2. Some problems in landscape design.
2. 1 Blind imitation in landscape design
A design unit in Wuhan once designed a garden for our school, and the final design was made by imitating the existing drawings of others. There are many problems in the arrangement of trees, the coordination between plants and buildings, and various garden functions.
The design can only be used for reference, and it is still preserved in our school. Finally, we made remedies according to the actual situation, but it still caused serious losses to our school. Some designed roads have no effect, and lawns without planned roads can't control pedestrians from stepping out of the roads at all, and the planned mountain plants such as Du Ying, Schima superba and Michelia, which mainly grow in the south of the Yangtze River, suffer great losses; Schima superba, as a street tree, cracked its skin and died in the scorching sun. After years of drought in Du Ying, the smiling faces in the mountains grow poorly or die, because there is no shade and it is not easy to drain. Many flower beds are not built, and the effect is better.
Good garden design can be used for reference, and it can be used for reference if the conditions are suitable (but the original designer has to pay the design fee), but only under the coordination of specific climate, geography, culture and other conditions can good results be achieved. Without scientific research and blind imitation regardless of the actual situation, it is counterproductive, the ornamental effect is reduced, and the vitality of garden construction is not strong, which often requires transformation and waste.
2.2 Landscape design is driven by economic interests.
Many landscape planning and design and landscape engineering construction are the same unit or individual. In order to make the design scheme acceptable, they ignore science in the design, blindly cater to the leaders' intentions and plan at will in order to sell high-profit tree species or their own seedlings. This is another important reason why the ornamental effect of gardens is not high.
Many of our units and street greening fell into this trap. There are some evergreen trees everywhere, such as cypress, cedar, magnolia, osmanthus and so on. The flowers are few, the color is dark, the seasons are unchanged, the coverage rate is low, and the planning density of many plants is too high, which is not conducive to plant growth. After a certain period of time, they are crowded with each other, and it is not easy to transplant or there is no place to plant them, resulting in waste. Some people do not give full play to their design talents, ignore scientific laws, blindly pursue economic benefits, cater to leaders' intentions, or completely become the executors of officials' thoughts, and change a leader for a design plan. The greening plan of Jinqiao Avenue in Macheng City is as follows: The former leader decided to build a two-way lane separated by flower beds, with cedars planted on both sides, and the separated flower beds were cancelled. Cedar was also replaced by camphor, which caused a loss of more than one million yuan. Now a whole street is made of palm trees or camphor trees. If designers can demonstrate various greening indicators with a scientific attitude and adhere to principles, there will be no such result.
2.3 irresponsible phenomenon in landscape design
Some designs do have some merits at first glance, but they are difficult to implement and difficult to explain themselves. In the end, they either have to change the design scheme or give up halfway. This is a sign of designers' weak sense of responsibility, regardless of objective reality, blind innovation, rich scenic spots, regardless of the affordability of the unit, regardless of whether the layout is really reasonable. For example, flower beds are really beautiful but not necessarily in harmony with the environment, some sculptures are not artistic and expensive, or the scenic spots designed in a certain place have not been decided for many years, some rockeries are not in harmony with the surrounding environment, or improper plant configuration leads to low green coverage or other functions cannot be realized. If all greening indicators are fully considered, analyzed and demonstrated after the design is completed and during the design process, these can be avoided.
If you don't treat your own landscaping design project with a scientific attitude and demonstrate the scientificity of the design scheme, it will be difficult to achieve good greening effect, ensure the complete implementation of the design, fail to meet the ideal quality requirements, be irresponsible for the designed things, fail to solve the problems, and finally cause unnecessary losses. It can be seen that it is extremely important to provide scientific basis for landscape design projects.
3. The content of landscape planning and design demonstration
3. 1 Landscaping should consider the function of greening.
Whether it is plant greening, campus environment, park greening or street greening, its main functions are different.
3.2 improve the artistic taste of landscaping
High-grade landscaping is a beautiful three-dimensional picture, which not only has the rational use of lines and surfaces, but also has the changes of the characteristics of the four seasons. It is a clever reappearance of artificial nature, which makes people feel integrated into nature and has a high artistic level.
3.3 Must have historical and cultural connotations.
Man-made scenic spots should pay attention to the close relationship between nature and history and culture. Whether the finishing touch can make the historical and cultural landscape coordinate with the surrounding environment or other aspects and meet people's aesthetic taste and psychological requirements must be fully demonstrated before it can be convincing and accepted. The scenic spots should be just right, and it is forbidden to be too greedy and too miscellaneous.
