An article genre that takes argumentation as the main way of expression and directly expresses one's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning.

(1) Have a correct view of the problems discussed;

(2) Have sufficient convincing arguments;

(3) Be reasonable and logical.

Second, refute the paper.

Debate is to refute the other side's point of view and explain your own point of view at the same time.

(1) make an argument;

2 prove the argument;

③ Summarize the argument.

Refuting the combination of papers: first point out the essence of the other party's mistakes, then refute the wrong arguments that have been pointed out, and at the same time or after refuting, put forward your own correct views to demonstrate.

Extended data

Three demonstration methods

1, induction

The so-called "induction" refers to a method of applying incomplete inductive reasoning in formal logic to argument. "Incomplete inductive reasoning" refers to the conclusion that some objects in an object have or do not have certain attributes, so as to infer that all such objects have or do not have certain attributes.

For example, Comrade Liu Shaoqi put it well: "Fortunately, history is written by the people". Countless facts in history have proved that whoever goes back to the restoration will come to no good end. After Qin Gui's death, Jin Zhangzong (1203) recalled that Qin Gui had committed treason, which was the public opinion of the imperial court.

But among the people, Qin Gui has long been spurned. In Yue Fei's hometown, the Henan people built Yue Fei's tomb in memory of him, and a statue of Yue Fei stood majestically next to it. This is the public opinion.

Zhang xun restoration, who led 5000 braid troops into Beijing, regained the title of Xuan Tong, and ended the farce only after 12 days. After only 83 days as emperor, the declining Kai ended this dream in the storm of defending his country and his country under the condemnation of public opinion at home and abroad, and he himself died.

The analysis of this paper adopts the method of induction and demonstration to elaborate. In order to prove the viewpoint that "whoever engages in restoration and retrogression will have no good end", the author lists three typical examples, Qin Gui, Zhang Xun and Yuan Shikai, which are closely related to the argument and convincing.

Thus, the advantage of inductive argument is that facts speak louder than words and are persuasive. However, cases must be carefully analyzed and screened, typical and appropriate, and at the same time, attention should be paid to the combination of cases and rational analysis, otherwise the arguments and arguments will be difficult to connect.

2, deductive method

The so-called "deductive method" or "deductive reasoning" refers to the way of thinking that people infer the unknown part of things from the known part of knowledge based on some theoretical understanding that reflects objective laws, that is, the cognitive method from the general to the individual.

In deductive argument, the general conclusion is the foundation and the individual conclusion is the argument.

Deductive reasoning is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which reflects the logical relationship between arguments and arguments from general to individual.

For example, Mao Zedong famously said in "Serving the People": "People will always die, but the meaning of death is different. In ancient China, a writer named Sima Qian said:' People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.'

To die for the benefit of the people is more important than Mount Tai; It's as light as a feather to work for fascism and those who exploit and oppress the people. Comrade Zhang Side died for the benefit of the people, and his death was heavier than Mount Tai. "

Analyzing this passage contains a complete deductive argument. "To die for the people's interests is more important than Mount Tai" is a universal principle, an argument and a "major premise"; "Comrade Zhang Side died for the benefit of the people" is a known judgment and a "minor premise"; And "his death is more important than Mount Tai" is a conclusion and an argument.

It can be seen that deductive argument has the characteristics of interlocking, thorough reasoning and strong logic, and is a basic argumentation method to guide readers to think deeply and combine abstract theory with practice.

3. Similar

Analogical argument refers to the argument through analogical reasoning. Specifically, it is the thinking process of comparing two (or two) things with the same or similar attributes and drawing relevant conclusions, that is, deducing individual conclusions from the premise of individuality.

Analogy is ostensibly from one thing to another, from special to special. In fact, this cognitive process is to abstract general knowledge (characteristics of similar things) from known individual things, and then compare it with general knowledge (characteristics of similar things) abstracted from another thing to determine whether their essence is the same.

This demonstration process is not only from individual to individual, but also from individual to general and from general to individual.

For example, Comrade Deng Xiaoping once said, "Information is very important now. People who do management work have no information, that is, their noses are blocked and their ears are not working. "

The argument method used to analyze this passage is "analogy". The argument is that "people who do management work should know information", and the argument is that "people who do management work have no information, that is, their noses are blocked and their ears are ineffective." The way to demonstrate is to use "the nose is blocked, but the ears are not working" to compare the harm that ignorance of information does to people who do management work.

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