Based on personal experience, the "self-analysis" interview, which reveals the details of some journalists' private lives, can often get unexpected gains. Because talking about privacy can satisfy the voyeuristic psychology of the interviewee to a certain extent, but it may also make the reporter feel more involved. For example:
Reporter: ... you know, I once had such an experience in my life-a woman fell in love with me. Before that, she didn't hate me, but she didn't like me. This happens because people often say that "there is only one step from love to hate" ... What do you think? ……
Interviewee: Frankly speaking, I have never experienced such a situation, maybe.
Reporter: For me, there is no result afterwards. Probably because she wanted to avenge her "weakness".
Interviewee: Maybe ... Yes, there was humiliation, as if she had lost her self-esteem.
Reporter: Probably so. Because arrogance used to be her "main" personality characteristic.
Answer: Yes, you will conflict with her arrogance.
Reporter: Have you been in this situation for a long time?
……
This kind of self-analysis activates the cognitive structure of the interviewee with the reporter's own inner life experience, which has practical significance. But this method can't be used often, and it is at the expense of journalists' psychological energy. Over time, journalists will become "transparent people" and lose their appeal to the interviewees.
The interviewee's "private sphere" is the focus of the interview. The depth and breadth of respondents' self-disclosure depends on the guidance of journalists. It is not an easy task for respondents to reveal themselves consciously, voluntarily and truly.
(1) Journalists should be able to build a harmonious psychological scene and encourage interviewees to express themselves boldly. Lei Wen holds that "B=f(P.E)", in which "b" (behavior) is behavior, "f" is function, "p" (person) is individual and "e" (environment) is environment, that is, human behavior is a function of individual and environment. "P", "E" and "* * * together constitute a" living space ",that is, a psychological scene. A harmonious psychological scene can be constructed for many reasons, but only in a harmonious environment can the interviewee know everything and talk about everything. This requires reporters to find out what the interviewee is good at on the basis of understanding the interviewee; Stimulate the excitement expressed by the interviewees and let them unconsciously express what journalists need to know.
(2) Application of basic technology.
The basic skills here only refer to the methods that have been demonstrated in the past, such as finding the closeness with the interviewee, understanding the interviewee's professional characteristics and personality psychology, and grasping the similarities with the interviewee ... Here is an example:
1one day in April, 937, Wells (Si Nuo's wife) jumped out of the window late at night and fled Xi 'an to interview Chairman Mao in Yan 'an. After the meeting, she took out a photo and said to Chairman Mao, "I have known you from the photo for a long time. This is a photo taken by Si Nuo. I escaped from Xi 'an with only two things: one is your photo, and the other is a box of lipstick. You know how important a box of lipstick is to young American women! " The witty language drew a burst of laughter. Chairman Mao looked at his photos of Zhang Hongjun clothes and said, "I never thought my photos would be so beautiful. "So if the host and guests meet old friends, the conversation atmosphere is quite harmonious.
Lipstick has improved the psychological environment of journalists and interviewees, while Si Nuo has narrowed the distance between journalists and interviewees. In addition, intellectuals, officials, farmers, businessmen and other people in different occupations also have different personality characteristics.
(3) The cognitive structure of the respondents was activated. Cognitive structure refers to a psychological structure formed by individuals in the process of perceiving and understanding objective reality. Therefore, the cognitive structure is composed of a person's past experience and knowledge. These past knowledge and experiences are stored in the brain and divided into basic "blocks" by the brain. These blocks are called "basic models" and are a collection of relevant knowledge and experience. In the interview, the reporter's main task is to arouse these "basic models" that constitute the cognitive structure, and "tune" the knowledge about a certain aspect, the content of an event and the views on an event stored in the interviewee's mind to become news material.
The first is the theme of the event. Event prototype is a collection of related event knowledge and experience. It requires reporters to stimulate the interviewee's memory of an event in the form of narration and reproduce the process and structure of the event that the interviewee has mastered.
The second is the motif of the scene. Scene motif is a kind of condensation of related scene knowledge and experience. It requires reporters to use descriptive language and intuitive form to activate the interviewee's memory of a certain scene. For example, reproduce pictures of scenes, describe known scenes, and so on. To evoke the memory of a scene.
The third is the basic model of the view. Viewpoint prototype is a kind of condensation of related viewpoint knowledge and experience. It requires respondents to understand and guide their existing attitudes, especially their attitudes towards an event.
Third, "ignorant self" and "blind self"
While knowing the interviewee, the reporter also exposed himself completely to the interviewee, so that the interviewee could observe, understand and summarize. Man is a complex animal. Id, ego and superego respectively represent personal expressions in different situations, which to a great extent we can't fully understand ourselves. On the contrary, everyone around us knows it. This is also the so-called "the authorities are fascinated, and the onlookers are clear."
The reporter's understanding of the interviewee mainly lies in the news works. In news writing, journalists should try to avoid stereotypes, analyze the interviewees realistically, speak with facts, and hide their understanding of the interviewees in the narrative of news works.
The "blind area" is an area that neither journalists nor interviewees know, and it is the future development, trend and future of journalists and interviewees. Most journalists and interviewees are unpredictable. But reporters should be able to make some predictions through careful observation and comprehensive analysis. 1985 Ms. Ruth Smith, a British expert of Xinhua News Agency who died, had rich experience in interviewing. When she was a reporter in the British Workers' Daily (now the Morning Star), she often did indirect interviews and looked through various newspapers to find the news behind the news. Once, she found a news: steel stocks and wool stocks rose. She dug up more important news from behind this ordinary news-the war is about to start. Why? She analyzed: Because steel is used for weapons and wool is used for military uniforms, if there is no need to fight, there is no need to produce more weapons and military uniforms. So, she conducted an interview and dug up a lot of valuable news from the interviewee. For the interviewee, the reporter can also make this well-founded prediction. Of course, this kind of prediction can only be realized if journalists learn and exercise a lot in practice.
The representation of information in interpersonal communication is divided into four areas, namely, public area, private area, ignorant area and blind area. The reporter's main task in news interview is to collect information. The whole interview process consists of information collection in public areas before the interview, information mining in private areas during the interview, and summary and abstraction of information in ignorant areas and blind areas during the writing process. The amount of information collected, put into interpersonal relationships, has become the embodiment of journalists' interpersonal skills.