3.4 Carefully calculate the short, medium and long-term greening indicators.
Including green coverage rate, per capita green rate, three-dimensional green amount, multi-level plant configuration, soil and water conservation, effective absorption of harmful gases and dust, and whether it conforms to ecological benefits. Only in this way can we decide whether to choose a single lawn or to combine trees and shrubs with undergrowth lawns, so as to avoid blind pursuit of lawns and make lawns and forests complement each other.
3.5 Tree Species Selection Demonstration
Practice has proved that we should pay attention to which tree is the main body and which tree to configure. We have seen Buxus microphylla as the edge of Manila lawn, completely eaten, and the outbreak of Ligustrum microphylla beetle is difficult to eradicate. Oxalis and Cinnamomum camphora aggravated the harm of red spider. One tree grew faster than the other, and finally the other tree was squeezed out, and the exotic tree species completely replaced the local tree species. Different plants should consider each other's growth speed, influence ability, yin and yang, how trees with flowers, fruits and leaves reflect the intersection of trees, pests and diseases, the unity of contiguous and separated trees, the difficulty of pest control, moisture tolerance and drought tolerance, etc. Are important factors in selecting tree species. Generally speaking, native tree species have strong vitality and adaptability, which can effectively prevent the outbreak of pests and diseases. The separation of evergreen trees and deciduous trees can effectively prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Planting grass under the forest can make more effective use of light energy and conserve water and soil than single woodland or grassland.
3.6 Scientifically estimate the construction cost and management cost of landscaping.
Different designs of landscaping have different construction costs and maintenance and management costs, many of which are better planning and design. Because the construction cost and the maintenance and management cost after completion exceed the economic strength of the unit, there is only a low level of maintenance, and the final viewing effect is not ideal. Many due functions have been lost. Some lawns are overgrown with weeds, too many green belts are difficult to trim, and borers are easy to harm and difficult to prevent. Sports grounds in many small and medium-sized cities are also built according to high standards, and neither the turf construction cost nor the future maintenance cost can keep up. Our experience in recent years is that we not only develop some high-grade scenic spots with high management requirements, but also actively explore popular, low-cost and low-maintenance greening methods, which have been continuously promoted and achieved good results. Therefore, it is beneficial for greening units to select plants reasonably according to their characteristics and demonstrate their management costs.
4. Variability of landscape design.
The fully demonstrated design is neither perfect nor irrefutable, so there should be room for choice. At the same time, although the principle is the same, different people have different styles and forms, which is feasible. Although my own design has been demonstrated, there will inevitably be some negligence or inappropriateness. I will come up with my own design scheme and demonstration for the construction unit and peers to study, modify, supplement and delete, absorb the reasonable opinions of others, and finally improve the design scheme as much as possible to achieve the ideal effect of operability in implementation. This not only gives others the opportunity to learn and communicate, but also makes users' requirements for various indicators clear at a glance, and also improves their own design level.
5. Landscape design exhibition management
5. 1 Landscape design demonstration should be a necessary condition for design review.
Garden design must have a design demonstration, at least a detailed analysis of the guiding ideology, indicators and construction costs, otherwise the design review will not pass, and the indicators will not reach or pass during the review until the garden requirements are truly met, thus ensuring the feasibility of the design.
5.2 Landscape design demonstration should be an important basis for design implementation and future evaluation.
Because there is no unified evaluation standard for the evaluation of landscape construction level, the effect of landscape construction in many units is not ideal. As for the increase of economic burden, there are both design reasons and construction reasons, but it is difficult to clarify the responsibility. The demonstration of design can be used as an effective basis, and whether your indicators meet the requirements can be used as a standard for judging responsibility. The bad consequences caused by irresponsible design should be compensated. In this way, the landscape design is gradually standardized and the legitimate rights and interests of greening units are protected.
5.3 Preservation of Landscape Design Demonstration
The design presentation should be kept as a document together with the design, which can be used as information to provide strong evidence for copying one's own design results in the future, thus effectively protecting the designer's intellectual property rights.
In short, it is necessary to strengthen management, standardize content, institutionalize it, attach importance to it together with design, combine with each other, effectively supplement design, improve design work, and ensure the scientific and feasible design.
Finally, it should be noted that landscape design is different from other non-biological architectural designs. Garden roads, earthworks and rest buildings are mostly living plant worlds, and plants live under the influence of natural environmental factors. Therefore, it is difficult to predict many unknown natural changes in the demonstration of the scheme, so the planning after the demonstration will also change in the implementation, which must be noted.