Unify the rules of football match
How can a competitive and ornamental football match be played in an orderly way? It depends on the detailed and strict rules of the game.
History shows that/kloc-at the beginning of the 9th century, English football began to enter the campus. At that time, schools made rules according to their own characteristics. Because there are no uniform rules, there are often chaotic scenes, disputes and fights in the game. 1863, some football fans had a meeting in a bar in London. The meeting formulated the rules of the game, which stipulated the area of the game, the number of people on the field and the prohibition of touching the ball with hands. This is the first national football rule in Britain and the first football rule in the world. This year, the first formal football match in the history of world football was held in London. The game was exciting and intense, and it went quite smoothly. Obviously, in ball games, if there are no certain rules, players will rampage, push and shove, and the game will be out of the question. The rules of the game seem to be a great constraint on the contestants, but this constraint brings the freedom of both sides of the game from being violated by fouls, which is the fundamental guarantee for the normal operation of the game.
1863101On October 26th, the English Football Association was established. At the same time, the meeting adopted the world's first unified football rules. This day is recognized by the world as the birth day of modern football, and all countries in the world also recognize that modern football originated in Britain.
Football referees and whistles
After the rules are established, whether the game can be played normally depends mainly on the referee. 1863, there are football referees in England. At that time, the referee did not blow the whistle, but stood outside the court and judged by shouting and corresponding gestures. Due to the size of the football field and the large number of people watching the game, whenever the audience gives bursts of applause and cheers or there is a dispute between players, although the referee shouts loudly on the sidelines, the players in the field often can't hear the referee's instructions clearly, and chaos is inevitable.
1875, a football match could not be played because the audience crowded into the stadium and the order was chaotic. The referee of this game is a policeman. In desperation, out of professional instinct, he took out his siren and blew it. Instinctively, the excited crowd quieted down and the order on the field quickly returned to normal. Since then, referees on the football field have started to use whistles to enter the stadium.
It's been over 100 years since the first whistle appeared and loud whistle was widely used in football field.
Improvement of offside rule
When modern football was born, it was stipulated that any attacker before the ball was offside. So the only offensive means at that time was to kick the ball forward, then sprint or rush forward with the ball. Defenders can resist nine attackers with only one player, which will naturally show the formation of' nine fronts and one defender'.
65438+In the early 1970s, football became popular in western countries. At that time, attack was generally emphasized, but defense was not emphasized. There are as many as six or seven strikers ahead. The attacker attacked the frontcourt, just like a flood that burst its banks, and it was unstoppable. Once the defender grabs the ball, it is often easy to sneak a sneak attack. In this way, because there are many people attacking, few people defending, and the offensive and defensive forces are extremely unbalanced, it has seriously affected the development and improvement of skills and tactics. In addition, due to the lack of equal confrontation between the offensive and defensive sides, the appreciation of the game is not satisfactory.
1925, FIFA revised the offside rules, stipulating that when a player kicks or heads the ball, the receiver of the opposing team is in front of the ball at half time, and when there is only one player between him and the opposing end line, it is offside. This regulation has greatly promoted the development of football skills and tactics. In a sense, there would be no football today without the change of offside rules.
12 yard free throw
1890, William krum, a businessman from milford, Ireland, submitted an initiative of 12 yard free throw to the Irish Football Association. Michael krum is the goalkeeper of a small Irish club, and he has personally felt the bad consequences caused by irregularities and improper football style. This gentleman believes that football can only kick the ball, but can't kick off noble morality and ideals. Anyone who doesn't respect this should be severely punished; Not only the foulers, but also the whole team. After krum's proposal was put forward, it was constantly criticized and ridiculed from all sides. This initiative was realized by Jack Leiden, the famous center of Irish Villa Club. The Irish Football Association submitted Michael krum's proposal to FIFA for study through Leiden. 1891On June 2nd, at 6pm, the Executive Committee of FIFA held its annual meeting at the Alexandria Hotel in Glasgow. The meeting was presided over by the president of the Scottish Football Association, Sinai. Ireland's initiative was supported by the English Football Association. Finally, FIFA members unanimously agreed and adopted the new rule of 12 yard free throw.
Although Mai krum is not a technical star, his pioneering spirit of 12 yard free throw makes football the most attractive sport in the world.
Great changes in football formation
From 65438 to 0958, Brazil used the 4-2-4 attack formation in the World Cup in Sweden, and won six World Cups in one fell swoop, becoming the representative of tropical football.
4-2-4 formation is a kind of formation which is mainly offensive, balanced in attack and defense, and fast and smooth in attack and defense conversion. The winger and full-back help control the midfield to win the initiative in the game, establish the first line of defense in the frontcourt and midfield, stifle the opponent's attack in the launching and organizing stages, integrate attack and defense, and reduce the defensive pressure in the backcourt. Using this formation, there will inevitably be a phenomenon of "getting together" in the middle and front fields. Therefore, players are required to be skilled in basic skills, delicate footwork, good physical flexibility, skilled in short passing and flexible.
