This paper discusses the present situation, reasons, necessity and practical significance of social security for migrant workers, as well as the favorable conditions for establishing social security for migrant workers, and on this basis, puts forward the basic ideas and countermeasures and suggestions for establishing social security for migrant workers.

Keywords: social security for migrant workers

Migrant workers are a group different from farmers and between farmers and citizens, and they are industrial workers with the status of farmers. They have made great contributions to the prosperity and development of the city, but due to the "dual structure" between urban and rural areas formed under the planned economy system for a long time and its inherent economic and social system, migrant workers wander between the city and the countryside. The legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers can not be effectively guaranteed, which has produced a series of social problems. Therefore, the social security of migrant workers has become an urgent problem in the construction of social security system in China.

First, the status quo of social security for migrant workers and its reasons

(1) current situation

At present, there are about 654.38+0.2 billion migrant workers in rural areas and 654.38+0 billion migrant workers in cities. Their rights and interests have not been guaranteed for a long time, and the level of social security is low. According to a survey, by the end of 2003, the participation rates of pension, unemployment, medical care, work injury and maternity insurance for migrant workers in China were only 33.7%, 10.3%, 2 1.6%, 3 1.8% and 5.5% respectively. The participation rates of enterprise supplementary insurance, employee mutual assistance and cooperation insurance and migrant workers' commercial insurance are even lower, only 2.9%, 3. 1% and 5.6% respectively [I]. A recent survey by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security shows that a considerable number of migrant workers have participated in work-related injury insurance in the "five insurances", but the overall participation rate of migrant workers' old-age insurance is only about 15%, and the average participation rate of medical insurance is about 10%. In addition, most migrant workers did not participate in unemployment insurance, and basically did not participate in maternity insurance [2].

In addition to social insurance, the social welfare of migrant workers is also very poor, most notably in housing and children's education and welfare; In terms of social assistance, the current urban social assistance system only covers the urban registered population, such as the social assistance of minimum living security, and migrant workers simply do not enjoy it.

Many local governments have also formulated some policies and regulations on social security for migrant workers according to local actual conditions. For example, in 2000, Guangdong Province promulgated the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Social Endowment Insurance in Guangdong Province and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Regulations on Social Work Injury Insurance in Guangdong Province, clearly stipulating that migrant workers should participate in social endowment insurance and work injury insurance; In 200 1 year, Beijing promulgated the Interim Measures for Endowment Insurance for Migrant Workers, requiring employers to sign labor contracts with migrant workers and handle endowment insurance for them; In 2002, Shanghai promulgated the Interim Measures for Comprehensive Insurance for Foreign Employees, stipulating that all qualified units and individuals must apply for comprehensive insurance. In 2003, Chengdu issued the Interim Measures for Comprehensive Social Insurance for Non-urban Employees in Chengdu, which clearly stipulated that migrant workers can enjoy a number of comprehensive social insurances such as compensation for work-related injuries or accidental injuries, reimbursement of hospitalization expenses, and old-age subsidies. However, in the laws and regulations formulated in various places, many types of insurance are not complete, which makes it difficult to protect the rights and interests of migrant workers. At the same time, due to the low level of effectiveness of these laws and regulations, their implementation effect is not ideal.

(ii) Reasons

This paper holds that the main reasons for the low degree of social security and the lack of rights of migrant workers can be summarized as two major factors: subject and object.

Subjectively speaking, first of all, in order to promote economic development, the government neglected the protection of migrant workers to some extent. At the same time, some governments do not proceed from the real needs of migrant workers, but arrange enterprises at different levels in order to fulfill the regulations of higher authorities. Many local governments "bundle" pension, unemployment and medical insurance. Due to the low payment ability of migrant workers, the participation rate is low. Secondly, most employers lack self-protection awareness of migrant workers, and think that paying social insurance funds for migrant workers increases the cost of enterprises, which leads to their passive response to migrant workers' insurance. Finally, due to the low cultural quality of migrant workers and weak social security awareness, they did not realize the lack of their due social security rights.

Objectively speaking, first of all, the dual structure of urban and rural areas and its related systems formed in the era of planned economy in China are the fundamental reasons for the lack of social security rights of migrant workers. Although migrant workers and citizens live in the same space, the dual community reflected by the dual structure leads to a huge gap in their income and protection rights. Secondly, migrant workers, as a group, have the characteristics of large scale, complex composition and strong mobility, and the demand for social security is quite different. There is a conflict between the regional overall planning of insurance funds and the inter-provincial flow of migrant workers, which leads to frequent interruption and surrender of migrant workers' insurance.

