Feng Yufeng, Lan Xiaomei, Zhang Xiaozhuo, Wang Qianying

(Institute of Information, Emergency Management Department, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029)

This paper systematically analyzes the main aspects of Korean coal production, coal mine safety, coal consumption and import and export, low-carbon life development and clean utilization of coal. At present, there are only five coal mines in Korea with a production capacity of less than 0.8 mt/a; The situation of coal mine safety production has greatly improved, and the death rate of one million tons in 20 18 is 0.8; In 20 18, the total coal consumption in Korea was 140.98 Mt, accounting for 29.3% of the total primary energy consumption, ranking fifth and fourth in the world. It is predicted that the coal demand in Korea will drop to 136.8 Mt in 2023, 95.0 Mt in 2030 and 765,438+in 2040. It is considered that Korea's beneficial experience in coal mine elimination and withdrawal, overseas coal resource development and clean coal utilization can be used for reference by China.

Coal production; Coal mine safety; Coal consumption demand; Low-carbon life development; Korean coal industry

South Korea is extremely poor in energy and has almost no fossil energy reserves. Coal, oil, natural gas and other major energy sources are almost all imported, and the dependence on energy imports has increased from 75% in 198 1 year to 93.7% in 20 18 year. By the end of 20 18, the proven coal reserves in Korea were only 326 Mt, and the recoverable reserves were 126 Mt, almost all of which were anthracite. All coal mines in Korea are well mines. On 20 18, there are five coal mines available for production, with an annual output of less than 0.8 Mt At present, South Korea's coal imports rank fourth in the world. In 20 18, Korea imported coal 142 Mt, mainly from Australia, Indonesia, Russia, Canada and the United States [1]. South Korea attaches great importance to the efficient and clean utilization of coal, and actively promotes the research and development and application of clean and efficient coal-fired power generation, energy saving and consumption reduction of industrial boilers and low-carbon technologies.

1 coal output

Since 1990s, the coal production in Korea has been declining continuously. At present, only gangwon and Jeollanam-do produce coal. Coal mines in Korea are well mined, both state-owned and private. With the rapid economic development and expanding energy demand, South Korea's coal industry reached its peak in the mid-1970s, when there were 350 coal mines with an annual output of about 24 Mt Since 1990s, the Korean government has implemented a rationalization plan for anthracite industry, closed small coal mines lacking economic vitality, and closed more than 300 small coal mines in just a few years. By the end of 20 18, there were only five coal mines, including three state-owned coal mines and two private coal mines. Four of them had a production scale of more than 0.5 Mt/a and 0.05 ~0. 1 Mt/a 1 a, and the number of employees in coal mines also decreased from nearly 70,000 in the mid-1980s to 20/. In recent years, domestic coal production in Korea has been declining. The government's long-term strategic plan for coal mines is to support Korean coal enterprises to hold shares in foreign coal mines and vigorously withdraw from domestic coal mines. However, in order not to lose the market and self-sufficiency of China's only abundant energy resources, the government will keep several coal mines for long-term production. South Korea's domestic coal output in recent 40 years is shown in figure 1 [2].

Figure 1 Domestic Coal Production in Korea in Recent 40 Years

2 coal mine safety production

All the coal mines in South Korea are mined by underground workers, with an average mining depth of about 300 m, and some mines have a mining depth of more than 600 m. Due to the complex occurrence of coal seams and poor geological conditions, it has been difficult for Korean coal mines to achieve mechanization and low production efficiency for a long time. Driven by the government, South Korea actively introduced foreign advanced coal mining technology and equipment, used inclined shafts to develop and excavate large-section roadways, actively improved the working environment of coal mines, promoted the modernization of coal mines, and significantly improved production efficiency. The changing trend of the number of coal mine employees and labor efficiency in Korea in recent 40 years is shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 The changing trend of the number of employees and ergonomics in Korean coal mines in recent 40 years.

