Now let's introduce this mechanism: when the oxygen level around animal cells changes, their gene expression will change fundamentally.
Changes in the expression of these genes have changed cell metabolism, tissue remodeling, and even changed the body's response, such as the increase of heart rate and ventilation times. In the early 1990s, Gregg Semenza discovered a transcription factor regulating these oxygen-dependent reactions, and purified and cloned it in 1995. He called this factor hypoxia-inducible factor, indicating that it consists of two parts: one is a new molecule HIF-1α which is sensitive to oxygen; The other is a non-oxygen regulatory protein, which was previously identified and expressed as ARNT.
William Karin Jr. participated in Feng on 1995.
Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene was studied. After the first full-length clone of the gene was isolated, it was found that the gene could inhibit the tumor growth of VHL mutant tumor cell line. In 1999, ratcliffe proved the relationship between VHL and HIF- 1α: VHL (hereditary renal cell carcinoma gene) supervised the translocation and oxygen-sensitive degradation of HIF- 1α.
Finally, Kaelin and ratcliffe also proved that the translocation and oxygen-sensitive degradation after VHL regulates HIF- 1α depend on hydroxylation, and the valence modification of * * * itself depends on oxygen. Through the work of three winners, it is proved that the response of gene expression to oxygen change is directly related to the oxygen level in animal cells, which makes cells react to oxidation immediately through the role of HIF transcription factor.
In the early 1970s of 18, carl scheele, a Swedish scientist, calculated that about a quarter of the air volume is oxygen, which is a component in the atmosphere that helps substances burn. This book was finally published in 1777 (Scheler, 1777). At the same time, in Britain, joseph Priestley also found a method to purify this unknown gas, which is called "Priestley, 1775". Antoine lavoisier, Scheler and priestley conducted experiments to separate this substance in Paris at the same time. lavoisier gave this gas a name we know today: oxygen (lavoisier, 1777).
In the oxidation reaction, oxygen is necessary for animal life, and the oxidation reaction promotes the transformation of nutrients in food into adenosine triphosphate. In fact, determining the amount of oxygen available to cells is a key aspect of controlling metabolism. For example, 1858, louis pasteur was the first to prove that there is a complex balance in the utilization of oxygen by animal cells, and cells use various ways to complete energy conversion (Pasteur, 1858). The mechanism of oxygen induction was revealed by two Nobel laureates more than 75 years ago: Otto warburg discovered cellular respiratory enzymes in 193 1 year, and Konnier Hyman discovered the response of nervous system to breathing oxygen in 1938. However, for most of the 20th century, it was unclear how the adaptation to oxygen flow was regulated at the basic level of gene expression.