The writing time is usually after the completion of the paper, but it can also be written in advance, and then the abstract can be revised while writing the paper. First of all, from the four elements of the abstract, read through the full text of the paper, carefully list the important contents of the paper one by one, especially the summary of each paragraph and the topic sentence at the end of the paper, keep the outline and essence, and extract the key information used to write the abstract. Then, see if these materials can completely and accurately answer the questions involved in the four elements of the abstract, and ask for concise sentences. If answering these questions is not enough, reread the paper and extract the corresponding content to supplement it. Finally, these scattered information are combined into complete sentences that conform to grammatical rules and logical rules, and then a smooth essay is formed. Read through this passage and revise it repeatedly to meet the requirements of the abstract. 5. About English abstracts

(1) The writing methods of English abstracts should be based on recognized writing norms.

(2) Use simple sentences as much as possible to avoid monotonous sentence patterns and accurate and complete expression requirements.

(3) Use items correctly.

(4) Write in standard English, avoid using spoken English, use common words that are easy to understand, and don't use uncommon words.

(5) The author uses the past tense in his work and the present tense in his conclusion.

(6) Use active voice more.

6. Keywords

For the purpose of document indexing, words are selected from reports and papers to express the subject content information of the full text. Choose 3-8 words as keywords for each report and paper, and start a new line with prominent characters, which are arranged on the left side of the abstract. If possible, try to use the standardized words provided by China Thesaurus and other glossaries. International communication should be marked with English keywords corresponding to Chinese.

Keywords are divided into Chinese keywords and corresponding English keywords, which are placed under Chinese abstract and English abstract respectively. In order to facilitate others to search, you can't use too broad words. Keywords can be selected from the titles at all levels of the paper, or from the content of the paper itself, and the selected keywords are arranged in descending order according to the scope of the field involved. Abstract how to write an academic paper should generally be accompanied by an abstract. It has two functions: one is to help readers judge whether it is necessary to read the whole paper as soon as possible, and the other is to provide convenience for the selection and compilation of secondary documents. The former can save readers a lot.

1. Concise. Don't simply repeat the information already indicated in the topic, don't use uncertain words such as "it is estimated" and "possible", exclude common sense content in related disciplines, and try to avoid quoting and giving examples in order to be concise.

2. complete. It should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, the abstract itself has arguments, arguments, conclusions and logic, and it is a short article with complete structure, so readers can obtain relatively complete information without reading the full text of the paper.

3. accurate. The content of the abstract should correspond to the content of the paper, and the abstract should not convey the information not involved in the paper, nor should it lose the important content of the paper, so as to ensure that the abstract accurately conveys the main ideas of the paper.