With the improvement of coal mine production technology, equipment and facilities and the withdrawal of a large number of coal mines, the safety production situation of Korean coal mines has been greatly improved. In 20 18, coal mine accidents in Korea killed 1 person, with 0 seriously injured and 5 slightly injured, accounting for 99.5%, 198 194, 2,599 and 3,364 respectively. The death rate per million tons is 0.8, the serious injury rate per million tons is 0, and the minor injury rate per million tons is 4.2, which are 9 1.8, 1.038 and 1.69.3 lower than 1.000% and 97.5% respectively.

Figure 3 Changes in the number of coal mine safety accidents in South Korea in recent 40 years

Fig. 4 Changes of accident rate of million-ton coal mines in Korea in recent 40 years.

Fig. 5 Changes of main indicators of coal mine production safety accidents in South Korea in recent 40 years.

3 coal consumption and demand forecast

In the past few decades, due to the large increase in steel and coal used for power generation, South Korea's coal consumption has greatly increased. The average growth rate of coal consumption in 2007-20 17 was 3.7%, and the coal consumption in Korea in 20 18 was 126. 13 Mtce, ranking fifth in the world.

China is a big coal consumer after China, India, the United States and Japan, and its coal import volume ranks fourth in the world.

(1) Total coal consumption. Coal is the second largest energy consumption in Korea. With the steady economic and social growth, South Korea's total energy consumption is increasing, and so is the total coal consumption. However, in the past 10 years, the proportion of coal in South Korea's primary energy consumption structure was relatively stable. In 20 18, the total coal consumption in Korea reached 126. 13 Mtce, accounting for 29.3% of the total primary energy consumption, of which anthracite consumption was 9.20 Mt, and bituminous coal consumption was131.78 mt. The percentage of anthracite consumption in total coal consumption decreased from 74.2% of 198 1 to 6.5% of 20 18, as shown in Figure 6 [3].

Figure 6 Changing trend of coal consumption in South Korea

(2) Coal consumption of major coal industries. South Korea's coal consumption is mainly power generation and steel industry. In recent 40 years, the consumption of anthracite has plummeted, mainly concentrated in power generation, industry, housing and commerce. In 1980s, the consumption of civil and commercial anthracite accounted for more than 85% of the total consumption of anthracite. Since 1990s, the consumption of civil and commercial anthracite has dropped sharply, while the consumption of industrial anthracite has increased steadily, accounting for more than 70% of the total consumption of anthracite in recent years. In terms of bituminous coal, power generation and steel industry have always been the main coal-using industries. In 20 18, bituminous coal for power generation accounted for 68.9% of the total consumption of bituminous coal, and bituminous coal for industry accounted for 3 1. 1%. Among them, the amount of bituminous coal used in iron and steel industry accounts for 26.3% of the total amount of bituminous coal, and the amount of bituminous coal used in cement industry is relatively stable, keeping at 4 ~ 5 mt/a in recent years. Generally speaking, the consumption of bituminous coal is much greater than that of anthracite, accounting for 93.5% of the total coal consumption in 20 18 years; Power generation and industry (mainly steel) use the highest proportion of coal, accounting for about 90.0% of the total coal consumption. In 20 18, coal used for power generation accounted for 57.0% of the total coal consumption, and industrial coal accounted for 33.9%. In industrial coal, bituminous coal accounts for about 85%, anthracite accounts for about 15%, and the consumption of bituminous coal mainly comes from the steel industry, as shown in Figure 7.