In tropical climate, the 4-2-4 formation is conducive to the rational distribution of players' physical fitness, so as to control their body temperature within the range of 39-40℃. 4-2-4 formation embodies the football concept that "attack is the best defense" and is the development model of modern tropical football.
Because of the victory of attacking football and the deterrence produced by superb personal skills, teams from all over the world have to strengthen their defense to contain the attack. 1966 The 8th World Cup was held in London. In order to adapt to the cold climate and give full play to the advantages of players who are tall, strong and good at running, Britain adopted a 4-4-2 formation to strengthen its defense and won the world championship in one fell swoop.
The 4-4-2 formation embodies the football concept that "defense is everything". Ideas determine ideas. It is required to attack all the time in the game, and the rules are defense. Accurate and fast "one-foot-ball" technology greatly accelerated the pace of the game. The 4-4-2 formation makes the players' positions on the court mesh, and there is rarely a phenomenon of "getting together". In temperate climate, this game can keep the body temperature in the range of 39~40℃. Nowadays, this kind of football formation, which is conducive to giving full play to the overall strength, is not what it used to be, and has become the development model of modern temperate football in the all-football with balanced offensive and defensive.
Competitive antagonistic sports have one thing in common, that is, in a specific period of time, in different forms, to maximize the release of energy stored in the body. Subtropical climate is between tropical climate and temperate climate. In order to release physical fitness reasonably and effectively during the whole competition, it is difficult to control the body temperature within the range of 39-40℃ in the subtropical temperature environment if "soccer" is used. Nor can it be like tropical football, where the striker plays the leading role and relies on personal skills to break through the opponent's defense and keep most players on standby. Therefore, it is inevitable that subtropical football will set the offensive and defensive hub in the midfield.
1984, the 7th European Championship was held in France. Countries in the Mediterranean introduced the 3-5-2 formation. When attacking, the full-back enters the midfield to strengthen the strength of the midfield and wait for an opportunity to insert assists; When defending, stop the ball at halftime and break up the opponent's attack. If the opponent pushes from both sides, the full-back immediately returns to the original position to defend, thus winning the initiative of the game. This formation will inevitably make the midfield a battleground for both sides, and the phenomenon of "getting together" is inevitable. Therefore, players are required to have superb ball control ability, and the midfield organizer is undoubtedly the core figure of the offensive and defensive transformation. In the 7th European Championship, France, Spain and Portugal won the first, second and third place trophies. In the 13 World Cup, Argentina and France won the championship and the third place respectively.
3-5-2 formation embodies the football concept of "midfield wins the world" and has become the development model of modern subtropical football.
Red and yellow cards in football match
1962 The 7th World Cup was held in Chile. In the group match, Chile played Italy, and the game scene was rough and abnormal, almost out of control. Finally, British referee ken aston left the court in a hurry under the protection of the armed police. 1966, the 8th World Cup was held in England. 14 final, the match between England and Argentina was very chaotic. Ken aston was frustrated by the referee's innocence and helplessness. After the game, on his way home, he was inspired by the flashing red, yellow and green traffic lights, so he proposed to FIFA to introduce red and yellow cards to help referees enforce the law.
In order to overcome the difficulties caused by different languages and make it clear to the off-site team leaders, coaches and other personnel who were warned or sent off, the FIFA Referee Committee decided to use red and yellow cards in the 9th World Cup held in Mexico from 65438 to 0970. After the referee used the red and yellow cards, the players immediately performed well.
Since then, all the world football matches sponsored by FIFA have used red and yellow cards, and football associations from all continents and countries have followed suit. From 65438 to 0974, China used red and yellow cards in the national football competition, which has been in use ever since.
Three laws of football
How are football schools with different styles formed in the world football? There are different opinions on this issue.
200 1 Liu Gengsheng, a retired senior expert of Sichuan Meteorological College who has been engaged in sports meteorology for a long time, published an academic paper entitled "On the Formation and Choice of Football Style" in journal of chengdu sport university. In 2005, according to the current situation of football in China, the article "Research on the Sustainable Development Strategy of Football in China" was published in Journal of Beijing Sport University. For the rise of football in China, the old man has published "Football style is the product of environment, football and weather, football and climate, the formation of temperate football style, the formation of tropical football style, the evolution and development of football formation, why China football missed the World Cup, the core technology in football, and on the court. The first thing for China football to do now, how to improve the competitive ability of the Olympic team, and a series of articles. The basic arguments of the above clauses can be summarized as follows:
Different football styles and different climatic zones are in one-to-one correspondence.
Football style is the product of environment and the concentrated expression of advantages;
Football formation is the embodiment of football style.
The scientific generalization of an objective law reflects the inevitable relationship between certain changes of things under certain conditions, which is the law. Therefore, the above argument can be called "three laws of football".
Needless to say, the era when football only talked about rules, techniques, tactics, consciousness, race and talent without basic theoretical guidance and support is over. Modern football originated in England, and modern football scientific theory was born in China.