Second, the necessity and practical significance of establishing social security for migrant workers

In the existing literature on social security for migrant workers, experts and scholars generally believe that it is of great necessity and practical significance to establish social security for migrant workers. To sum up, it is discussed from two aspects: the whole society and the individual migrant workers. This paper summarizes the following aspects:

From the perspective of economic development, by establishing social security for migrant workers, migrant workers may give up land security and transfer land use rights, and rural areas can realize industrialization and intensive management, thus improving agricultural production efficiency and increasing farmers' income; Market economy requires economic activities to operate according to the market, and the establishment of social security system for migrant workers provides institutional guarantee for all people living in cities and towns to establish a fair and unified labor market; Establishing social security for migrant workers can improve their ability to resist risks, which can not only promote their consumption behavior, but also increase their investment, thus stimulating the domestic demand for economic growth in China. Establishing social security for migrant workers can better safeguard the labor relationship between migrant workers and enterprises, which is conducive to the development and growth of enterprises and the maximization of their interests. Moreover, if we adopt timely and effective social security policies for migrant workers and maintain their advantages in human resources, it will have a positive impact on China's new industrialization.

From the point of view of political stability and development, the establishment of social security for migrant workers is an institutional guarantee to accelerate the development of urbanization and a breakthrough to solve the "three rural issues". The crux of the "three rural issues" mainly lies in the contradiction between man and land and the contradiction between urban and rural areas. The formation and development of migrant workers has actually opened up a realistic road to alleviate the "three rural issues"; The protection of migrant workers' rights and interests is the livelihood of a vulnerable group and a problem that any society that advocates fairness and justice must face squarely. Only by solving the social security problem of migrant workers can we reflect social justice and the universality and publicity of the government. Establishing social security for migrant workers is also the need to change the structural imbalance of China's social security system under the dual structure, the inevitable requirement of the long-term goal of social security system reform, and also reflects the essence of social security system; In 2020, we will build a well-off society in an all-round way, which means turning hundreds of millions of farmers into citizens. Only by attaching great importance to safeguarding the rights and interests of these new citizens in future cities can this strategic goal be successfully realized.

From the perspective of social development, the establishment of social security for migrant workers is the need of social transformation in China, which embodies fairness and efficiency and is conducive to promoting social integration and stability. The imperfection of social security system and the incoordination between urban and rural social security systems hinder the urbanization process of rural population. Establishing social security for migrant workers is the guarantee for migrant workers to enter cities, and it is also the need to realize urbanization strategy. The Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee clearly put forward Scientific Outlook on Development, whose ultimate goal is social harmony and sustainable development. Harmony is not only the harmony between man and nature, but also the harmony between man and urban and rural areas. Establishing social security for migrant workers is conducive to the construction of a harmonious society.

Finally, from the perspective of migrant workers themselves, the establishment of social security for migrant workers can protect their basic rights and interests, reduce their psychological pressure, and thus improve their basic quality of life and development needs; It is conducive to guiding the consumption behavior of migrant workers, so that they can meet the current basic needs of life while taking into account long-term interests; At the same time, the establishment of social security for migrant workers is also the need to protect women and children, a physically and socially vulnerable group.

Third, favorable conditions for establishing social security for migrant workers

Since the reform and opening up, China has made great achievements in economy, politics and society, which provides favorable conditions for solving the social security problem of migrant workers and establishing a social security system for migrant workers.

First of all, China's economy has been growing at a high speed for more than 20 years, and the country's financial resources and government's affordability have been gradually enhanced. Although the country does not have enough economic capacity to provide all-round social security for all migrant workers, China has the economic conditions to establish initial social security for migrant workers. Moreover, the construction of migrant workers' social security lies in system design and policy guidance, fully mobilizing social resources such as employers, enterprises and migrant workers, overemphasizing the lack of national financial resources and overestimating the social security cost of migrant workers are ideological misunderstandings and should be abandoned.

Secondly, the political conditions for establishing social security for migrant workers are also available. The Constitution gives every citizen equal rights, and the social security system has been written into the Constitution. As citizens of China, migrant workers should enjoy the same rights as citizens.