Fig. 7 Changing trend of coal consumption in major coal-using industries in South Korea

(3) Coal demand forecast. South Korea is the fourth largest economy in Asia, but its exports are frustrated by the weak world economy and international economic and trade frictions. Coupled with weak domestic demand, worsening employment situation, tourism revenue and expenditure deficit, trade protectionism, COVID-19 epidemic and other factors, South Korea's economic growth continued to slow down. In recent years, the annual GDP growth rate of South Korea has been maintained at around 3%, and it dropped to 2% in 20 19, the lowest in recent years. In addition, the growth rate of some power and coal consumption industries has slowed down. In 20 19, the growth rate of South Korea's manufacturing industry slowed down to 1.4%, which was 2 percentage points lower than that in 20 18, the construction industry decreased by 3.2%, and the growth rate of private consumption was only 1.9%, the lowest since 20 13. According to the research report released by Korea Economic Research Institute in 20 19, the economic growth rate of Korea will drop to an average of 2.5% in 20 19-2022, 2.3% in 2023-2030 and 1.0% after 2030. The report also claims that the decline in South Korea's potential economic growth rate is due to the low productivity of the supply sector.

At the same time, in order to cope with climate change and environmental protection requirements, South Korea is actively adjusting its energy structure. In September 2008, South Korea adopted the First National Energy Basic Plan, which laid down the specific targets and implementation plans of the national energy strategy for the next 20 years. By 2030, the proportion of fossil fuels such as oil and coal will drop from 83% at that time to 6 1%[4]. On 20 17 12, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of Korea (MOTIE) announced the renewable energy plan for 2030, which increased the proportion of renewable energy in Korea's energy structure from 7% to 20%. 2065438+On June 4th, 2009, the State Council of Korea decided the Third Energy Basic Plan (20 19-2040), aiming at expanding the proportion of renewable energy in the national power structure to 30% ~ 35% in 2040, and greatly reducing the proportion of coal-based power generation. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption will drop sharply from the current 30%, and it is expected to drop to 15% ~ 20% again in 2030. However, the total amount of coal-fired power generation in Korea has increased in the past 30 years, of which coal-fired power generation accounts for about 40%, and in 20 18 years, coal-fired power generation reached 261.3 tw h, accounting for 43.97% of the total power generation, as shown in Figure 8.

Fig. 8 Ratio of power generation to coal-fired power generation in Korea

According to the analysis of the energy demand forecast report of Korea Energy Economic Research Institute in the second half of 20 19, due to the gradual weakening of the introduction effect of newly-built coal-fired power plants, the decline in the capacity of power generation facilities, the government's dust-proof policy, restrictions on coal-fired power generation, nuclear power recovery and other reasons, the coal power generation will also drop significantly. At the same time, due to the weak growth of key industries such as steel, coal consumption in the industrial sector will also drop sharply. Therefore, in South Korea, where power generation and industrial coal (mainly steel) account for nearly 90% of the total coal consumption, with the continuous downturn in industrial coal demand and the sharp decline in power generation coal demand, the overall coal demand will be greatly reduced. From 20 18 to 2023, the total primary energy demand in South Korea will increase at an average annual rate of 1.5%, and will decrease at an average annual rate of 0.6% in 2023, and will drop to 120.28 Mtce, that is,/kloc-. According to IEA's World Energy Outlook Report 20 19, by 2030 and 2040, South Korea's coal demand will be reduced to 95.0 Mt and 7 1.0 Mt respectively, and all of them will come from imports. According to this forecast, South Korea's coal demand will be reduced by 32.6% and 40% respectively compared with 20 18.

Fig. 9 Coal demand forecast in Korea

4 coal supply strategy and import

(1) Expand the development of overseas coal resources. In order to ensure the stable supply of mineral resources, South Korea has formed a resource competition system with government support system as the core, effective cooperative exploration mechanism as the support, and efficient development process as the means to actively promote the development of overseas resources and diversification of importing countries. Since 1996, South Korea has turned its attention to overseas markets and expanded the development of overseas coal resources. The government formulates an annual overseas development promotion strategy every year, encourages and supports domestic enterprises to actively explore foreign markets in terms of finance and technology, and continuously introduces coal resources from all over the world to China in the fierce international competition environment. In 2008, South Korea's overseas coal imports accounted for 24% of the total imports, reaching 30% in 20 10 and 35% in 20 13. By the end of 20 18, the installed capacity of coal-fired power provided by Korea overseas has reached 10 392 MW. At present, South Korea's overseas coal resources development is mainly concentrated in Australia, Indonesia, Russia, Vietnam, Mongolia, Canada and other places, and gradually tilted to Southeast Asia and Russia, and the development areas are becoming more and more global and diversified [6].

(2) Coal import. South Korea is an important coal importer in the world, and its coal supply mainly depends on imports. In 20 18, Korea imported coal 149. 17 Mt, and in recent years, coal imports accounted for more than 99% of coal supply. In recent years, South Korea's coal import has been the fourth in the world, accounting for about 10% of the world's total coal trade, as shown in figure 10.

Figure 10 Change trend of total coal imports and growth rate in South Korea

South Korea's coal imports mainly come from Australia, Indonesia, Russia, Canada, the United States and other countries. Among them, coking coal mainly comes from Australia. In 20 18, South Korea imported coking coal from Australia, accounting for more than 1/2 of the total coking coal imports. Thermal coal mainly comes from Australia, Indonesia and Russia. In 20 18, South Korea imported 79. 1% of the total thermal coal imports from these three countries. In recent years, Asia has gradually become the main source of South Korea's coal imports, but the trade volume of coal between South Korea and China has shown an obvious downward trend. In 20 18, South Korea imported only 0.479 Mt of coking coal from China, accounting for 1.3 1% of its total coking coal imports, and 2.046 Mt of thermal coal from China, accounting for 1.94% of its total thermal coal imports. As shown in figure 1 1 and figure 12.

Figure 1 1 the change trend of Korean coking coal according to the national import volume.

Figure 12 Changing Trend of Korea's Thermal Coal Import Countries

5 Low-carbon life development and clean utilization of coal

South Korea attaches great importance to environmental protection, and fully implements the concept of low-carbon development from government to enterprises and from production to life. The government ensures the implementation effect of low-carbon economy by formulating relevant policies and laws to limit carbon emissions, and strengthens financial investment in the development of low-carbon life, thus gradually promoting South Korea's low-carbon economic development plan and coping with climate change, and has achieved good results. In terms of coal, on the one hand, we are committed to reducing the proportion of coal in the energy consumption structure, on the other hand, we are vigorously developing the clean utilization of coal and reducing the emissions of carbon, sulfide and suspended particles [7].

Since 1990s, South Korea has achieved good results by increasing coal terminal consumption and realizing the transformation from consumption to electricity, cogeneration and central heating. In 20 18, the terminal consumption of coal in Korea was 46.36 Mtce, which was 80.2% higher than that of 25.73 Mtce in 1998, accounting for 36.76% of the total coal consumption and 49.91998.5686.

Figure 13 Changing Trend of Coal Terminal Consumption in Korea

In the terminal energy consumption, the proportion of electric energy continues to increase, which is also an important achievement of the development of low-carbon life. The proportion of electric energy in terminal energy consumption represents the extent to which electricity replaces coal, oil, natural gas and other energy sources, and is an important indicator to measure the consumption structure and electrification degree of terminal energy in a country. In 20 18, the proportion of electric energy in Korea's terminal energy consumption reached 19.45%, which was 6.86 and10.30 percentage points higher than that in 2008.

Figure 14 Changing trend of electricity coal proportion in terminal energy consumption in Korea

In addition, in order to vigorously develop a low-carbon life economy and reduce carbon emissions, the Korean government actively encourages the research and development and application of clean coal utilization technologies, mainly integrated coal gasification combined cycle power generation system (IGCC), which is included in the national green energy industry development strategy, and also includes pressurized fluidized bed combustion, fly ash utilization, post-combustion treatment and other projects.

6 Enlightenment to China's coal industry

From the development history of coal industry, South Korea has many beneficial practices in coal mine elimination and withdrawal, overseas coal resource development and clean utilization of coal, which can be used for reference by China.

(1) In terms of coal mine withdrawal, although the development models of the coal industry in the two countries are different, the government has great strength and determination to withdraw from coal mines. The beneficial enlightenment of South Korea's coal mine withdrawal to China's coal industry is mainly reflected in improving coal mine closure policies and regulations, establishing and improving technical specifications for coal mine closure, increasing support for coal mine closure, and attaching importance to guiding economic transformation in old mining areas and re-employment of miners [8].

(2) As a developing country, China is in a period of consuming a lot of energy resources to support the rapid economic growth. It is impossible to realize national modernization by relying entirely on domestic resources and markets, and we must participate in global resource allocation. In particular, coal resources should be based at home, and at the same time, the strategy of "going out" should be implemented to seek and establish a stable coal resource supply base abroad, so as to safeguard the safety of energy resources and ensure the sustainable development of China's national economy. First, establish a special management organization to formulate long-term planning objectives and related policies; Second, strengthen and improve the economic assistance system for overseas coal resources development; Third, strengthen the collection and service functions of coal resource information; Fourth, actively implement the strategy of resource diplomacy and strengthen cooperation with countries where coal resources are located; The fifth is to set up a special fund or a risk exploration and development fund for mineral resources such as overseas coal.

(3) Achieving the peak of carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality is an important theme of social and economic development in China for a long time to come. But "carbon removal" does not mean "coal removal". Energy saving and consumption reduction and clean utilization of coal are effective ways. To fully implement the concept of green development, the basic ideas of energy saving, consumption reduction, pollution reduction and energy efficiency improvement should run through the whole process of coal mining, processing, transformation and utilization. It is necessary to limit the production and utilization of inferior coal, improve the quality of low-rank coal through drying and pyrolysis, and expand its application scope. It is necessary to prohibit direct combustion of high-sulfur and high-ash coal, eliminate backward small thermal power plants, and develop large-capacity and high-parameter generator sets and IGCC units.

References:

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[2] Korea Coal Association. Energy information. Korea 20 19[R]. Seoul: Korea Coal Association, 2020.

[3] Information Institute of Emergency Management Department. Research on World Coal Industry Development (2020)[M]. Beijing: Emergency Management Press, 202 1.

[4] Wang Xianzheng. Contemporary world coal industry [M]. Beijing: Emergency Management Press, 202 1.

[5] Korea Institute of Energy Economics. Medium-term energy demand outlook of Korea (20 18-2023)[R]. Seoul: Korea Energy Economic Research Institute, 2020.

[6] Fan Sicong. Evaluation and prospect of Korea's energy diplomacy since 2008 [J]. Contemporary Korea, 20 19, 100 (1): 37-50.

[7] Liu Yajun. Study on the economic development of low-carbon life [D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 20 15.

He youguo.20 19 China coal development report [M]. Beijing: coal industry press, 2019.

Analysis of Coal Production, Consumption and Utilization in Korea

Feng Yufeng, Lan Xiaomei, Zhang Xiaozhuo, Wang Xiying

(Institute of Information, Emergency Management Department of People's Republic of China (PRC), Chaoyang, Beijing 100029)

This paper systematically expounds the concrete contents of Korean coal in production, safety, consumption and demand, supply strategy and import, development and clean utilization of low-carbon life. At present, there are only five coal mines in Korea, the production capacity is less than 0.8 Mt/a, and the situation of coal mine safety production has greatly improved, with a mortality rate of 0.8 per million tons in 20 18 years. In 20 18, the total coal consumption in Korea was 140.98 Mt, accounting for 29.3% of the total primary energy consumption. Its coal consumption ranks fifth in the world and its coal import ranks fourth in the world. In 2023, the coal demand will drop to 136.8 metric tons, in 2030 and 2040 it will drop to 95.0 metric tons and 7 1.0 metric tons respectively. South Korea has many useful experiences in coal mine elimination, overseas coal resource development and clean coal utilization.

Keywords coal production; Coal mine safety; Coal consumption demand; Low-carbon life development; Korean coal industry